Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	1 Substance Misuse and Addictions in Context
		Introduction
		Prevalence of Substance Misuse
		Mortality and Substance Misuse
		Disability-Adjusted Life Years and Substance Misuse
		Nonchemical Addictions
		From Organ-Specific Effects to Public Health
		Application to Other Areas
		Summary Points
		References
Part II: Foundations of Understanding and Setting the Scene
	2 Linking Attitudes to Substance Misuse
		Introduction
		The Number of People Using Addictive Agent
		Factors That Affect the Substance Use
		Harms Caused by Substance Use in Young People
		The Influence of Young Attitude on Substance Use
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Result
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Older Adults with Substance Use
		Summary Points
		References
	3 The Gut-Brain Axis and Addictions
		Introduction
		Gut-Brain Axis and Alcohol Use Disorder
			Ghrelin and Alcohol Use Disorder
			GLP-1 and Alcohol Use Disorder
			Amylin and Alcohol Use Disorder
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
			Ghrelin
			GLP-1
			Amylin
		Final Conclusion
		Main Dictionary Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		Acknowledgments
		References
	4 The Reward Deficiency Syndrome and Links with Addictive and Related Behaviors
		Introduction: Integrative Approach
		The Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Model
		Phenomenological Aspects of the RDS
		The Neurogenetic Background of the RDS
		Assessment of RDS: The Reward Deficiency Questionnaire (RDSQ-29)
		Criticisms of the RDS
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Dopamine
		Summary Points
		Appendix 1
		References
	5 Linking Addictive and Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors
		Introduction
			Learning-Based Accounts of Compulsive Behaviors
			Compulsive Behavior in Addictions and OCRDs
		Shared Cognitive Factors
			Commonly Implicated Cognitive Factors
			Novel Mechanisms and Perspectives
		Multiple and Interactive Pathways to Addictive and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
		Summary and Future Directions
		Summary Points
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary
		Key Facts of Compulsive and Addictive Behaviors
		References
	6 Cognitive Assessment, Management, and Training in Addiction Treatment
		Cognitive Impairment in Addiction
			Definition of CI
			Prevalence of CI
			Nature of CI
			Recovery of CI
			Factors Contributing to Cognitive Impairment in Addiction
			Impact of CI
		Identification and Screening of Cognition in Addiction
			History Taking
				Nature of Cognitive Concerns
				Onset and Course
			Manner
			Functional Impact
			Corroborative History
			Behavioral Observations
			Self/Informant Questionnaires
			Cognitive Screening Tools
			Formal Neuropsychological Examination
		Management and Treatment of Cognitive Deficits in AOD Settings
			Cognitive Remediation and Training
			Working Memory Training (WMT)
			Inhibitory Control Training (ICT)
			Goal Management Training (GMT)
			Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM)
			Pharmacological Enhancement
			Cognitive and Lifestyle Compensatory Strategies
				Cognitive Compensatory Strategies
				Therapeutic Adaptations
			Lifestyle Factors to Support Cognition and Brain Health
			Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
			Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
		References
	7 Attachment and Behavioral Addictions
		Definition of Attachment
		Neurobiology of Attachment
		Attachment and Behavioral Addictions
		Applications to Substance Addictions
		Applications to Public Health
		Final Conclusion
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Gambling Disorder
		Summary Points
		References
	8 Disease and Addictions
		Introduction
		Discovery of Niacin Through the Eye of History
			Search for the Cause
		Epidemiology of Pellagra
			Epidemiology of Pellagra and Alcohol
		Pathogenesis of Pellagra in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
			Histopathologic Findings on Postmortem Studies
		Clinical Features
		Laboratory Investigation
		Management
			Supplement of All Micronutrients Not Only Niacin
		Prevention
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Key Facts
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	9 Facts Versus Fiction in Adolescent Substance Use: Implications for Public Health
		Facts Versus Fiction in Adolescent Substance Use: Implications for Public Health
			Myth #1: ``All Adolescents Drink and Experiment with Substances.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
		Causes of Substance Use
			Myth #2: ``Addiction Is a Disease - There Is Nothing You Can Do About It.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #3: ``Addiction Is a Choice - With Willpower, People Can Stop Using Drugs.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #4: ``Use of a Substance, a Substance Use Disorder Makes.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #5: ``Marijuana Is a Gateway Drug.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
		Role of Parents/Family
			Myth #6: ``It Is Safer if Adolescents Start to Experiment with Alcohol at Home.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
		Effects of Substance Use
			Myth #7: ``Marijuana Is Less Harmful than Other Drugs, So It Is Okay for Adolescents to Experiment.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #8: ``Prescription Drugs Are Not Addictive or Harmful Because They Come from a Doctor.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #9: ``Drinking Alcohol Underage Is Fine Because Alcohol Is Legal, and Adults Do It.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
		Substance Use in Marginalized Groups
			Myth #10: ``Certain Types of People Are Predisposed to Use Drugs More Than Others.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #11: ``The Opioid Epidemic Does Not Discriminate and Affect All Groups Equally.´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
			Myth #12: ``Indigenous People Are Genetically More Susceptible to Alcohol´s Intoxicating Effects (i.e., The Firewater Myth).´´
				Fact
				Implications for Public Health
		Summary
		Key Facts of Adolescent Substance Use
		Summary Points
		References
	10 Relapse Rates in Substance Misuse and the Role of Family
		Definition and Rate of Relapse in Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
		Triggers of Relapse
		Relapse in Alcohol Use Disorder
		Relapse Rates Among Users of Opioids
		Users of Psychostimulants
		Users of Hallucinogens
		The Role of Family in Substance Use and Misuse
		Children of Substance Abusers
		Family Intervention for Substance Abuse
			Integrated Care for Youths with Substance Abuse
			Substance Abuse Treatment for Mothers to Improve Family Function
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Family Role in Substance Use
		Summary Points
		References
	11 People with Intellectual Disabilities, Drug Misuse, and Addiction
		Summary Points
		Substance Use Is a Public Health Problem
		Viewpoints of Substance Use
		Substance Use Is a Disease
		Social Factors of Substance Use
		Substance Use Disorder in DSM-5
		Substance Use Research in Intellectual Disabilities
		Prevalence of Substance Use in Intellectual Disabilities
		Public Health Interventions
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		References
	12 Long-Term Drug Use
		Introduction
		Patterns of Consumption
		Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis
		Violence Proneness After Acute Intake of Cannabis
		Violence Proneness After Chronic Cannabis Misuse
		Cannabis and Homicide: Is There a Link?
		Treatment for Chronic Cannabis Misuse
		Conclusions and Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
		References
	13 Public Health Impacts of Drug Overdose and Mental Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorder
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Drug Overdose and Mental Health
			Key Facts of Overdose
			Key Facts of Substance Use Disorder
			Key Facts of Depression
		Summary Points
		References
	14 Linking Addictions and Health
		Introduction
		Introduction to Diabetes
		Prediabetes: One Step Before Diabetes
		Diabetes Risk Factors
		Lifestyle Changes in Diabetes
		Tobacco Use Worldwide
		Smoking as an Independent Risk Factor for Diabetes
		Smoking and Its Effects on Diabetes
		Smoking and Its Effects on Complications of Diabetes
		Smoking Cessation and Benefits on Diabetes
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
		Mini-Dictionary of Term
		Key Factors of Nicotine and Diabetes
		References
	15 Gender and Drug Policy
		Introduction
		Gender Differences in Drug Use and Harm
		Substance Use During Pregnancy
		Gendered Impacts of Drug Control
		Gender-Responsive Drug Policy
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Pregnancy and Substance Use
		Key Facts of Gender Differences in Drug-Related Harms
		Summary Points
		References
	16 Substance Use Disorder Treatment in the Age of COVID-19: Challenges, Responses, and Lessons for the Future
		Introduction
			Collusion, Crash, Collision of Epidemics?
			COVID-19 and Health-Related Vulnerabilities of People with Substance Use Disorder
			Indicators of Serious Outcomes in People with SUD During the COVID-19 Pandemic
			The Effects of COVID-19 on Substance Use Disorder Treatment Provision
			Harm Reduction Services: SSP and Naloxone Distribution
		Application of New Treatment Modalities to SUD Treatment
			Telemedicine
			E-prescribing and Take-Home MOUD
			Reducing Risks to SUD Patients During the Pandemic
		Lessons for the Future: Improving Services in the Age of COVID-19
			New Technologies for Supporting Patients with SUD
			Targeted Drug Tests
			Further Liberalization of Buprenorphine Access
			Prioritization of Access to COVID-19 Services for People with SUD and Interventions for Extremely Vulnerable PWUD
			Enhancing Workforce Capacity and Economic Resilience of Treatment Centers
		Conclusions: Back to Business as Usual?
