Handbook of Underground Gas Storages and Technology in China

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
1 General Situation of Underground Gas Storage Around the World
	Introduction
	Present Situation of Underground Gas Storage Construction Around the World
		Development History of Underground Gas Storage
		Distributions of the Working Gas Volume of Underground Gas Storage Facilities in Different Regions
		Proportion of the Working Gas Volume Accounted for by the Various Types of Underground Gas Storage
		Peak Daily Gas Production Rate Per Unit of the Various Types of Underground Gas Storage
		Future Development Plan for Underground Gas Storage Around the World
	Development History of Underground Gas Storage Around the World
		Forces Driving the Increasing Demand for Gas
		Forces Driving the Increasing Demand for Underground Gas Storage
		Analysis of the Demand in Different Regions
		Main Development Trend
	The Construction and Development of Underground Gas Storage Facilities Around the world
	Underground Gas Storage Facilities in Typical Countries and Regions
		The United States
			Current Status of Underground Gas Storage in the United States
			Analysis of the Development of the Gas Storage Capacity in the United States
		Russia
		European Union
			England
				Supply and Demand Status of Natural Gas
				Current Status of Natural Gas Reserves
			Germany
				Supply and Demand Status of Natural Gas
				Status of Natural Gas Reserves
			France
				Supply and Demand Status of Natural Gas
				Status of Natural Gas Reserves
	Conclusions
	References
2 Banqiao Reservoir Geology and Storage Design
	Introduction
	Geological Overview
		Stratigraphic Characteristics
		Structural Characteristics
			Dazhangtuo
			Ban876
			Central North Banqiao
			Central South Banqiao
			Ban808
			Ban828
		Trap Sealing Conditions
			Dazhangtuo
			Ban876
			Central North Banqiao
			Central South Banqiao
			Ban808
			Ban828
		Reservoir Characteristics
	Gas Reservoir Development Characteristics
		Gas Reservoir Characteristics
			Dazhangtuo
			Ban876
			Central North Banqiao
			Central South Banqiao
			Ban808
			Ban828
		Development Process
			Dazhangtuo
			Ban876
			Central North Banqiao
			Central South Banqiao
			Ban808
			Ban828
		Dynamic Reserves
	Construction Scheme of Gas Storage
	Conclusion
3 Banqiao Storage Group Multi-cycle Operation
	Introduction
	Operation Pressure of Multi-cycle Operation
		Operation Pressure
		The Possibility of Large-Scale Leakage of Gas Storage Is Small
	Implemented Volume of Gas-Bearing Pores
	Banqiao Storage Capacity
		Working Gas Analysis
		Division of the Capacity Expansion Stages
			Rapid Capacity Expansion Stage
			Stable Capacity Expansion Stage
			Stagnant Capacity Expansion Stage
	Characteristics of the Technical Indicators
		Usable Pore Volume
		Storage Capacity and Working Gas Volume
			Space Utilization Efficiency
	Law of Cushion Gas Depletion
		High Depletion Period
		Depletion Reduction Period
		Low Depletion Period
		Law of Well Pattern Space
	Conclusion
4 Suqiao Gas Storage Group Geology
	Introduction
		Stratigraphic Characteristics
			Characteristics of the Ordovician Strata
			Characteristics of the Carboniferous-Permian Strata
		Structural Features
			Su 1
			Su 20
			Su 4
			Su 49
			Guxinzhuang
		Sealing Conditions
		Reservoir Features
			Su1
			Su 20
			Su 4
			Su 49
			Guxinzhuang
		Types of Gas Reservoirs
			Su1
			Su 20
			Su 4
			Su 49
			Guxinzhuang
		Geologic Model
			Modeling Principle
			Modeling Process
		Reserveverification
			Su1
			Su 20
			Su4
			Su 49
			Guxinzhuang
	Conclusions
5 Suqiao Reservoir Development and Storage Design
	Introduction
	Characteristics of Gas Reservoir Development
		Development History
			Su 1 Gas Reservoir
			Su 4 Gas Reservoir
			Su 49 Gas Reservoir
			Su 20 Gas Reservoir
			Guxinzhuang Gas Reservoir
		Water Invasion State
			Su 1
			Su 4
			Su 49
			Guxinzhuang
		Production Reserves
		Numerical Modeling
			Model Establishment
			History Fitting
				Reserves Fitting
				Production History Fitting
	Scheme for Building Gas Storage Facilities
		Geologic Scheme
			Principle of Scheme Design
			Gas Storage Capacity
			Working Gas Volume
			Cushion Gas
			Operation Cycle
			Design Scheme
		Drilling and Completion
			Wellbore Structure
			Drilling Fluid System
			Oil Tube
		Surface Engineering
	Brief Introduction to the Cyclic Operation
	Conclusion
6 Jing 58 Underground Gas Storage Group Reconstructed from a Sandstone Oil Reservoir with a Gas Cap
	Introduction
		Geological Background
			Stratigraphic Characteristics
			Structural Characteristics
			Sealing Conditions
				Cap Rock
				Faults
			Reservoir Characteristics
		Gas Reservoir Development Characteristics
			Development History
				Jing 58 Underground Gas Storage
					Natural Energy Development Stage (March 1989-June 1991)
					Full-Scale Water Flooding Development Stage (July 1991-December 1995)
					Water Production Control and Oil Production Stabilization Stage (January 1996-July 2002)
					Production Decline Stage (August 2002-January 2008)
				Yong 22 Underground Gas Storage
			Production Reserves
		Storage Building Scheme
			Geological Scheme
				Operation Pressure
				Storage Capacity Parameter Design
				Well Pattern Design
			Drilled Wells
				Casing Program
			Surface Engineering
		Cyclic Injection and Production
	Conclusions
7 Shuang 6 Multilayer Sandstone Reservoir Geology
	Introduction
	Stratigraphic Characteristics
	Structural Characteristics
	Sealing Conditions
		Sealing of the Caprock
			Macroscopic Evaluation
			Microscopic Evaluation
		Sealing Ability of Fault
	Depositional Characteristics
		Characteristics of the Sedimentary Facies
		Sedimentary Facies
			Characteristics of Sedimentary Facies in the Shuang 6 Block
	Reservoir Characteristics
		Lithological and Petrophysical Characteristics
		Macroscopic Distribution Characteristics
		Heterogeneous Characteristics
		Development of Compartments and Interlayers
			Development of Compartments
				Compartments Between the Oil Units
				Compartments Between the Sandstone Units
		Development of Interlayers
	Types of Gas Reservoirs
	Verification of the Reserves
		Determination of Reserve Parameters
		Reserve Calculation Results
		Reasons for Reserve Changes
	Conclusions
8 Shuang 6 Reservoir Development and Storage Design
	Introduction
	Development Characteristics of the Shuang 6 Gas Reservoir
		Development History
		Water Invasion Status
		Production Reserves
			Material Balance Method
			Numerical Simulation Method
			Comparison of the Calculation Results of the Different Methods
	Construction Plan for Gas Storage
		Geological Plan
			Determination of the Operating Pressure
			Calculation of the Storage Capacity Parameters
			Basic Cushion Gas Volume
			Additional Cushion Gas Volume
			Effective Working Gas Volume
			Maximum Storage Capacity
			Gas Injection and Production Capacity of a Single Well
			Operation Mode
			Operation Cycle
			Scheme Design
		Well Completion
			Wellbore Structure
			Drilling Fluid
			Wellhead Equipment
		Surface Engineering
	Brief Introduction to the Periodic Injection-Production Operation
	Conclusions
9 Hutubi Gas Storage Facility
	Introduction
	Geological Overview
		Geological Location
		Stratigraphic Characteristics
		Structural Characteristics
		Sealing Conditions
			Sealing Performance of the Cap Rock
				Macroscopic Evaluation
				Microscopic Evaluation
			Sealing Performance of the Fault
				Longitudinal Sealing Performance
				Lateral Sealing Performance
		Sedimentary Characteristics
			Profile Characteristics of the Sedimentary Facies
			Planar Characteristics of the Sedimentary Facies
		Reservoir Characteristics
			Lithology and Physical Characteristics
			Macroscopic Distribution Characteristics
			Gas Reservoir Types
			Fluid Properties
	Development Characteristics of the Gas Reservoir
		Development History
		Production Reserves
	Construction Plan for Gas Storage
		Geology of the Gas Storage
			Capacity Parameters of the Gas Storage
			Well Pattern Deployment
		Drilling and Completion
			Well Bore Structure
			Well Cementing
			Well Completion
			Drilling Fluid
			Christmas Tree at the Wellhead
			Old Well Treatment
		Ground Engineering
			Construction Scale
			Overall Process
	Running Brief of the Periodic Injection and Production
		Running Brief of the Injection and Production
		Effect Evaluation of the Injection and Production
	Conclusion
10 Shaan224 Reservoir Geology and Development
	Introduction
	Stratigraphic Characteristics
	Trap Sealing Evaluation
		Sealing Properties of Caprock
		Sealing Performance of Base Plate
		Boundary Sealing
			Trenches Are Developed Based on Seismic Data
			Limited Well Block Supply Due to Low-Pressure Recovery
			Lateral Lithologic Shielding
	Reservoir and Fluid
		Reservoir Characteristics
			Rock Type
			Physical Characteristics
			Types of Reservoir Structures and Characteristics of Pore Structures
				Reservoir Space Type
				Pore Structure Characteristics
					Fracture-Solution Vug Type
					Pore Type
					Intergranular Micropore-Fracture Type
		Fluid Properties
		Geological Reserves
	Development History of Gas Reservoir
	Macroscopic Characteristics of Gas Reservoir Development
		Trap Type
		Physical Characteristics of Reservoir
		Driving Type of Gas Reservoir
		Gas Composition Characteristics
		Formation Pressure Characteristics
	Dynamic Geological Reserves
		Single-Well Pressure Drop Method
		Production Uncertainty Analysis
		Block-Integral Pressure Drop Method
	Conclusion
11 Shaan224 Storage Design Program and Operations
	Introduction
	Geologic Design Program
		Storage Capacity
			Upper Pressure Limit
			Storage Capacity
			Lower Pressure Limit and Volume of Working Gas
		Injection/Production Wells
		Gas Storage Program
			Mode of Operations
			Operation Cycle of Gas Storage
	Drilling and Completion Operations
		Casing Program
			Casing Program of Horizontal Wells
			Casing Program of Vertical Wells
		Drilling Fluid System
			Identification of Optimal Anticollapsing Drilling Fluid
			Selection of Optimal Drilling Fluids for Reservoir Protection
				Principles for Shielding and Temporary Plugging
				Identification of Optimal Plugging Agents
				Properties of Anticollapsing and Plugging Drilling Fluids
		Casing and Tubing Materials
		Corrosion Protection and Reservoir Stimulation
	Surface Engineering
		Overall Process Flow of Gas Storage
		Injection/Production Engineering
			Injection, Production, Gathering, and Transmission Processes
			Hydrate Inhibition Process
			Separation Process
			Dehydration Process
			Pressurization Process
		Well Site
			Horizontal Wells for Injection/Production Operations
			SCK-8 Test Well for Gas Injection/Production
			Standby Vertical Wells and Existing Wells
		Gathering Station
		Pipeline Network
			Gas Injection Pipelines
			Gas Production Pipelines
			Two-Way Gas Transmission Pipelines
			Tie-Lines
	Storage Operations
	Conclusion
12 Geology and Development of the Xiangguosi Dolomite Storage
	Introduction
	Geological Overview
		Stratigraphic Characteristics
		Structural Characteristics
		Sealing Conditions
			Sealing Properties of Caprock
			Fault Sealing
		Reservoir Characteristics
			Lithological, Mineralogical, and Physical Characteristics
			Macroscopic Distribution Characteristics
		Type of Gas Reservoir
	Development Characteristics of the Gas Reservoir
		Development History
			The Gas Reservoirs Have a Long-Term, High, Stable Production and a High Recovery
			The Gas Wells in the Gas Reservoir Have Good Connectivity, Balanced Production, and No Obvious Pressure Drop Funnel
			The Gas Wells Have Large, Stable Productivities
			The Edge Water of the Gas Reservoir is Inactive, Which Does Not Have a Significant Impact on the Production of the Gas Reservo...