		Mini-dictionary
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	17 Socioeconomic Status and Drug Use Among Students
		Introduction
		Drug Use as a Subject of Social Pathology
		Drug Use Among Students
			Risk Factors for Drug Use Among Students
			Development of Drug Use Among Students
			Consequences of Drug Use Among Students
		Drug Use and Student Socioeconomic Status
			The Importance of Gender
			The Importance of School
			The Importance of the Family
		Prevention Programs with a Focus on Students
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of the Prevalence of Drug Use in Adolescents
		Summary Points
		Reference
	18 Revolving Door
		Introduction
			Hospital Admission for Substance Use
		Psychiatric Diseases and the Revolving Door Phenomenon
		Factors Associated to RD Phenomenon
			Revolving Door and Demographic Factors
			Revolving Door and Clinical Diagnosis
			Revolving Door and Drug Misuse
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Final Conclusion
		Dictionary
		Summary Points
		References
	19 Substance Use in Older Adolescence: Overcoming the Prevention Paradox
		Introduction
			Trends in Adolescent and Young Adult Alcohol Use
			Trends in Adolescent and Young Adult Illicit Substance Use
			Harms of Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Use
				The Developing Adolescent Brain
				Alcohol and the Developing Brain
				Alcohol and the Mental Health of Young People
				Illicit Substance Use and the Developing Brain
				Illicit Substance Use and the Mental Health of Young People
		Preventing Substance Use and Related Harms
			Public Health and the Upstream Approach
			The Prevention Paradox
			Overcoming the Prevention Paradox
			When Should Prevention Occur?
			Where Should Prevention Take Place?
		School-Based Substance Use Prevention Programs
			The Effectiveness of School-Based Prevention
			Effective Preventive Principles for Young People
			The Influence of Implementation Factors
			The Landscape of Universal School-Based Programs
			Opportunities in Late Adolescent Prevention
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts for Late Adolescent Substance Use Prevention
		Summary Points
		References
	20 Medicinal Plants and Addiction Treatment
		Introduction
			Addiction and Principles of Treatment: An Overview
			Currently Available Treatments for Addiction
				Pharmacological Approaches
				Non-pharmacological Approaches
			Medicinal Plants: An overview
				Medicinal Plants and Addiction Treatment
		Panax (Ginseng)
		Tabernanthe iboga
		Hypericum perforatum
		Withania somnifera
		Rhodiola rosea
		Corydalis yanhusuo
		Lophophora williamsii
		Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia przewalskii
		Pueraria lobata or Radix puerariae lobata
		Ayahuasca (Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi)
		Opuntia ficus-indica
		Cyanthillium cinereum (previously named Vernonia cinerea)
		Passiflora incarnata
		Valeriana officinalis
		Other Plants
		Studies on Herb Combination
		Concluding Remarks
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Addiction and Principles of Treatment: An Overview
		Key Facts of Pharmacological Approaches
		Key Facts of Non-pharmacological Approaches
		Key Facts of Medicinal Plants and Addiction Treatment
		Summary Points
		References
Part III: Brain, Neuroscience, and Neurobiology
	21 Basic Structure of the Brain and Neurology
		Introduction
		Structure of the Brain
			Medial Sagittal View of the Brain
				Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
				Cingulate Gyrus (CG)
				Corpus Callosum (CC)
				Thalamus
				Hypothalamus (Hy)
				Parietal Cortex (PC)
				Cerebellum (CB)
				Corticospinal Tract (CSP) and Medial Lemniscus (ML)
			View of the Hippocampus (HC) and Associated Structures
				Hippocampus (HC)
				Dentate Gyrus (DG)
				Septal Nuclei (SeN)
				Entorhinal Cortex (EC) and Parahippocampal Gyrus (PHG)
				Mammillary Bodies (MB)
			View of the Basal Ganglia (BG) and Associated Structures
		Neuropathology
			Gross Changes
			Changes in Specific Regions
			Histological Changes
		Neuroscience
			The Extrapyramidal Motor System
			Cerebellar Pathways
			The Septo-hippocampal System
		Neurology
			Progressive Mental Deterioration and Dementia
			Movement Problems
			Altered Behavior
			Hallucinations
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Brain Structure, Neuropathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology
		Summary Points
		References
	22 The Hippocampus and Addiction: Focus on Plasticity and Circuitry in the Hippocampus
		Introduction to Synaptic Plasticity
		Hippocampal Formation
		Hippocampal Circuitry and Plasticity
			Hippocampal Circuitry - Within Region Focus
			Hippocampal Circuitry - Between Region Focus
			Synaptic Plasticity in CA1 Region of the Hippocampus
			Synaptic Plasticity in the CA3 Region of the Hippocampus
			Synaptic Plasticity in the Dentate Gyrus (DG) of the Hippocampus
			Neurogenesis in the Adult DG - A Form of Plasticity
			Adult Neurogenesis in the DG Influences Synaptic Plasticity in the DG
		Regulation of Plasticity in the Hippocampus by Drugs of Abuse
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary
		Key Facts
		Abbreviations and Mini-dictionary
		References
	23 The Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) and Addictions
		Key Facts
		Mini Dictionary
		Cognitive Relevance of the PFC
		Neuromodulation and Top-Down Control of the PFC
		PFC Networks and Relation to Mental Disease
		The Opportunity of the Critical Periods
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
		References
	24 Linking the Features of Food Addiction and Drug Addiction
		Introduction
		The Dopamine System: Drug and Food Addiction
		Dopamine and Appetite-Regulating
		Compulsion: Dysfunction of System
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Suggested Reference Material
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Addiction
		Summary Points
		Suggested Reference Material
		Reference
	25 The Left Frontoparietal Brain Network in Addictions
		Introduction
		Frontoparietal Network Definition
		Left Frontoparietal Network in Psychostimulant Addiction
		Left Frontoparietal Network in Alcohol Addiction
		Left Frontoparietal Network in Nicotine Addiction
		Left Frontoparietal Network in Behavioral Addiction
		General Conclusions
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Neurotoxicity
		Summary Points
		References
	26 Linking the Neural Correlates of Addiction and Negative Urgency
		Introduction
			What Is Negative Urgency?
		Association with AUD
			Role of NUR in Childhood and Adolescence
			Role of NUR in College-Aged Students
				Social Drinking
				Binge Drinking
			Role of NUR in Current AUD and Other Psychiatric Factors
			Role of NUR in Relapse
		Neural Correlates of NUR and AUD
		Neurotransmitter Systems Associated with NUR and SUD
			Serotonin (5HT) in NUR
			Dopamine (DA)
			γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
		Neural Structures in AUD
			Neural Correlates of NUR in Adolescence
			Neural Correlates of NUR in Healthy Populations
			Neural Correlates of NUR in Active AUD
			Neural Correlates of NUR in Relapse
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction and Psychopathplogy
			Eating and Gambling Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of ``Linking the Neural Correlates of Addiction and Negative Urgency´´
		Summary Points
		References
	27 Impulsivity, Decision-Making, and Reward System as Key Factors in Addiction
		Introduction
		Impulsivity
			Impulsivity: Constructs, Assessment Tools, and Neurobiology
			Impulsivity in Substance Addictions: Evidence from Clinical Studies
			Impulsivity and Addiction: Endophenotype, Consequence, or Both?
		Decision-Making
			Decision-Making: Constructs, Assessment Tools, and Neurobiology
			Decision-Making in Substance Addictions: Evidence from Clinical Studies
			Decision-Making and Addiction: Endophenotype, Consequence, or Both?
		Reward System
			Reward System: Constructs, Assessment Tools, and Neurobiology
			Reward System in Substance Addictions: Evidence from Clinical Studies
			Reward System Dysfunction and Addiction: Endophenotype, Consequence, or Both?
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	28 Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 and Its Links to Addictions
		Introduction
		TAAR1 Signaling and Its Distribution in the CNS
		TAAR1 Modulates Dopamine Transmission In Vitro
		TAAR1 Modulates Dopamine Transmission In Vivo
		Genetical Modulation of TAAR1 on Drug Addiction-Related Behaviors
			Taar1 Knockout
			TAAR1 Overexpression
		Pharmacological Modulation of TAAR1 on Rewarding and Reinforcing Effects of Drugs of Abuse
			TAAR1 Full Agonists
				RO5166017
				RO5256390
			TAAR1 Partial Agonists
				RO5263397
				RO5203648
			TAAR1 Antagonist EPPTB
		Pharmacological Modulation of TAAR1 on the Dark Side of Drug Addiction
		Species-Dependent Effects of TAAR1 Agents
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Factors of Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 and Its Links to Addictions: A New Narrative
		Summary Points
		References
	29 Linking fMRI, Pain, and Addictions
		Introduction
		Prevalence and Incidence of Chronic Pain
		The Intersection of Pain and Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
		Risk Factors and Correlates of Chronic Pain
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders and Public Health
			Managing Pain at the Intersection of Pain and Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
			Healthcare Provider Bias and Beliefs About Pain: Impact on Pain Management
		Role of fMRI in Biopsychosocial and Socio-ecological Models of Pain
		Linking fMRI to the Study of Pain and Substance Use Disorder: How Does Pain Change the Brain?
		What Is fMRI?
			Insights into Pain that fMRI Can Provide
			Insights into Substance Use Disorder that fMRI Can Provide
		Key Facts of fMRI Analysis Methods
		Brain Activation and Connectivity Studies in Pain
		Linking Pain and Opioid Use Disorder
		Brain Activation and Connectivity Studies in Opioid Use Disorder
		Pitfalls of fMRI in Clinical and Research Settings
		Treatment and Management of Chronic Pain
		Key Facts About the History of OUD and Pain Control
		Treatment of Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder: Challenges and Future Directions
		Integrative and Complementary Treatment Approaches for Chronic Pain Management
		Role of fMRI in Understanding Mechanisms of Action for Non-pharmacologic Pain Management Approaches
		Implications for Policy and Practice
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	30 The Effects of Drugs of Abuse on ABC Transporters
		Introduction
		ABC Transporter Interactions with Drugs of Abuse
			Opioids
				Opioid Interactions with ABCB1 Transporters
				Opioid Interactions with ABCG2 Transporters
				Opioid Interactions with ABCC Transporters
			Cannabinoids
			Stimulant Drugs
			Nicotine
			Ethanol
		Do Drugs of Abuse Affect the Expression of ABC Transporters?
			Opioids
			Cannabinoids
			Stimulant Drugs
			Nicotine
			Ethanol
		Conclusions
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts About Interactions of Drugs of Abuse with ABC Transporters
		Summary Points
		References
	31 The Role of ABC Transporters in the Actions of Drugs of Abuse
		Introduction
		ABC Transporters Identified in Association Studies of Drug Dependence
		Do Manipulations of ABC Transporters Affect Responses to Drugs of Abuse?
			Clinical Evidence
			Preclinical Evidence
		Conclusions
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts about Interactions of Drugs of Abuse with ABC Transporters
		Summary Points
		References
Part IV: Tobacco
	32 Smoking and Genetics
		Introduction
		Tobacco Consumption
		Tobacco Smoking in Numbers
		Nicotine
		Smoking Behavior Phenotypes
		Genetic Variants and Smoking Phenotypes
		Genes Highlighted in Genome-Wide Associations Studies for Smoking
		Evidence Gaps
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Smoking and Genetics
		Summary Points
		References
	33 Cigarette Smoke and the NLRP3 Inflammasome
		Introduction
		Inflammasome
			Types of Inflammasomes
			NLRP3 Inflammasome
			Proposed Mechanisms for the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome
				Ion Fluxes
				ROS Production
				Lysosomal Destabilization
		Cigarette Smoke-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome
		Events Associated with NLRP3 Inflammasome and Cigarette Smoke
			Transition of Monocytes into Macrophages
			Oxidative Stress
			Proinflammatory Cytokine Production
			Pyroptosis
			Lipid Profile Perturbation
			Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling
		Conclusion
		Applications to Public Health
		Key Facts
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	34 The Impact of Tobacco Smoke in the Home
		Introduction
		Epidemiology: A Global Overview
			Impact of Age, Gender, and Sociodemographic Index
			Quantitative and Qualitative Measures
			Epidemiological Profile of ETS Exposure
		Risk Factors of Tobacco Smoke Exposure at Home
		Components of Environmental Tobacco Smoke
		Impact of Tobacco Smoke in the Home
			Impact on Children
			Financial Burden of Tobacco Smoke in the Home
		Intervention and Prevention: Solving the Problem by Different Means
		Intervention and Prevention: Education and Smoking Cessation Support
		Intervention and Prevention: Policies and Strategies
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of the Impact of Tobacco Smoke in the Home
			Key Facts of Environmental Tobacco Smoke
			Key Facts of Thirdhand Smoke
		Summary Points
		References
	35 E-cigarette Polysubstance Vaping in Youth
		Introduction
			Overview of Electronic Cigarettes
		Cannabis Overview
		Reasons for Vaping Cannabis in Teens
		Vaping Cannabis Trends and Polysubstance Use in Teenagers
		Vaping as a Gateway to Smoking and Dual Use
		Health Effects of Vaping Cannabis
			Respiratory Health Effects
			Mental Health Effects: Depression and Anxiety
			Schizophrenia
			Impact on Self Harm
			Addiction
			Crime: Drugged Driving
		Health Effects of Dual Nicotine and Cannabis Vape Products
			Mental Health, Cognition, and School Performance
			Respiratory and Toxicity Exposure from Dual Nicotine and Cannabis Vaping
		Provision of Healthcare and Current Strategies in Public Health
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
		Health Policies and Regulation
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary of Findings
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	36 Knowledge and Perceptions of Tobacco Harm Reduction: EU Aspects
		Introduction
		Tobacco Harm Reduction (THR)
			Scientific Position and Approaches to THR
		Knowledge and Perceptions About THR
			Professionals
			Population
		THR in Europe
			Regulating Electronic Cigarettes in Europe
				United Kingdom
				French
				Sweden
				Iceland
				Greece
		Conclusion
		Applications in Public Health
		Key and Summary Points
		References
	37 Smoking Cessation in Those with Mental Illness
		Introduction
		Prevalence of Smoking in Those with SMI
		Impacts of Smoking on SMI
			Impact on Health
		Economic Burden
		Social Consequences
		Impact on Treatment Outcomes of SMI
		Why Do They Smoke?
		Neurobiological Factors
		Genetic Factors
		Psychological Factors
		Social Factors
		Other Patient-Related Factors
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction (200-750 words)
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health (200-750 words)
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms (5-15 terms)
		Key Facts of Smoking and Mental Illness: Why Do They Smoke?
		Summary Points
		References
	38 Mental Illness and Tobacco Usage
		Introduction
		Lower Smoking Cessation Rates in SMI
			Higher ND and Difficulty to Quit
			Tobacco Culture in the Mental Health Setting: The Role of Care Providers
			Lack of Awareness
			Patient-Related Factors
		Why Is Quitting Necessary?
			Smoking and Psychiatric Medication
			Smoking Cessation and Psychiatric Symptoms
			Smoking Cessation and Health
			Smoking and Associated Burdens
		Treatment Guidelines and Strategies for Smoking Cessation in Those with SMI
		Designing an Appropriate Smoking Cessation Program for Those with SMI
		Implementation of the Smoking Cessation Program at an Organizational Level
		Evidence-Based Therapies
			Pharmacotherapies
				NRT
				Bupropion
				Varenicline
			Behavioral Therapies
			Combination Therapy
			Web-Based Interventions
			Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS)
		Challenges
		How to Sustain the Change?
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Mental Illness and Tobacco Usage: Quitting and Beyond
		Summary Points
		References
	39 Adolescents and Their Perception of Packaging on Tobacco Products
		Introduction
		Adolescents as a Vulnerable Group
		The Pack as Advertisement
		Perceptions and Behavior
		Aspects of Tobacco Packaging Influencing Perceptions
		Perceptions of Tobacco Products Among Adolescents
		The Health Belief Model as a Theoretical Framework for Modifying Perceptions
		Mechanisms for Tobacco Control Through Tobacco Packaging
		Text Warnings on Cigarette Packaging
		Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packaging
		Plain Packaging of Cigarettes
		Text Warnings on Cigarette Sticks
		Warnings and Elements of the HBM
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Tobacco Packaging
		Key Facts of Health Warnings on Tobacco Packaging
		Summary Points
		References
	40 A Critical Analysis of the Prohibition of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
		Introduction
		Overview of ENDS Regulation Worldwide
			Regulation of ENDS as Consumer Products
			Regulation of ENDS as Medicinal Products
			Regulation of ENDS as Tobacco Products
			Other Forms of Regulation
		Prohibition of ENDS
		Prohibition of Flavored ENDS
		Justifications for ENDS Prohibitions
			Potential Health Effects of ENDS
			ENDS Uptake in Young People
			The Role of the Tobacco Industry
			ENDS and Their Efficacy for Smoking Cessation
		Public Attitudes Toward ENDS Prohibition
		Potential Public Health Impacts of ENDS Prohibition
			Impacts of ENDS Prohibition on Vaping Prevalence
			Impacts of ENDS Prohibition on Smoking Prevalence
			Population Health Impacts of ENDS Prohibition
			Product Safety and ENDS Prohibition
		Ethical Considerations of ENDS Prohibition
			ENDS Prohibition and Adult Smokers´ Autonomy
			The Application of the Precautionary Principle to ENDS
			Protecting Young People Versus Protecting Adult Smokers
		Removal of ENDS Prohibitions: The Example of New Zealand
		Conclusion
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Key Facts About ENDS
		Key Facts About ENDS Regulation
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	41 Features of Ex-Smokers
		Introduction
		Definition of Ex-Smokers
		Prevalence of Ex-Smoking Status in Europe
		Factors Impacting Ex-Smoking Status
			Sociodemographic Differences Among Ex-Smokers
				Gender
				Age
				Education
				Employment
				Marital Status
				Financial Situation
				Social Class
			Impact of Psychological and Behavioral Factors
		Impact of Maintaining Long-Term Abstinence
			Effects on Physical Health
				Cancer
				After Cancer Diagnosis
				Cardiovascular Diseases
				After CVD Diagnosis
				Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
				Reproductive Health
			Effects on Body Mass
			Effects on Mental Health
		Description and Evaluation of Current Strategies and Policies Enhancing Smoking Cessation
			Relapse Prevention
			Treatment
			Current Policies
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Features of Ex-Smokers
		Summary Points
		References
	42 Combustible and Electronic Cigarette Usage, Puff Protocols, and Topography Standards
		Introduction - A History of Inhaled Nicotine Products
		Emissions Puff Topography Used in Standard Test Methods
			History and Origin of the FTC/ISO Standard Cigarette Puffing Topography
			Alternative Emissions Puff Topographies Used for Testing of Cigarettes and E-Cigs
			What Emissions Puff Topographies Are Being Used Today?