		Reserves in Development
		Technical Recoverable Reserves
	Conclusions
13 Xiangguosi Gas Storage Design and Operation
	Introduction
	Construction Geology of the Gas Storage Project
	Drilling and Completion
		Wellbore Structure
		Cementing
			Cement Casing Selection and Strength Check
			Cementing Method and Casing String Structure Scheme
			Formulation Scheme of the Cement Slurry System
		Completion
		Drilling Fluid
		Wellhead Christmas Tree
		Old Well Treatment
	Ground Engineering
	Injection-Production Operation
	Conclusion
14 Jintan Complex Layered Salt Rock Gas Storage
	Introduction
		Geological Overview
			Stratigraphic Characteristics
			Structural Characteristics
			Analysis of the Salt Rock Bed and Caprock Conditions
			Depositional Environment
			Physical Properties of the Salt Bed and Its Interbeds
		Development Characteristics
			Development Characteristics
			Utilized Reserves
		Construction Design for the Gas Storage Facility
			Deployment of the Wellsites
			Design of Single Cavity Morphology and Cavity Construction Project
			Operating Pressure Design
			Drilling Engineering Design
			Engineering Design for gas Injection and Brine Production
			Aboveground Engineering Design
			Engineering Construction Analysis
		Overview of the Periodic Injection-Production
			Overview of Project Construction
			Analysis of the Injection and Poduction
	Conclusions
15 Liuzhuang Multilayer Complex Lithologic Gas Storage with Oil Rim
	Introduction
		Geologic Setting
			Stratigraphic Characteristics
			Structural Characteristics
			Sealing Conditions
				Sealing Performance of Caprock
				Sealing Performance of Faults
			Sedimentary Facies
			Reservoir Features
				Lithological and Physical Properties
				Macroscopic Distribution
				Development of Barrier Layers and Interbeds
			Types of Gas Reservoirs
			Reserve Verification
				Layered Verification and Calculation of Geological Reserves
					Volumetric Method
					Numerical Simulation Method
				Analysis of Gas Reserve Calculations
				Calculation of the Dynamic Gas Reserves
				Evaluation of Geological Gas Reserves
		Development Characteristics of Gas Reservoirs
			Overview
			Development Characteristics
		UGS Design
			Geologic Plan
			Drilling and Completion Plan
			Ground Engineering Plan
		Periodic Injection and Production
			Brief Introduction
			Effect of Injection-Production Operation
	Conclusions
16 Wen96 Storage with Multilayer, Low Condensate Oil
	Introduction
	Geology
		Stratigraphic Characteristics
	Structural Features
	Sealing Conditions
	Reservoir Characteristics
		Sedimentary Facies
		Rock-Mineral Characteristics
		Physical Property Characteristics
	Gas Reservoir Type
	Development Characteristics of the Gas Reservoir
		Overview of the Development
		Development Characteristics
		Production Reserves
		Gas Storage Construction Program
	Geologic Plan
	Drilling and Completion Program
		Drilling and Completion
			Casing Program
			Drilling Fluid
		Completion of the Injector-Producer
			Perforation Completion
			String
			Pipe Selection
			Wellhead Assembly
	Surface Works
		Gas Injection Process
		Gas Recovery Process
		Compressor
		Dew Point Control Process
	Brief Introduction of the Multicycle Injection-Production Operation
	Conclusions
17 Market Demand for Underground Gas Storage in China
	Introduction
	Natural Gas Market Demand
	Distribution of Natural Gas Pipeline Networks
	Resource Preparation and Sales Planning
	Method of Calculating the Peak-Shaving Demand
		Regional Climate and Peak Regulation Characteristics
		Gas Structure
		Nonuniformity
	Result of Peak-Shaving Demand
		Gas Storage Demand
	Technical Preparations for Gas Storage Facility Construction
	Conclusions
18 Potential Reservoir Candidates for the Construction of UGS Facilities in Northeastern and Southeastern China
	Introduction
	Daqing Oil Region
		Medium-Shallow Gas Fields
		Deep Gas Fields
	Jilin Oil Region
	Liaohe Oil Region
	Yangtze River Delta Region
	Southeastern Coastal Region
		Guangdong Province
		Guangxi Province
	Conclusions
19 Potential Reservoir Candidates for the Construction of UGS Facilities in the Circum-Bohai Sea Region
	Introduction
	Dagang Oil Region
	Huabei Oil Region
	Jidong Oil Region
	Shengli Oil Region
	Conclusions
	References
20 Potential Reservoir Candidates for the Construction of UGS Facilities in Central and Western China
	Introduction
	Central-Southern China
		Zhongyuan Oil Region
		Henan Oil Region
		Jianghan Oil Region
	Southwestern China
	Northwestern China
		Qinghai Gas Region
		Tarim Gas Region
		Tuha Gas Region
	Central-Western China
	Conclusions
21 Features of Gas Storage Facilities Constructed from Gas Reservoirs in China
	Introduction
	Main Features of Gas Storage Facilities Constructed from Gas Reservoirs
	Geology and Gas Reservoir Techniques
	Drilling and Completion Techniques
	Surface Engineering Technology
	Conclusions
22 Geological Evaluation for Gas Storage Construction in Reservoirs
	Introduction
	Gas Storage Structure
		High Precision Depiction of Traps
		Detection of Faults and Fractures
		Research on Micro-Small Faults
	Sealing Property of Traps
		Static Sealing Property of Faults
			Lithologic Sealing Property
			Mechanical Characteristics of Fault Plane
			Properties of Fluids on the Two Sides of a Fault
			Fluid Inclusions
		Static Sealing Property of Caprocks
			Microscopic Sealing Property
			Macroscopic Sealing Property
			Logging Data
	Reservoir Spaces
		Microscopic Pore Structure Characteristics
		Evaluation of Effective Storage Spaces
		Evaluation of Fluid Seepage Capability
	Trap Modeling
		Determination of the Trap Modeling Range
		Fine Geologic Modeling Requirements
		Reservoir Fracture System Characterization
		Calculation of Effective Spaces of Reservoirs
	Conclusion
	References
23 Design of the Storage Capacity Parameters of Underground Gas Storage Facilities in China
	Introduction
		Factors Controlling the Pore Space Utilization
			Physical Properties and Heterogeneity of Reservoirs
			Formation Water Invasion
			Stress Sensitivity
			Changes in the Fluid Properties After Gas Injection
		Effective Pore Volume During Gas Storage Construction
			Basic Principle
			Simplified Model of a Gas Storage Space
			Effective Pore Volume During Gas Storage Construction
				Original Gas-Bearing Pore Volume of the Gas Reservoir