		Interaction Between Product Characteristics and Behavior
			Machine Yields
			Product Design Characteristics
			User Behavior
			Aerosol Deposition
		Quantifying User Behavior
			What Is User Puff Topography?
			User Puff Topography Measurement and Instrumentation
		Compare Natural Environment Measurements of User´s Puff Topography to Emissions Puff Topography Standards
		Future of Topography Puffing Standards
			Functional Operating Range
			Topography Envelope and Emissions Topography Protocol
			Standardizing the Reporting of Product Emissions Characteristics
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Key Facts of Emissions and User Puff Topography
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	43 Smoking and Lung Cancer: Public Health Perspectives
		Introduction
			Background
		Epidemiology
		Lifestyle, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
			Dietary Intake, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
			Alcohol Intake
			Physical Activity, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
		The Environment, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
			Asbestos, Radon, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
		Screening
			Novel Biomarkers for Identifying Lung Cancer
		Outlook
		Management: Interventions for Smoking Cessation
			Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smokers
			Psychological Counselling
		Application to Other Areas
		Conclusion
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms (Meriam Webster Dictionary 2022; Cha et al. 2016; Nielsen et al. 2014; WHO 2021; Davis 2021; Wadgave ...
		Key Facts on Smoking, Lung Cancer, and Risk Factor Modification (Middha et al. 2019; Husari et al. 2017; Fabricius and Lange 2...
			Key Facts on Smoking, Lung Cancer, and Nutritional Epidemiology
			Key Facts on Smoking, Lung Cancer, and Physical Activity Epidemiology
		Summary Points (Tindle et al. 2018; Reitsma et al. 2021; Lugo et al. 2017; Law et al. 1997; Middha et al. 2019; Husari et al. ...
		References
Part V: Alcohol
	44 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Introduction
			The Epidemiology of FASD
			Economic Implications of FASD
			FASD Diagnostic Criteria
			FASD Diagnostic Systems
		The Biological Underpinnings of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
			General Neurological Differences Between Children with PAE and Healthy Control
			Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Analyses of the Neurological Development of Children with PAE at Different Time/Age Intervals
			The Teratogenic Vulnerability of a Fetus
			Timing of Exposure
			Social Determinants of Health and FASD
			Genetic Predisposition
			Treatments
		Identifying and Measuring Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
			Biomarkers
			Surveys, Interviews, and Clinical Observations
			Stigma
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction and Mental Health
			Maternal Alcohol Consumption
			Comorbidity Between FASD and Other Psychiatric Disorders
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Summary Points
		Bibliography
	45 Chronic Alcohol and Skeletal Muscle
		Introduction
		Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Pathology
			Stem Cells and Regeneration
			Structure and Function
		Protein Synthesis and Breakdown
		Muscle Processes Affected by Alcohol
			Mitochondria: Bioenergetics, Dynamics, and Oxidative Stress
			Epigenetics
		Alcohol-Mediated Muscle Changes in Exercise and Interorgan Communication
			Exercise
		Interorgan Cross Talk
		Applications to Public Health: The Aging Population
		Key Facts
		Mini-dictionary
		Summary Points
		Future Issues
		References
	46 Neuroimaging and Alcohol-Use Disorder (AUD)
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Mechanism of Action
		Neuroimaging Techniques
		Computed Tomography (CAT)
		MRI
		Functional MRI (fMRI)
		Additional Functional Methods: PET, SPECT
		Discussion
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance-Use Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Neuroimaging and Alcohol-Use Disorder
		Summary Points
		References
	47 Alcohol as Prodrug of Salsolinol
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Introduction
		On the Relationship Between Alcohol and the Dopaminergic Mesolimbic System
		Acetaldehyde, Alcohol´s First Metabolite, Comes into Scene
		On the Role of Acetaldehyde in the Effects of Alcohol on the Dopaminergic Mesolimbic System
		Salsolinol, Alcohol´s Secondary Metabolite, Comes into Scene
		On the Demonstration that Alcohol Is the Prodrug of Salsolinol for its Actions on the Dopaminergic Mesolimbic System
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
		References
	48 Linking Stress, Depression, and Alcohol Use
		Introduction
		Knowledge About Alcohol Use
		Alcohol Use and Its Effects on Health
		Harmful Alcohol Use Leading to Mental Disorders
			Alcohol Addiction as a Mental Disorder
		Mental Disorders Associated with Alcohol Use
			Schizophrenia
			Anxiety
			Bipolar Disorder
			Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
			Other Mental Disorders
		Alcohol and Depression
			The Path Between Depression and Alcohol Abuse
			The Role of Gender
			The Role of Stress
		Alcohol and Stress
			The Path Between Stress and Alcohol Abuse
			Comorbidity Between Alcohol Use Disorder, Stress, and Depression
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Comorbidity Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Disorders
		Summary Points
		References
	49 Alcohol and Disease
		Introduction
			Understanding Alcohol-related Terms
			Understanding ``Standard´´ Alcohol Drinks and Low-Risk Drinking
			Burden of Alcohol Consumption
			Burden of Alcohol-Use Disorders
			Alcohol and Disease: A Focus on Tuberculosis
			Alcohol and Tuberculosis: Implications for Public Health and Policy
			Tuberculosis and Alcohol Collaborative Framework
				Purpose
				Objectives
		Implementation of Bidirectional Activities for TB-alcohol
			Screening for Alcohol Abuse Under the National TB Program (NTP)
				Screening and Brief Interventions (SBI) for Hazardous and Harmful Use of Alcohol
				Alcohol Education for Risk Level I
				Simple Advice for Risk Level II
				Brief Counselling for Risk Level III
				Referral for Risk Level IV
			Alcohol de-Addiction Clinics/Centers and Screening for TB
			Training
			Demand Generation
			Record Keeping and Reporting
			Monitoring Indicators
			Supervision
			Private sector and Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Involvement:
			Implementation Plan
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance-Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	50 Using New Technology and Concepts on the Oldest Addiction on Earth, Alcoholism
		Introduction
		The Cost of Alcohol-Related Harm
		Identification and Interception of AUD
		Barriers to Treatment of AUD
		A Tale of Two Drinkers
		The Economics of Alcohol Consumption Deterrence
		The Harm Principle
		A Model for Improvement: Australia´s Banned Drinkers Registrar
		A Proposal for an Alcohol Purchase License
		Application of an Alcohol Purchase License
		Features of an Alcohol Purchase License
		Duration and Adjudication
		How to Implement
		Potential Pitfalls of an Alcohol Purchase License
		Additional Considerations
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts About Alcohol Use
		Summary Points
		References
	51 Google, Public Health, and Alcohol and Drug Policy
		Introduction
			Introduction to Various Google Tools
		Analysis of Google Trends (GT) Dataset
		How Do These Google Trends-Based Data Differ from Traditional Methods of Data Collection?
		Use of Google Data in Health Research
		Google Trends in Substance Misuse Research
			Alcohol
			New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and Other Drugs
			Tobacco and Other Nicotine Delivery Systems
		Use of Google News in Substance Use Research
		Substance Misuse Research Using Other Google Applications
		Public Health Implications
		Critique of Google Trends and Other Google Tool-Based Research
		Conclusion
		Key Facts
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	52 Alcohol Consumption in Low- and Middle-Income Settings
		Introduction
		Types of Alcohol Consumed
		Urban and Rural Alcohol Consumption
		Alcohol and Poverty
		Alcohol as a Social Activity
		Gender and Alcohol
		Effects on Physical and Mental Health
		Alcohols Harm to Others
		The Alcohol Treatment Gap
		The Alcohol Industrys Interest in LMICs
		Current Alcohol Strategies and Policies
		Alcohol Research in an LMIC Context
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction/Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health/Applications to Public Health/Applications to Areas of Public Health
		Key Facts of Alcohol Consumption in Low- and Middle-Income Settings
		Summary Points
		References
	53 Metals in Alcoholic Beverages and Public Health Implications
		Introduction
			Alcoholic Beverages in Human Health
				High Blood Pressure
				Breast Cancer
				Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis
				Neural and Cognitive Effects
			Unrecorded Alcohol
		Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages
			Arsenic (As)
			Cadmium (Cd)
			Lead
			Copper
			Other Metals
		Application to Other Areas
			Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
			Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Key Facts of the World Health Organization on Unrecorded Alcohol (World Health Organization 2018a)
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	54 Alcohol Consumption and Suicidal Behavior: Current Research Evidence and Potential for Prevention
		Introduction
			Overview of Suicidal Behavior and Ideation
			The Biopsychosocial Model of Suicide
				Ecological Factors
				Distal Factors
				Proximal Factors
			Alcohol Use and Suicide
		Ecological-Level Links
		The Distal Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Suicide
			Quantifying the Distal Relationship
			Potential Mechanisms
				Depression and Depressive Disorders
				Cognitive Dysfunction
				Impulsivity and Aggression
				Neurobiological Links Between Alcohol Use and Suicide
		The Proximal Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Suicide
			Quantifying the Proximal Relationship
			Potential Mechanisms and Causality in the Proximal Relationship
				Recent Life Events
				Acute Effects of Alcohol Intoxication
					Aggression
					Feelings of Depression or Despair
					Disinhibition, Impulsivity, and Impaired Problem-Solving
				Association with Suicide Means and Lethality
					Alcohol as a Means of Suicide
					Alcohol Related to Other Means of Suicide
		Impact of Alcohol-Focused Interventions
		Impact of Alcohol Policies on Suicidal Behavior
		Summary Points
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts About Suicide
		References
	55 Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
		Introduction
		Interventions for Cognitive, Neuropsychological, and Adaptive Challenges
			Learning Disorders and Intervention
			Neuropsychological Deficits and Intervention
			ADHD Comorbidity and Treatment
			Adaptive Behavior and Interventions
		Social Deficits and Intervention
		Regulatory Challenges in Children with FASD and Treatment Options
			Sleep Disorders in Children with FASD and Intervention
			Sleep Hygiene
			Melatonin Supplement Therapy
			Sensory Processing Deficits and Intervention
			Eating Disorders and Intervention
		Behavioral Challenges and Intervention
			Pharmacological Treatment of Behavioral Disorders
			Psychoeducative Interventions for Children and Adolescents with FASD and Behavioral Challenges
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorder
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of FASD
		Summary Points
		References
	56 Mothers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Introduction
			Exposure Assessment
			Barriers to Prenatal Screening
			Clinical Practice Implications
		Prevalence of FASD
			If FASD Is So Common Why Don´t We See  IT?
			Benefits of a Diagnosis of FASD
			Additional Factors Impacting Diagnosis
			FASD a Diagnosis of Exclusion?
		The FASD Mortality Effect
		Public Policy Implications of FASD
			Parenting and FASD
		FASD Becomes More Complex Across the Lifespan
			Mothers with Current Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Mothers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Summary Points
		References
	57 Childhood Alcohol Use: Global Insights
		Introduction
			Childhood Alcohol Use: Variations Over Child Age, Place, and Time
				Measuring the Age of Initiation and Current Use
				Global Patterns and Trends of Childhood Alcohol Use
			Genetic Factors of Early Alcohol Use
				Family, Adoption and Twin Studies
				Candidate Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction
			Mental Health: Vulnerability and Resilience
				Mental Health and Alcohol Use: Common Risk Factors
				Symptom Interplay
			Family and Friends
				Parents and Early Alcohol Use
				Family or Peers?
			Culture and the Community
			Policy for Protection Against Alcohol
				Protecting Children From Access to Alcohol
				Policy Synergy and Context
			Summary
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms (5-15 Terms)
		Key Facts of Childhood Alcohol Use
		Summary Points
		References
	58 Alcohol Use Disorders and Neurological Illnesses
		Introduction
		Encephalopathies Associated with Alcohol Use
			Acute Encephalopathies
				Wernicke´s Encephalopathy
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Features
					Laboratory Investigations
						Thiamine Deficiency Markers
						Neuroimaging
					Pathophysiology
						Thiamine Homeostasis
						Biological Role of Thiamine
						Neuropathology
					Natural History and Course
						Periods of High Risk of WE
						Differences Between Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic WE
					Prevention and Management of WE
						Vitamin Supplementation
						Adjunctive Treatments
						Prevention of Further Episodes
				Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Features
					Laboratory Investigations
					Pathophysiology
					Natural History and Course
						Types of MBD Based on Prognosis
					Management of MBD
				Osmotic Demyelination Syndromes
					Epidemiology
					Clinical Features
					Laboratory Investigations
					Pathophysiology
					Natural History and Course
						AUD: A Sufficient Cause of ODS
						ODS and Therapeutic Nihilism
					Treatment and Prevention
				A Note on the Overlap Between Causes of Acute Encephalopathies in AUD
		Neuropathies Associated with AUD
			Alcohol-Related Peripheral Neuropathies
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Laboratory Investigations
					Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography
					Nerve Biopsy
					Other Investigations
				Pathophysiology
				Natural History and Course
				Management of Alcohol-Related Peripheral Neuropathy
			Toxic Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
				Clinical Features
				Tobacco: Ethanol Exposure Is Not ``Sufficient Cause´´ for Optic Neuropathy
				Nutritional Aspects Must Be Addressed
		Movement Disorders and AUD
			Cerebellar Dysfunction in AUD
				Epidemiology
				Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
				Natural Course and Outcome
				Treatment
			Tremors and AUD
				Clinical Approach to an AUD Patient with Tremors
				Alcohol Withdrawal Tremors
					Alcohol Withdrawal Tremors: A Type of Exaggerated Physiological Tremors
					Evolution and Course
					Clinical Features Suggesting Other Etiologies
					Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Tremors
				Other Alcohol-Related Etiologies Causing Tremors
				Persistent Exaggerated Physiological Tremors in Detoxified AUD Patients
			Essential Tremors and AUD
		Application to Other Substance Use Disorders
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
			Key Facts of Encephalopathies Associated with Alcohol Use
		Summary Points
		References
	59 Alcohol and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
		Introduction
			The Molecule
				BDNF Synthesis
					BDNF Secretion
					BDNF Interaction with Receptors and Downstream Effects
						Pro-BDNF Binding
						M-BDNF Binding
				BDNF and Alcohol Addiction
					Ethanol Consumption, BDNF, and the CREB Pathway
				Epigenetic Changes of BDNF and Drug Addiction
				BDNF in Excessive Drinkers
		Metabolic Effects
			Metabolic Effects of BDNF on Neurons
			Systemic Metabolic Effects of BDNF
				Effects on Muscle
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
			Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Inflammation and BDNF
		Summary Points
		References
	60 Alcohol and Cirrhosis
		Introduction
		Liver Cirrhosis
		Alcohol as a Risk Factor
		Alcohol-Related Liver Cirrhosis
			Diagnosis
			Complications
			Treatment
		Abstinence as a Protective Factor
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Alcohol and Cirrhosis
		Summary Points
		References
Part VI: Cannabinoids
	61 Synthetic Cannabinoids and Neurodevelopment
		Introduction
		Biological Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids
		Modulation of Neuronal Function by SCs
			SC-mediated Dysregulation of Neurotransmission
		The Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Regulation of Neurogenesis
			The CB1R in SC-mediated Neurogenesis
			Role of the CB2R in SC-mediated Neurogenesis
			Neurogenesis Control Via SCs´ Actions on Glial Cells
			Epigenetic Regulation of Neurogenesis by SCs
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Synthetic Cannabinoids
		Summary Points
		References
	62 Cannabis and Organ Damage: A Focus on Pancreatitis (to Include Different Scenarios)
		Introduction
		Pancreas and Cannabinoids Receptors
		Acute Pancreatitis and Cannabis
		Chronic Pancreatitis and Cannabis
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	63 Cannabidiol (CBD) and Its Biological Toxicity
		Introduction
		Applicable Acts, Regulations, and Research Standards
			Hemp Production Act
			USFDA Botanical Drug Development Guidance for Industry
			New Dietary Ingredient Notification (NDIN)
			European Regulations
		Toxicologic Evaluation
			Research Standards
			In Vitro Toxicology
				Testing for Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity
			In Vivo Toxicology
				Testing in Animals
				Acute Dose Range Finding Studies (DFRs)
				Subchronic and Chronic Studies
				Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetic Studies
				Developmental Studies
				Multigenerational Studies
		Available Forms of CBD
		Standards for Enabling Applications to Humans
		Potential Future Direction with Preclinical Studies
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Key Points
		Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	64 Cannabis Use and Sleep
		Sleep and Health
		Sleep Disorders
		Existing Treatments for Sleep Disorders
		Cannabis and Sleep
			Effects of Cannabis on Sleep Disorders
			Comorbid Sleep Disturbance with Other Diagnoses
		Routes of Administration for Cannabinoids
			Inhaled Versus Edible Cannabinoids
			Synthetic Versus Plant-Derived Cannabinoids
			Differential Effects of Cannabinoids and Other Compounds
		Long-Term Use of Cannabis and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD)
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Implications and Future Directions
			Comparison of Plant-Based and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Relation to Sleep
			The Effects of Mode of Administration, Dosages, and Potencies
			Data Needed to Capture Pre-Onset of Use, Short-Term Use, and Long-Term Use
			Comparison of Cannabis Use Exclusively as a Sleep Aid Versus the Effects of Cannabis Use for Comorbid Conditions on Sleep Outc...