				Unavailable Pore Volume in the Water-Flooded Zone
				Unavailable Pore Volume in the Transition Zone
				Unavailable Pore Volume in the Gas-Driven Pure Gas Zone
				Reservoir Stress-Sensitive Plastic Deformation
				Decrease in Pore Volume Due to Retrograde Condensation of Condensate Oil
				Volume Affected by Secondary Saturation, Dissolution, and Separation of the Remaining in-Place Oil
		Upper Pressure Limit
			Basic Principle
			Design Method
				Caprock
				Fault
				Spill Point
				Sealing Property of the Boundary Strata
			Upper Pressure Limit Value Selection
		Lower Pressure Limit
			Basic Principles
			Design Method
		Storage Capacity
			Basic Principles
			Effective Pore Volume of the Gas Storage Construction
				Constant-Volume Gas Reservoir
				Weak-Medium Water-Invasion Sandstone Gas Reservoir
				Sandstone Gas Reservoir with an Oil Rim
			Storage Capacity Calculation
		Cushion Gas Volume and Working Gas Volume
			Cushion Gas Volume
			Working Gas Volume
			Additional Cushion Gas Volume
	Conclusions
	References
24 Design of Geologic Scheme for Gas Storage Construction
	Introduction
	Scheme Design Principle
		Basic Principle
			Market Demand and Functional Orientation
			Technical Economy
			Safety and Environmental Protection
		Operation Mode
		Operation Cycle
	Injection and Production Operation Scheme
		Injection and Production Series of Strata
			Main Considerations
			Analysis of Injection-Production Series of Strata Design
				Scheme Design of Injection and Production Series of Strata
				Analysis of the Technical Indexes of the Basic Scheme
				Analysis of the Technical Indexes of Scheme 2 (Commingled Injection and Production)
				Analysis of the Technical Indexes of Scheme 3 (Separate Layer Injection and Production)
				Optimization of the Technical Indexes of the Comparison Schemes
		Design of the Gas Injection and Production Capacity of Single Wells
			Gas Well Productivity Equation
			Comprehensive Analysis of Node Pressure
				IPR&OPR Equation of Gas Production Wells
			IPR&OPR Equation of Gas Injection Wells
			Comprehensive Analysis of Gas Injection and Production Node Pressure
		Injection-Production Well Pattern Design
			Main Considerations
			Design of Reasonable Well-Pattern Density
		Optimal Design of the Injection and Production Operation Scheme
			Scheme Design Process
			Prediction Methods for Injection and Production Indexes
		Suggestions on the Deployment and Implementation of the Geologic Scheme for Gas Storage Construction
			Geologic Scheme Deployment
			Drilling Arrangement and Deployment
			Scheme Implementation Requirements
	Monitoring Scheme
		Gas Storage Monitoring System
		Gas Storage Monitoring Mode
			Well Engineering Monitoring
			Trap Sealing Property Monitoring
			Internal Operation Dynamics Monitoring
		Gas Storage Monitoring Content and Requirements
	Conclusion
	References
25 Methodology of Inventory Management
	Introduction
		Operation Monitoring and Data Management
			Dynamic Monitoring and Data Acquisition
			Data Management and Analysis
		Inventory Management and Evaluation
			Concept of Inventory
			Analysis of Operation Curves
		Analysis and Prediction of the Technical Inventory Indexes
			Definition of the Technical Inventory Indexes
			Analysis and Prediction of the Inventory Indexes
			Injection and Production Operation Evaluation
		Prediction of the Capacity
			Prediction of the Injection and Production Capacity of a Single Gas Storage
			Optimization of the Production Allocation and Injection Allocation of a Gas Storage Group
			Preparation of the Cyclic Injection and Production Scheme
		Inventory Concepts and Model
		Multicycle Operation Curve
			Ideal Curve
			Stable Curve
				Operation Curve of a Constant-Volume Gas Reservoir
				Operation Curve of a Water-Invasion Gas Reservoir
			Capacity Expansion and Realization Curve
		Leakage Analysis of a Water-Invasion Gas Reservoir
			Leakage Mechanism
			Leakage Type
			Leakage Operation Curve
	Conclusions
	References
26 Methodology of Inventory and Deliverability Prediction
	Introduction
		Basic Principle of the Inventory Prediction Model
		Mathematical Model
			Available Inventory
			Available Gas-Bearing Pore Volume
			Available Storage Capacity
			Available Cushion Gas Volume
			Working Gas Volume
			Total Cushion Gas Volume
			Total Storage Capacity
			Cushion Gas Variation
			Cushion Gas Loss Rate
		Evaluation of the Multicycle Gas Injection and Production Capacity
			Gas Injection Capacity Prediction Model
			Gas Production Capacity Prediction Model
		Evaluation of the Gas Injection and Production Capacity in a Cycle
			Theoretical Models
			Statistical Models
		Gas Reservoir Engineering Method for Optimizing the Production Allocation
			Basic Principle
			Basic Principles for Optimizing the Production Allocation
			Mathematical Model for Production Allocation Optimization
				Target Conditions for Production Allocation Optimization
				Constraints on Production Allocation Optimization
			Mathematical Model for Production Allocation Optimization
			Solution Process of the Production Allocation Optimization
			Optimized Production Allocation Scheme
		Gas Reservoir Engineering Method for Optimizing the Injection Allocation
			Basic Principle
			Assumptions
			Mathematical Model for Injection Allocation Optimization
				Target Conditions for Injection Allocation Optimization
				Constraints for Injection Allocation Optimization
				Mathematical Model for Injection Allocation Optimization
			Solution Process of the Injection Allocation Optimization
			Optimized Injection Allocation Scheme
	Conclusion
	References
27 Design of Hole Structure and Casing String in UGS Drilling
	Introduction
	Drilling Design for Gas Storage Facilities
		Drilling Design Principles
		Drilling Mode Optimization
			Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical Well Drilling
			Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Directional Well Drilling
	Selection of Well Completion Methods for Gas Storage Facilities
		Completion Requirements for Injection and Production Wells
		Factors to be Considered When Selecting a Completion Method
		Completion Method Selection
		Completion Method Determination
			Open Hole Completion
			Perforation Completion
	Hole Structure Design of Injection and Production Wells in Gas Storage Facilities