			Comparison of Sleep Outcomes Between Recreational and Medical Cannabis Users
		Conclusion
		Mini Dictionary
		Summary Points
		References
			Sleep and Cannabis Online Resources
	65 The Reward System: What It Is and How It Is Altered in Cannabis Users
		Introduction
		The Reward System
		Acute Effects of Cannabis on the Reward System
			Acute Effect of THC on Resting State Functional Connectivity in Occasional Users
			Acute Effect of THC on Neurotransmission in Occasional Users
			Acute Effect of THC on Task-Related Brain Activity in Occasional Users
			Acute Effect of THC on Resting State Functional Connectivity and Neurotransmission in Chronic Users
			Acute Effect of THC on Task-Related Brain Activity in Chronic Users
		Persisting Effects of Cannabis on the Reward System
			Chronic Cannabis Use and Resting State Functional Connectivity
			Chronic Cannabis Use and Neurotransmission
			Chronic Cannabis Use and Task-Related Brain Activity
			Conclusion
		Application to Addiction
			Dorsal Striatal Dominance
			Increased Incentive Salience
			Decrease Response to Natural Reward
		Application to Public Health
		Summary Statements (5-15)
		Key Facts (5 Single Sentences)
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		References
	66 Attitudes and Cannabis Legalization
		Introduction
		Attitudes Towards Cannabis Use and Changes over Time in the United States
		Attitudes Towards Cannabis Use and Changes over Time Outside of the United States
		Reasons for Positive and Negative Attitudes Towards Cannabis Legalization
		Correlates of Favoring and Opposing Legalization
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	67 Impact of Parental Cannabis
		Introduction
		State of Knowledge Regarding Cannabis Use by Parents
			Portrait of Parents Using Cannabis
			Impact of Cannabis Use on the Ability to Respond to Children´s Needs
			Risk of Abuse or Neglect When Using Cannabis
			Impact of Cannabis Use on Domains of Functioning Related to Parenting
			Impact of Parental Cannabis Use on Offspring Development
		What Is the Perception of Parents Regarding Their Use of Cannabis?
		New Directions for Scientific Research on Parental Cannabis Use
		Policies, Procedures, and Public Health Measures Regarding Parental Cannabis Use
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Key Facts on Parents Who Use Cannabis and on the Development of the Child
		Summary Points
		References
	68 Public Health Issues of Legalizing Cannabis
		Introduction
		Biological Aspects
		Public Health Aspects
		Evaluating the Health Effects of Cannabis
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Cannabis and Public Health
		Summary Points
		References
	69 Over-the-Counter Cannabidiol (CBD)
		OTC Medications
		Dietary Supplements
		How Is CBD Regulated?
			What Differences Exist Between Prescription CBD and ``OTC´´  CBD?
			CBD Drug (And Supplement!) Interactions
			CBD Pharmacogenomics
			What Is Cannabidiol and How Does It  Work?
			Topical CBD
			CBD Adverse Effects
		Applications to Public Health
		Key Facts
		Mini Dictionary
		Key Summary Points
		References
	70 Linking Cannabis and Homicide: Comparison with Alcohol
		Introduction
		Drugs and Violence
		Cannabis and Homicide
			Pharmacological Disinhibition
			Economic Compulsiveness
			Risky Situation
			Homicide and Suicide Comparison
		Alcohol and Homicide
			Alcohol Consumption Pattern
		Concurrent Use of Cannabis and Alcohol and Homicide
			Interaction Between Cannabis and Alcohol
		Summary and Suggestions
		Applications to Other Substance Use Disorders
			Other Drugs and Violence
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
			Implications Beyond Violence
		Mini-Dictionary
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
Part VII: Caffeine
	71 Caffeine Consumption over Time
		Introduction
		Patterns and Trends of Caffeine Consumption
			Global and Regional Coffee Consumption Over Time
			Continental Patterns of Coffee Consumption
			Caffeine Consumption According to Age
		Public Health Perspectives
			Is Caffeine Addictive?
			Effects on Mental and Physical Health
			Current Strategies and Prevention
			Environmental Issue: Another Point to Be Explored
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Caffeine Consumption Over Time
		Summary Points
		References
			List of Useful Website
	72 Caffeine and Alcohol
		Introduction
		Alcohol´s Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile
		Caffeine´s Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile
		Preclinical Studies
		Energy Drinks
		AMED and Its Consequences
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	73 Caffeine and Anxiety-Like Behavior
		Introduction: Caffeine Exposure at Adulthood
		Developmental Exposure to Caffeine
		Mechanisms Related to Anxiety Induced by Caffeine
		Susceptibility to Anxiety Effects of Caffeine
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts Regarding Susceptibility to Anxiety Effects of Caffeine
		Summary Points
		References
	74 Caffeinated Beverages and Diabetes
		Introduction
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Caffeinated Beverage Substances
		Key Facts of the Relationship between Caffeinated Beverages and the Risk of Developing T2DM
		Summary Points
		References
	75 Caffeine as an Active Adulterant: Implication for Drugs of Abuse Consumption
		Introduction
		Caffeine: Mechanism of Action on the Central Nervous System
		Interaction Between Adenosinergic and Dopaminergic Receptors: Relevance for Psychostimulant Drugs of Abuse
		Adulteration: A Common Phenomenon in the Illicit Drug Market
		Caffeine as an Active Adulterant
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Key Facts
		Mini-Dictionary
		Summary Points
		References
Part VIII: Areca and Khat
	76 Areca Nut, Morbidity, and Cardiovascular Disease (Acute Coronary Syndrome): Implications for Policy and Prevention
		Areca Nut
		Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
		Primary Features of ACS
			Signs and Symptoms
			Medical History
			Clinical Assessment
			Biochemical Test
		Epidemiology of ACS
		ACS and Areca Nut
		Consumption of Areca Nut and Risk Factors for ACS
		Public Health Programs for Prevention and Cessation of Areca Nut Consumption
		Primary Prevention of ACS
		Secondary Prevention of ACS
		Research Implications
		Research Activities in Asian Countries to Reduce Areca Nut Consumption in Asian Countries
		Brief Explanation Is as Follows
		Policies and Legislation
		Education and Advocacy
		Surveillance and Research
		Types of Interventions
		Product Bans
		Media Campaign
		Success Story
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	77 Carcinogenic Alkaloids Present in Areca Nut
		Introduction
			Prevalence of Areca Nut Addiction
			Alkaloids of Areca Nut
			Tobacco Alkaloids
			Health Effects of Areca Nut Alkaloids on Experimental Animals
			Carcinogenicity of Areca Nut Alkaloid (Arecoline) on Humans
			Areca Nut Dependence
			Areca Alkaloids Versus Tobacco Alkaloids
			Impact of Age (Young Versus Old)
			Impact of Occupation/Socioeconomic Background
			Impact on the Societal Fabric
			Impact on Divorce and the Family Unit
			Impact of Educational Status and Age of Initiation on Addiction
			Impact on Medical Care/Effects on Physical Health
		Summary Points
			Effects on Mental Health
			Effects on the Immune System
			Prevention: Solving the Problem by Different Means
			Current Strategies and Policies
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	78 Naturally Occurring Cathinone from Khat, Synthetic Cathinones, and Cytochrome P450
		Introduction
		Overview of Khat and Cathinone
		The Prevalence of Khat and Cathinone Use
		Cathinone Derivatives and Synthetic Cathinone
		Consumption and Pharmacokinetics of Khat and Cathinone
		Effects of Khat and Cathinone on Mental and Physical Health
		Cytochrome P450 (CYP)
		Metabolism of Khat and Cathinone Involving CYPs
		Inhibition of CYPs by Khat and Cathinones
		Impact on Children
		Impact on Self and Harm to Others
		Anti-cathinone Vaccines
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	79 Cognitive Deficits and Synthetic Khat-Related Cathinones
		Introduction
		Neuropharmacological Actions of Synthetic Cathinones
		Impact on Cognition in Animals
		Impact on Cognition in Humans
		Cellular Toxicity and Neuroinflammation as Possible Mechanisms of Cathinone-Induced Neurocognitive Dysfunction
		Conclusions
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Synthetic Khat-Related Cathinones
		Key Facts of Cognitive Deficits of Synthetic Khat-Related Cathinones
		Summary Points
		References
	80 Khat Use in Defined Population
		Introduction
		Burden of Khat Use
		Khat Use and Crime
		Addressing Khat Use Inside Prison
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Conclusion on Current Situation and Future Prospects
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Khat Use Among Prisoners
		Summary Points
		References
	81 Khat Consumption and Household Economies
		Introduction
		Studies on Khat
			Perspective Matter: Producers (Rural) and Traders, Positive Impact Narratives
				The Positive Impact: Studies at the National Level
			Perspective Matter: Urban Consumers, Negative Impact Narratives
				The Negative Impact: Studies at the National Level
			Perspective Matters: Rural Producer plus Urban Consumers, a Balanced View
		Conclusion
			Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
			Summary Points
		Key Facts of Khat Consumption
		Mini-Dictionary
		References
	82 Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk)
		Summary
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	83 Khat (Catha edulis) and Oral Health
		Introduction
		Khat and Epidemiology of Khat Use
		Relationship Between Oral Diseases and Khat Use
			Tooth Decay and Khat Use
			Periodontal Diseases and Khat Use
			Oral Cancer and Khat Use
		Influence of Alcohol, Smoking, and Pesticides in Oral Cancers
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Conclusion
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
Part IX: Prescriptions, Over-the-Counter Medications, and Opioids
	84 The Orexin System, Prescription Opioid Use Disorder, and Orexin Receptors Blockade
		Introduction
		The Orexin System and Its Involvement in Opioid Misuse and Abuse
		Prescription Opioid Use Disorder and Orexin Receptor Blockade
		Present Limitations and Future Directions
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Key Facts of ``Orexin Receptors as a Treatment Target for Prescription Opioid Use Disorder´´
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	85 Prescription Stimulants: Use for Weight Control and Associations with Disordered Eating
		Introduction
		Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants
		NMU for Weight and Appetite Control
		Who Uses Prescription Simulants for Weight Control?
		Body Image Concerns
		Disordered Eating Behavior
		Impact of Gender
		Impact on Mental Health
		Impact on Physical Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Disordered Eating and Prescription Stimulants
			Key Facts of Weight-Related Nonmedical Use (NMU) of Prescription Stimulants
		Summary Points
		References
	86 Heroin Use in China and the United States
		Introduction
		Impact of Age
		Impact on Gender
		Impact on Crime
		Financial Cost of Addiction
		Quality of Life
		Impact on the Family Unit
		Impact on Self and Harm to Others
		Impact on Medical Care
		Evaluation of Current Strategies and Policies
		Slang Words for Heroin in English
		Slang Words for Heroin in Chinese
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Abuse Research
		Short Definitions of Terms
		Key Facts of Heroin Use
		Summary Points
		References
	87 Cognitive Enhancers: What They Are and How They Are Used in Heroin Addiction
		Introduction
		Opioid Use Causes Cognitive Impairment
			General Neuropsychological Consequences
			Compulsive and Impulsive Use
		Potential Use of Cognitive Enhancers to Treat Heroin Use Disorders
			Medicines Targeting the Noradrenergic System
				Atomoxetine
			Medicines Targeting the Cholinergic System
				Galantamine
				Donepezil and Rivastigmine
				Physostigmine
			Medicines Targeting the Glutamatergic System
				Memantine
				Other Chemicals that Act on the Glutamatergic System
			Others
				Rolipram
				Sodium Butyrate
		Potential Misuse of Cognitive Enhancers in Heroin Users
			Nicotine
			ATSs
			Methylphenidate and Modafinil
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms (5-15 Terms)
		Key Facts of Cognitive Enhancers
		Summary Points
		References
	88 Fatalities in Patients with Opioid Use Disorders
		Introduction
		Illicit and Prescription Opioids
		Poisoning and Overdose
			Polysubstance Use
			Tolerance, Withdrawal, and Abstinence
			Opioid Type
			Illicit Drug Purity and Contaminants
		Suicide and Mental Health Disorders
		HIV
		Chronic Diseases
		Accidents and External Causes of Death
		Applications to Other Aspects of Addiction
		Applications to Other Aspects of Public Health
		Conclusions
		Key Facts of Fatalities in Patients with an Opioid Use Disorders
		Summary Points
		References
	89 Over-the-Counter Medications and Their Misuse
		Introduction
		The Number of People Using, Misusing, or Addicted to the Agent
			Per Person Per Year
			Per Country or Region Per Year
			Impact of Age and Gender
		Quantitative and Qualitative Measures
			Years of Life Lost (YLL)
		Impact on Medical Care
		Effects on Mental Health
		Effects on Physical Health
		The Diagnosis or Assessment of Misuse
		Prevention: Solving the Problem by Different Means
			Alternative Prevention Options
				Improved Treatment and Prescribing Practices
				Identifying Risk Factors for Misuse
				Psychosocial Responses to Prevention
				Improved Research and Evaluation to Assess Prevention Efforts
		Policies and Procedures
		Provision of Healthcare
		Current Strategies and Policies
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
			Pain Management
			Mental Health
			Telehealth
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Over-the-Counter Codeine Misuse
		Summary Points
		References
	90 Opioid Reinforcement: What It Is and How It Can Be Modulated by Cannabinoids
		Introduction
		Epidemiological Notes on Cannabis and Opioid Use
			Cannabinoid and Opioid Use in the General Population
			Impact of Age and Gender
			Global Burden of Disease
		Reward and Reinforcement
			Animal Models of Drug Reward/Reinforcement
		Opioid Reinforcement
			The Endogenous Opioid System
			Mechanism of Opioid Reinforcement
		Dopamine Role in Opioid Reinforcement
		Cannabinoid Reinforcement
			The Endogenous Cannabinoid System
			Mechanism of Cannabinoid Reinforcement
		Cannabinoid-Opioid Interaction
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Cannabinoid and Opioid Use
		Key Facts of Opioid and Cannabinoid Reinforcement
		References
	91 Drug Misuse as an Epidemic: A Focus on the Synthetic Opioid Fentanyl
		Introduction
		Results
			Fentanyl Epidemic in Estonia
				Incubation and Expansion Phases of Fentanyl Era: Early 2000s
				Plateau Phase: 2005-2015
				Decline Phase: Late 2010s
				Epidemics on Epidemic
			Fentanyl Epidemic in the USA
				Preincubation Stage: 1970s and 1980s
				Incubation Stage: 1990s to Early 2010s
				Expansion Stage: 2013 to Present
		Discussion
		Applications to Other Areas
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	92 Over-the-Counter Sinonasal Medicines and Potential for Misuse
		Introduction
		Common Over-the-Counter Medications
			Expectorants
			Antihistamines
			Intranasal Corticosteroids
			Decongestants
			Combined Formulations
		Regulation of OTC Medications
			Regulation of Pseudoephedrine
		Prevalence of OTC Medicine Use and Misuse
		Marketing of OTC Sinonasal Medications
		Financial Cost of OTC Sinonasal Medication Use
		Effects of Misuse of Sinonasal Medications
			Expectorants
			Antihistamines
			Intranasal Corticosteroids
			Decongestants
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Conclusions
		Summary Points
		Key Facts of Over-the-Counter Sinonasal Medications and the Potential for Misuse
		Mini-Dictionary
		References
	93 The Biology of Morphine and Oxidative Stress
		Introduction
		Applications of Morphine to Public Health
			The Biological Roles of Morphine
			The Analgesic Effect of Morphine
		Mechanisms of Morphine Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction
		Oxidative Stress Contributes to Morphine Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction
			Chronic Morphine Exposure Led to Oxidative Stress
			How the Oxidative Stress Produced After Morphine Administration
			Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress Contributing to Morphine Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction
				Mitochondrial Dysfunction
				Ferroptosis
				Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
				Neuroinflammation
		Conclusion and Expectation
		Mini-dictionary
		Key Facts
			Symptoms After Morphine Addiction
		Summary Point
		References
	94 Prescription Drug Misuse and Women
		Introduction
		PDM Prevalence
			History of PDM
			Prescriptions Drugs of Abuse
			PDM Outcomes (Figs. 2 and 3)
			PDM Differs from Other Abusable Drugs: Access, Low Stigma, and Motives
		PDM in Women
			Causes of Sex Differences in PDM
			PDM and Pregnancy
		Age, Economics, and Culture
		Impact of PDM
			Doctor Shopping
			Crime
			Relationships and Children
			Achievement
			Physical and Mental Health
			Polysubstance Use
			Course of SUD for Women
			Overdose and Death
			Prevention of PDM
				Screening
				Signs of PDM
				Signs of Opioid Overdose
				PDM Harm Reduction Strategies
				Prescription Drug Monitoring
				Preventative Health Education
			PDM Interventions
				Barriers to SUD Treatment
				Evidence-Based Interventions (EBIs)
				Gender-Based Treatment
		Conclusion (Future Directions)
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Key Facts of PDM Among Women
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
			Websites
			Resources
Part X: Stimulants
	95 Amphetamine in Biological Specimens: Impact and Implications for Public Health
		Brief Introduction: The Problem of Consumption
		Modes of Consumption and Toxicokinetics
		Mechanism of Action, Toxic Effects, and Addiction
		Detection of Amphetamine in Biological Fluids
			Most Used Samples and the Advantages of Dosing in These Matrices
			Applications to Other Areas of Public Health: The Importance of Monitoring
				Blood
				Plasma
				Urine
				Oral Fluid
				Hair
				Breast Milk
				Meconium and Other Samples to Assess In Utero Drug Exposure
		Public Health Impact and Consequences
		Key Facts
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	96 Transcriptomics and Cocaine Addiction
		Introduction
		Transcriptomics
			History
			Bioinformatic Analyses
			Convergent Functional Transcriptomics (CFT)
			Newer Technologies: Single-Cell RNA-Seq
		Cocaine Use Disorder
		Transcriptomics of Cocaine in the Striatum
			Synaptic Changes
			Regulation of CREB: The Role of IEG Transcription Factors in the Cocaine Transcriptional Response
			Regulation of Other IEG Transcription Factors in the Cocaine Transcriptional Response
			Histone Regulation in Transcriptional Response to Cocaine
			Homeostatic Changes
			Cocaine-Induced Inflammatory Signals
			Axonal Re-guidance: A Role for Neurotrophins and Proliferation Factors
		Transcriptomics of Cocaine in Other Brain Regions
		Conclusions
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Cocaine
		Summary Points
		References
	97 Impact of Amphetamine Exposure During Adolescence on Neurobehavioral Endpoints
		Introduction
		Public Health Aspects
			Clinical and Non-clinical Uses of Amphetamines
			Prevalence of Amphetamine Use
		Biological Aspects
			Adolescent Neurobehavioral Development in Humans and Experimental Animals
		Neurobehavioral Effects of Adolescent Amphetamine Exposure in Experimental Animals
			Prefrontal Cortex Function and Cognitive Flexibility
			Reversal Learning
			Extradimensional Shifting
			Monoamine Signaling
		Knowledge Gaps and Considerations
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Adolescent Amphetamine Exposure
		Summary Points
		References
	98 Sensitization to Amphetamine
		Introduction
		Development of Amphetamine-Sensitized Behavior
			Amphetamine Sensitization in Earlier Stages of Evolution