		Hole Structure Design Principles for Injection and Production Wells
		Hole Structure Design Principle
			Hydrostatic Fluid Column Pressure
			Overburden Pressure
			Formation Pressure
			Formation Fracture Pressure
			Formation Collapse Pressure
			Pressure System in a Wellbore
			Equivalent Gradient Distribution in a Liquid Pressure System
		Hole Structure Design Methods and Steps
		Determination of the Casing Size and Hole Size
	Casing String Strength Design and Material Optimization
		Technical Requirements for the Casing String
		Technical Requirements for Threads
	Drilling Fluid Technology
		Drilling Fluid Property Requirements
		Drilling Fluid System Optimization
		Introduction to Drilling Fluid Systems Used in Gas Storage Construction
			Composition
			Performance Characteristics
			Composition of the Organosilicon Antisloughing Drilling Fluid System
			Performance Characteristics of the Organosilicon Antisloughing Drilling Fluid System
			Composition of the Solid-Free KCl Polymer Drilling Fluid System
			Performance Characteristics of the Solid-Free KCl Polymer Drilling Fluid System
			Performance Evaluation of the Solid-Free KCl Polymer Drilling Fluid System
		Determination of the Drilling Fluid Parameters and the Maintenance of the Drilling Fluid Properties
			Determination of the Drilling Fluid´s Density
			Drilling Fluid Solid Control
	Conclusions
28 Reservoir Protection and Cementing Techniques
	Introduction
	Reservoir Protection Technique
		Reservoir Damage Factors During Drilling and Completion
	Internal Gas Reservoir Damage Factors
		Engineering Factors for Gas Reservoir Damage
	Reservoir Protection Measures for Drilling and Completion Engineering
	Reservoir Protection Measures During Cementing
	Reservoir Protection Measures During Perforation
	Complete Sets of Pressure Sealing Techniques for Gas Storage Construction
		Research on the Pressure Sealing Mechanism
	Occurrence Mechanism of Formation Fracturing (Low Pressure Bearing Capacity)
	Causes of Formation Fracturing or Low Pressure Bearing Capacity (Failure to Bear Pressure)
	Natural Vertical Fractures, Micro-fractures, and Induced Fractures
	Wellbore Strengthening Technique
		Selection of Circulation Loss Materials
	Cementing Technique for Gas Storage Facilities Constructed from Depleted Gas Reservoirs
		Particularity of and Difficulties Involved in the Cementing of Gas Storage Facilities Constructed from Depleted Gas Reservoirs
	Tough Cement
	Complete Sets of Cementing Techniques for the Construction of Gas Storage Facilities from Depleted Gas Reservoirs
		Formulation of the Cementing Technique Specifications and Quality Evaluation Specifications for Gas Storage Facilities
	Conclusions
29 Technical Measures for Ensuring Storage Wellbore Integrity
	Introduction
	Hermetic Seal Test Equipment for Tubing and Casing Threads
		Technical Background
		Technique Principles and Equipment Composition
		Technical Breakthroughs
	Technological Measures for Running Casing
		Identification of the Risks During Casing RIH
		Technological Guarantee Measures for Casing RIH
		The Efficiency of the Tubing and Casing RIH Operations Should be Improved
		Completion Tool RIH and Wireline Operations
		Annulus Protection Fluid Injection
		Packer Setting Through the Wireline Operation
	Analysis and Evaluation of the Sealing Integrity of the Cement Sheath
		Gas Storage Well Operation Characteristics and Requirements for the Sealing Property of the Cement Sheath
		Analysis and Evaluation of the Sealing Integrity of the Cement Sheaths in Gas Storage Wells
		Post-cementing Quality Evaluation
	Wellbore Safety Pressure Test Technology
	Wellhead Equipment Optimization
		Wellhead Equipment
		Wellhead Safety Control System
	Anticorrosion of the Tubing and Casing
	Conclusions
30 Treatment and Utilization of Existing Old Wells Legacy
	Introduction
		Basic Principles for the Evaluation and Treatment of Old Wells
			Data Required for Evaluation
			Basic Principles for the Evaluation and Treatment of Old Wells
		Old Well Evaluation Content and Methods
		Old Well Utilization Technology
			Old Well Utilization Principles
			Reutilization Technology for Old Well Workover
		Old Well Plugging Technique
		Specific Method and Parameter Optimization
			Old Well Treatment Construction Process
			Old Well Plugging Construction Techniques
				Old Well Plugging Construction Steps
				Optimization of the Parameters of Old Well Plugging Techniques
	Conclusions
31 Injection and Production String Design
	Introduction
	Design of the Injection and Production Parameters
		Basic Principles
		Injection and Production Capacity Optimization
		Calculation of the Restricted Flow Rate
			Minimum liquid-carrying flow rate
			Maximum erosion flow rate
		Reasonable Flow Rate and Tubing Size
		Gas production stage
		Gas injection stage
		Tubing Size Optimization
	Tubing Design
		Functional Requirements for the Injection and Production String
		Selection of the tubing threads
		Tubing Material Selection
		Tubing Strength Checking
	Optimization of the Downhole Supporting Tools
		Downhole Safety Valve
		Circulating Sliding Sleeve
		Packer
		Setting Nipple and Blanking Plug
	Conclusions
32 Wellhead Equipment and Production String RIH
	Introduction
		Completion Technology for Injection and Production Wells
			Perforation Technology
			Combined Operation Technology
		Wellhead Equipment Requirements
			Technical Requirements and Testing of the Casing Heads
			Technical Requirements and the Selection of the Christmas Tree
				Basic Requirements
				Optimization of the Technical Parameters
			Wellhead Safety Control System
				Main Equipment
				Connection Method
		Production String RIH
			Production String Preparation and Inspection
			Improving the Efficiency of the RIH Operations
			Completion Tool RIH and Wireline Operations
				Pipe Scraping and Drifting
				Running Completion Tools
				Injection-Production Wellhead Installation
				Reverse Circulation Well Cleanout
				Annular Protective Fluid Injection
				Packer Setting Through the Wireline Operation
			Measures for Ensuring the Sealing Integrity of the String
	Conclusions
33 Wellbore Monitoring and Tubing-Casing Annulus Protection
	Introduction
	Tubing-Casing Annulus Protection
		Analysis of the Corrosion Factors
			DO Corrosion
			Dissolved Salt Corrosion
			Microbiological Corrosion
		Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of the Protective Fluid
	Monitoring of the Injection and Production Well Parameters
		Routine Patrol Inspection and Monitoring
		Temporary Monitoring
		Real Time Monitoring
			Pressure Measuring Device with Capillary
			Pressure Measuring Device with an Electronic Pressure Gauge
			Pressure Measuring Device with Optical Fibers
	Sealing Property Testing of Injection and Production Wells
		Sealing Property Testing Conditions
			Maximum Allowable Annulus Pressure
			Risk Division Based on Annulus Pressure
			Wellbore Sealing Property Testing Conditions
		Annulus Pressure Relief/Buildup Test
		Diagnosis after the Pressure Relief/Buildup Test
			Analysis of the Returned Fluids
			Tubing Leakage Positioning
			Production Logging, Pressure Interference Testing, and Temperature Logging
			Mechanical Integrity Testing
		Analysis of the Pressure Relief and Buildup Characteristics
	Wellbore Sealing Integrity Testing
		Chinese and Foreign Integrity Testing Regulations
		Sealing Integrity Testing Method
	Conclusions
34 Gathering and Transportation Processes for Storage Surface Engineering
	Introduction
	Design Principles for the Surface Engineering of Gas Storage Facilities
	General Layout
		Optimization Principles for the General Layout
		Station Site Selection Principles
		Example of the Optimization of the General Layout
	Injection and Production Wellhead
	Injection and Production Valve Group or Gathering and Distribution Station
	Conclusions
35 Pipe Network and Gathering Station
	Introduction
	Injection and Production Pipe Network
		Injection and Production Pipe Network Setting
		Injection and Production Pipeline Material Selection
	Gas Injection System
		Selection of the Gas Injection Compressor Units
			Filtration and Separation
			Cyclone Separators
			High-Efficiency Filter Separator
	Treatment of the Produced Gas
	Produced Gas Pressurization
	Venting System Design
		Venting Concept
		Scale of the Venting System of the Gathering and Injection Station
		Setting of the High- and Low-Pressure Venting Systems
		Suggestions for Setting up the High- and Low-Pressure Venting Systems
	Conclusions
36 Measurement and Public Auxiliary System
	Introduction
	Transportation System and Oil and Water Treatment
	Measurement
		Basic Requirements
		Measurement Grading and Accuracy
	Instrumentation and Automatic Control System
	Water Supply and Drainage System and Fire Protection System
	Communication
		General Provisions
		Communication Mode
	Electric Power and Building Structure
	Conclusions
37 Potential Salt Candidates for Storage in Central and Southern China
	Introduction
	Henan Pingdingshan Salt Mine
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Hubei Yunying Salt Mine
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Hubei Huangchang Salt Mine
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Hunan Xiangheng Salt Mine
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Anhui Dingyuan Dongxing Salt Mine
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Jiangxi Qingjiang Salt Mine
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Conclusions
38 Potential Salt Candidates for Storage in Other Parts of China
	Introduction
	Basic Information on the Salt Mines
	Salt Mines in the Yangtze River Delta Region
		Zhaoji Salt Mine
			Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
			Mineral Composition
			Stability of the Saliferous Strata
		Huai´an Salt Mine
			Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
			Mineral Composition
			Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Salt Mines in Southwestern China
		Distribution Characteristics of the Saliferous Strata
		Mineral Composition
		Stability of the Saliferous Strata
	Salt Mines in the Southeastern Coastal Region
	Conclusions
39 Geologic Evaluation of Salt Layers in China
	Introduction
	Basic Elements of Construction of Salt Cavern Gas Storage Facilities
		Gas Storage Site Determination
		Gas Storage Construction Scheme Design
		Gas Storage Construction
	Basic Characteristics of the Construction of Salt Cavern Gas Storage Facilities
		Complex Geologic Conditions and Large Difficulties in Gas Storage Construction
		Complex Gas Storage Construction Process and Long Gas Storage Construction Period
		Large Gas Storage Construction Difficulty and High Construction Investment
	Difference between Domestic and Foreign Salt Cavern Gas Storage Construction Techniques
		Geological Conditions for Gas Storage Construction
		Factors Influencing Cavern Construction
		Salt Cavern Detection
	Structural Analysis of Saliferous Strata
		Structure Exploration Deployment and Fine Interpretation
			Structure Exploration Deployment
			Fine Scale Interpretation
		Evaluation of Structures and Faults
			Structure Evaluation
			Fault Evaluation
	Evaluation of the Sealing Properties of Caprocks
		Macroscopic Evaluation of the Sealing Properties of Caprocks
			Lithologic Evaluation of the Caprocks
			Evaluation of the Thickness and Distribution Range of the Caprocks
		Microscopic Evaluation of the Sealing Properties of Caprocks
			Lithologic Components of Caprocks and Mineral Components of the Main Lithology
			Micropore Diameter and Adsorption Capacity of the Caprocks
			Caprock Permeability and Formation Breakthrough Pressure
			Diffusion Capacity of the Caprocks
	Geologic Analysis of the Saliferous Strata
		Fine Division and Correlation of the Strata
		Sedimentary Facies
		Distribution of the Salt Layers
		Chemical Characteristics of the Salt Rocks
	Description and Evaluation of the Interlayers
		Analysis of the Petrochemical Characteristics of the Interlayers
		Evaluation of the Sealing Properties of the Interlayers
	Stability Evaluation of the Saliferous Strata
		Impermeability Analysis of the Saliferous Strata
		Stability of the Roofs, Floors, and Faults
	Conclusions
	References
40 Salt Cavern Construction Design in China
	Introduction
	Cavern Shape Design
		Position of the Salt Cavern Within the Salt Layers
		Salt Cavern Shape
		Cavern Construction Volume and Effective Gas Storage Volume
	Design of the Cavern Construction Parameters
		Circulation Mode
		String Lifting Times
		Cavern Construction String Combination
		Water Injection Displacement During Cavern Construction
		Cushion Roof Protection
	Design Principle
		Safety Criterion
		Stability Criterion
		Cavern Construction Period Criterion
		Brine Extraction Concentration Criterion
	Design Method
	Design Example
		Design Volume of the Salt Cavern
		Effective Cavern Construction Thickness
		Determination of the Salt Cavern´s Shape
	Conclusions
41 Salt Cavern Stability Evaluation
	Introduction
	Uniaxial Compression Test
	Triaxial Compression Test
	Tensile Test
	Creep Property Test
		Investigation of the Creep Deformation Properties
		Long-Term Strength of Salt Rocks Under Triaxial Stress
	Salt Cavern Stability Evaluation
		Creep Constitutive Model for the Salt Rocks
	Stability Evaluation Standards for Salt Cavern Gas Storage Spaces
		Criterion 1: The Tensile Stress-Free Criterion
		Criterion 2: The Expansion Criterion
		Criterion 3: The Creep Strain Criterion
		Criterion 4: The Salt Cavern Convergence Criterion
	Stability Evaluation Example Analysis
		Geological Conditions of the Gas Storage Space
		Selection of the Calculation Parameters
		Static Stability Evaluation
		Stability Evaluation of the Injection and Production Operation
	Conclusions
	References
42 Salt Cavern Construction Control
	Introduction
	Controlling the Shape of the Cavern Using the Well Type
		Single-Well Single-Cavern
		Double-Well Cavern Construction
			Double-Vertical Well Cavern Construction
			Directional-Butted Well Cavern Construction
			Horizontal Well Cavern Construction
	Controlling the Shape of the Salt Cavern During Cavern Construction
		Circulation Mode
		Two-End Distance
		Cushion´s Position
		Number of Times the String Is Lifted
	Research on the Water Solution Mechanism of Thick Interlayers
	Numerical Simulation Analysis of Interlayer Collapse
		Numerical Model and Parameters
		Analysis of the Numerical Simulation Results
			Impact of Interlayer Thickness on Collapse
			Impact of Interlayer Depth on Collapse
			Impact of Interlayer Span on Collapse
			Impact of Salt Cavern Height on Collapse
		Basic Conclusions from the Numerical Simulation of Interlayer Collapse
	Thick Interlayer Collapse Control Technique
	Field Test on a Thick Interlayer
	Conclusions
	References
43 Salt Cavern Detection and Brine Ejection Techniques
	Introduction
	Testing the Sealing Property of the Wellbore
	Salt Cavern Detection During Cavern Construction
		Monitoring of Basic Cavern Construction Data
		Sonar Detection
		OWC Monitoring
	Salt Cavern Sealing Property Testing Method
		Testing Method
		Testing Process
		Evaluation Method
	Preparation Before Gas Injection and Brine Ejection
		Design of the Injection and Production String and the Brine Ejection String
		Gas Injection and Brine Ejection Wellhead Equipment
		Injection and Production String and Wellhead Safety Control System
		Injection and Production Pipe Components and Brine Ejection String Running Procedure
	Gas Injection and Brine Ejection Operation
		Influencing Factors
		Process and Parameters
		Example Analysis
	Subsequent Operation After Gas Injection and Brine Ejection
		Preparation Work
		Main Equipment
		Brine Ejection String Pulling-Out Steps
		Injection and Production Wellhead Equipment Installation
		Continue Gas Injection in the Normal Operation Mode of the Gas Storage Facility
	Construction Data Acquisition Requirements
	Conclusions
44 Salt Cavern Operation Scheme Optimization and Supporting Surface Engineering
	Introduction
	Content of the Surface Engineering Support Process
	Cavern Construction and Brine Extraction Process
		Determination of the Cavern Construction and Brine Extraction Station Scale
		Cavern Construction and Brine Extraction Station Processes
		Main Process Flow
	Gas Injection and Production Process
		Gas Injection and Production Station Composition
		Determination of the Gas Injection and Production Scale
		Selection of Compressors
			Selection Principles
			Compressor Configuration Scheme
			Comparative Selection of Compressor Driver Types
		Gas Injection and Production Process
			Overall Workflow of the Process
			Workflow of Each Unit
				Gas Injection Equipment
				Gas Production Equipment
	Thermodynamic Simulation Calculation Method for the Injection and Production Operation
		Storage Capacity Calculation
		Salt Layer Temperature Field Simulation
		Dynamic Simulation of Wellbore Injection and Production
		Dynamic Simulation of Salt Cavern Injection and Production
		Hydrate Formation Prediction
	Operation Scheme Design Method
		Design Principle
			Design of the Injection and Production Cycle of a Gas Storage Facility
			Design of the Daily Peak-Shaving Gas Volume of the Gas Storage Facility
			Reasonable Number of Gas Production Wells for a Gas Storage Facility
		Operation Scheme Design Method
			Winter Peak-Shaving Scheme Design
			Emergency Plan Design
			Reserve Scheme Design
	Operation Mode Optimization
	Conclusions
	References
45 Reconstruction Technology for Existing Old Caverns
	Introduction
		Selection of Existing Old Caverns
			Selection Principle
				Geologic Conditions
				Cavern Conditions
		Selection Method
			Preselection and Evaluation of Old Caverns
			Selection and Evaluation Through Sonar Measurements
				Drifting
				Logging
				Sonar Measurements
		Stability Evaluation of Existing Old Caverns
		Reconstruction of Existing Old Caverns
			Reconstruction Principles for Existing Old Caverns
			Reconstruction Technique for Existing Old Caverns
				Reconstruction Technology Scheme for Existing Old Brine Extraction Caverns
			Reconstruction Technology for Existing Old Brine Extraction Caverns
				Milling Construction Process [4]
				Milling Construction Principles
		Sealing Property Testing of Existing Old Caverns
			Testing Principle
			Evaluation Method and Criteria
				Evaluation Method
				Evaluation Criteria
	Conclusions
	References
46 Potential Aquifer Candidates for Gas Storage in the Yangtze River Delta and Southeastern Coastal Regions
	Introduction
	Aquifers in Jiangsu Province
		Reservoir-Caprock Conditions
		Gas Storage Construction Potential
	Aquifers in Zhejiang Province
		Reservoir-Caprock Conditions
		Gas Storage Construction Potential
	Aquifers in Anhui Province
	Aquifers in Guangdong Province
		Reservoir-Caprock Conditions
			Reservoir Conditions
			Caprock Conditions
		Gas Storage Construction Potential
	Aquifers in Guangxi Province
		Shiwandashan Basin
		Guizhong Depression
		Hepu Basin
	Conclusions
47 Potential Aquifer Candidates for Gas Storage in Central-Southern China
	Introduction
		Aquifers in Hubei Province
			Reservoir-Caprock Conditions
				Sandstone Reservoirs of the Qianjiang Formation
				Sandstone Reservoirs of the Xingouzui Formation
			Gas Storage Construction Potential
		Aquifers in Hunan Province
			Reservoir-Caprock Conditions
			Gas Storage Construction Potential
		Aquifers in Jiangxi Province
			Reservoir-Caprock Conditions
				Reservoir Conditions
				Clastic Reservoirs
				Carbonate Reservoirs
				Caprock Conditions
			Gas Storage Construction Potential
	Conclusions
48 Integrity Management and Risk Control of Gas Storage Facilities
	Introduction
	Current Integrity Status of Domestic Gas Storage Facilities
		Concept Proposal and Development of Gas Storage Integrity
		Integrity Management System of Gas Storage Facilities
			Integrity Management System for Geological Gas Storage Bodies
			Integrity Management System for Gas Storage Wells
			The Integrity Management System for Ground Facilities
				Integrity Management for Injection-Production Pipeline
				Station Integrity Management
		Integrity Management Standards for Gas Storage Facilities
	Techniques for Insuring the Integrity of Gas Reservoir-Type Gas Storage Facilities
		Design Integrity of Gas Reservoir-Type Gas Storage Facilities
			Geological Integrity
			Integrity of the String Design
				Optimization of the Screw Joint for Gas Sealing of the Gas Storage String
				Material Selection for the Gas Storage String
				Design Method for String Sealing of Gas Storage Wells
			Integrity of Surface Facilities
		Integrity of Gas Storage Construction
			Cementation Design
			Casing, Cementation Tools, and Accessories
				Selection of Pipe and Thread Type
				Selection of Cementation Tools and Accessories
			Cementation Preparation
			Casing Running and Cementation
				Casing Running
				Cementation
	Techniques for Ensuring the Integrity of Salt Cavern Gas Storage Facilities
		Factors Influencing the Stability of Underground Salt Caverns
		Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of the Stability of Underground Salt Caverns
		Land Subsidence and Prediction of Salt Cavern Gas Storage Spaces
	Case Study of Salt Cavern Integrity
	Conclusions
	References
49 Integrity of Gas Reservoir Storage Facilities During the Operation Phase
	Introduction
	Gas Storage Monitoring
		Technique for Monitoring the Trap-Sealing Ability
		Dynamic Wellbore-Monitoring Technique
		Dynamic Monitoring of the Internal Operation Conditions
		Monitoring of the Surface Facilities
	Techniques for Well Integrity Detection and Evaluation of Gas Reservoir Storage Facilities
		Techniques for Assessing the Integrity of the Gas Production Tree and Wellhead Equipment
		Casing and Tubing Quality Testing Techniques
		Gas Storage Wellbore Integrity Evaluation Technique
	The Integrity Detection and Evaluation Techniques for Ground Pipelines in Gas Storage Facilities
		Surface Pipeline-Testing Techniques
			Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Identifying Internal Defects in the Pipeline
			External Pipeline Corrosion Detection Techniques
		Techniques for Evaluating the Integrity of Gas Storage Ground Facilities
			Techniques for Evaluating the Integrity of a Pipeline
			Technical System for Evaluating the Integrity of a Station
	Remedial Measures for the Failure Treatment of Injection-Production Wells
		Remedial Procedures for the Failure Treatment of Injection-Production Wells
		High-Pressure Intermittent Discharge and Examples
		Annulus Injection of Heavy Brine or Drilling Fluid
		Circulation of Heavy Brine or Drilling Fluid and Repair of the Inner Pipe
		Cement Squeezing After Perforation or Milling of the Casing
	Conclusions
	References
50 Foreign Storage Operation and Management
	Introduction
		Storage Operation and Management in the United States
			Gas Storage Regulations in the United States
				Federal Regulations
				State Regulations
			The Gas Storage Operators in the United States
				Gas Storage Facilities Operated by Interstate Pipeline Companies
				Gas Storage Facilities Operated by State Pipeline Companies and City Gas Companies
				Independent Gas Storage Operators
			Rate Regulation of Gas Storage in the United States
			Management of Gas Storage Contracts in the United States
		Storage Operation and Management in Canada
			Scale of Gas Storage in Canada
			Gas Storage Authority and Jurisdiction in Canada
			The History of Gas Storage Legislation in Canada
			Maintenance Management System and Operation Mechanism
				Separation of Ownership of Gas Storage Facilities from Regulatory Supervision Power
				Environmental Supervision Varies Widely
				The Gas Storage Rate Is Gradually Being Marketed
				The Influence of Gas Storage Construction on the Development of Other Resources Is Strictly Regulated
		Storage Operation and Management in the European Union
			Supervision of Underground Gas Storage Facilities
				The History of Gas Storage Supervision in the European Union
				Main Regulatory Requirements
				Regulatory Authorities and Methods
			Operation Mechanism
			Pricing Mechanism
				Pricing Principle
				Pricing Basis
				Charging Method
		Storage Operation and Management in Russia
	Conclusions
	References
51 Domestic Storage Operation and Management
	Introduction
	Analysis of the Characteristics of Foreign Operation Management
	Experience and Enlightenment
		The Development of Gas Storage Business Operation Management is to Separate from Pipeline Transportation and to Operate Indepe...
		The Independent Operation of the Gas Storage Business Makes the Independent Pricing of the Gas Storage Link Inevitable
		The Pricing Mechanism of the Gas Storage Link Should Adapt to the Development of the Domestic Natural Gas Industry
		Establishing and Improving the Relevant Laws, Regulations, and Regulatory Policies to Promote the Competition and Regulation o...
	Ownership of the Gas Storage Operation and Management
	Investment and Pricing Mechanism of Gas Storage
	Introduction to Examples of Actual Gas Storage Operation Management
	Analysis of the Operation and Management Characteristics of Gas Storage Facilities
	Prospects for Gas Storage Operation and Management
		Future Development Tendency
		Assumption of Operation Management
			Recent Assumptions
			Medium- and Long-Term Vision
	Conclusions
	References
Index