			Rodents
			Primates
			Humans
			Ontogenesis
			Maternal Separation
			Context Dependency
			Time Dependency
		Role in Human Psychiatry
			Schizophrenia
			Addiction
		Neurobiology
			Dopamine
			Glutamate
			GABA
			Serotonin
			Noradrenaline
			Monoamine Systems Uncoupling
			Neuropeptides and Growth Factors
		Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
			Ventral Tegmental Area
			Dorsal and Ventral Striatum
			Medial Prefrontal Cortex
			Other Notable Brain Areas
		Individual Differences
		Cross-Sensitization
			Drugs and Context
			Stress
			Effect of Sexual Behavior and Homeostatic Pressures
			Intermittent Uncertainty and Amphetamine Sensitization
		Epigenetic Mechanisms
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Key Facts of Cross-Sensitization
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	99 Methamphetamine Use Among Sexual Minority Men
		Introduction
		Epidemiology of Methamphetamine Use Among GBM in the United States and the Global Context
			Prevalence of Methamphetamine Use
			Prevalence and Epidemiology of Methamphetamine Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men
			Prevalence of Methamphetamine Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV
		Psychosocial and Contextual Factors That Potentiate Methamphetamine Use Among GBM
			Individual Level
			Interpersonal Level
			Structural Level
		Consequences of Use
			Infectious Disease
			Negative Physical Outcomes and Chronic Diseases
			Incarceration
		Treatment Approaches
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Methamphetamine Use Among Gay and Bisexual Men
		Summary Points
		References
	100 Chronic Methamphetamine and Psychosis Pathways
		Introduction
			Methamphetamine
			METH Abuse Prevalence
			Economic Impact of METH Abuse and METH Psychosis
		Psychosis
			Network Dysfunction in Psychosis
			Neural Substrates Governing Psychosis Development
			METH-Induced Psychosis
		METH Psychosis Pathophysiology
			Acute METH Neurobiology and Neurotoxicity
			Neurobiology and Neurotoxic Effects of Chronic METH
		Factors Determining METH Psychosis Vulnerability
			Methamphetamine Addiction
			Adolescence
			Sex
			Genetic Susceptibility
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
			METH and Schizophrenia
			Treatment and Interventions
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Conclusion
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Methamphetamine Psychosis
		Summary Points
		References
	101 Gene Variants and Cocaine Use Disorder
		Introduction
		Genetic Contribution to Cocaine Addiction
		Strategies in the Research of Gene Variants in Cocaine Addiction
		Hypothesis-Free Studies in Humans
			GWAS
			Gene Expression Studies
			CGAS
		Studies on Experimental Models In Vitro and In Vivo
		Future Directions
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Gene Variants and Cocaine Use Disorder
		Summary Points
		Suggested Reference Material
			References
	102 Amphetamine and the Biology of Neuronal Morphology
		Introduction
		Brief History of Amphetamines
		Types of Amphetamines
		Legal Clinical Uses
		Corticolimbic System
		Mechanisms of Action of Amphetamines
			Pharmacologic Effects of Amphetamines
			Amphetamines in the Reward System
		Dendrites and Dendritic Spines: Role and Functions
			Dendrites
			Dendritic Spines
			Glutamatergic System
			Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
		Amphetamines and Neuronal Morphology
			Chronic Exposure to Amphetamines
			Neuronal Morphology and Amphetamines
		Amphetamines on Memory and Learning Processes
		Conclusions
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Amphetamines and Neuroplasticity
		Key Facts of Amphetamines and Oxidative Stress
		Summary Points
		References
Part XI: Club Drugs
	103 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Synaptic Dopamine
		Introduction
		MDMA: General Considerations
		Chemistry and Metabolism
		MDMA Toxicity
		Mechanism of Action
		MDMA and Synaptic Dopamine
		MDMA Enhances Synaptic Dopamine Through Nicotinic Receptors
		Neuroadaptation
		Impact on Gender and Age
		Effects on Mental Health
		Effects on Physical Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Conclusion
		Key Facts of MDMA Synaptic Dopamine
		Summary Points
		References
	104 Life-Threatening 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) Usage
		Introduction
		Pharmacology
		Life-Threatening Effects of MDMA
			Autonomic Hyperactivity
			Serotonin Syndrome
		Clinical Evaluation
			History
			Physical Examination
			Laboratory Tests
		Differential Diagnosis
		Management
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	105 GHB and Driving Performance
		Introduction
		Prevalence and Epidemiology
		Psychomotor Effects on Experimental Studies
		Psychomotor Effects on Epidemiological and Real-Case Scenarios
		Concentrations, Doses, and Patterns of Use
		Subjects´ Perception of Impairment
		Policies
		Research on the Topic
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Forensic Caseworks and Policies
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of GHB and Driving Performance
			Key Facts of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID)
			Key Facts of GHB and Performance Enhancer Drugs (PEDs)
		Summary Points
		References
	106 Drug and MDMA Interactions Implications for Public Health
		Introduction
		Inter- and Intraindividual Variability and Modulating Factors on MDMA Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
			Influence of Genetics
			Influences of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity
		MDMA Interactions: Medicines and Drugs of Abuse
		Possible Future Therapeutic Use of MDMA
		MDMA Acute Toxicity
			Nondesired Effects and Intoxication Symptoms
			Adverse Events
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Drug and MDMA Interaction Implications for Public Health
		Summary Points
		References
	107 Effects of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants on the Metabolome
		Introduction/Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
		Metabolomics
		Metabolomic Studies and Limitations
		Metabolomic Investigations of Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Drugs
			Metabolome Changes Related to Acute Toxicity
				Methamphetamine
				Amphetamine
				MDMA
				Mephedrone
				Methylone and MDPV
			Metabolome Changes Related to Addiction (Repeated Dosing) and Withdrawal
				Methamphetamine
				Amphetamine
		Comparative Analysis of Effects on the Metabolome by Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
			Comparison of Acute Effects on the Metabolome Between Different Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
			Comparison of Metabolomic Changes Related to Stimulant Tolerance (Acute Toxicity, Addiction, Withdrawal)
		Application to Other Areas of Addiction
			Comparability Between Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Other Drugs
		Application to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Effects of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants on the Metabolome
		Summary Points
		References
	108 The Biology of Nitric Oxide Signaling and MDMA
		Introduction
		MDMA: Epidemiology and Main Effects
		Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Brain
			Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling Within the Brain
			Role of NO in Dopaminergic Neurotransmission
			Neurotoxicity of NO
		Experimental Evidence of the Role of the Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway in the Effects of MDMA
			Role of NO in the Behavioral Actions of MDMA
				Role of NO in the Psychomotor Effects of MDMA
				Role of the NO Pathway in the Rewarding Effects of MDMA
			Role of NO in the Neurotoxicity Induced by MDMA
				Involvement of NO in MDMA-Induced Serotonergic Neurotoxicity
				Involvement of NO in MDMA-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity
			Role of NO in Other Physiological Effects of MDMA
		Conclusions
		Summary Points
		Key Facts of MDMA
		Key Facts of Nitric Oxide
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		References
	109 Flunitrazepam as a Club Drug
		Introduction
		Club Drugs
		Date-Rape and the Impact of Drugs
		Recognizing Flunitrazepam
		Rohypnol: Larger than Flunitrazepam
		Prevalence of Flunitrazepam Use Based on Age and Gender
		Detecting the Use of Flunitrazepam
		Flunitrazepam Addiction, Dependence, and Withdrawal
		Flunitrazepam Overdose
		Key Facts of Flunitrazepam Overdose
		Prevention Against Date-Rape Drug Exploitation
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
Part XII: Dissociative Drugs
	110 Ketamine Misuse and Adverse Body Effects: A Focus on Uropathy
		Introduction
		Ketamine Pharmacology and Clinical Applications
		Ketamine Misuse
		Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Injury
			Inflammation and Fibrosis
			Hypersensitivity
			Microvascular Injury
			Ketamine Direct Toxicity and Apoptosis
			Urothelial Barrier Damage
			Neurogenic Inflammation
			Urothelial Atypia
		Clinical Presentation
			Epidemiology
			LUTS and Laboratory Tests
			Endoscopy
			Urodynamics
			Imaging Studies
		Treatment
			Clinical Assessment and Conservative Management
			Medical Therapy
				First-Line Treatment
				Second-Line Treatment
				Third-Line Treatment: Surgery
			Future Perspectives
				Intravesical Liposomal Onabotulinumtoxin-A Instillation
				Stem Cell Therapy
		Take-Home Messages
		Summary Points
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	111 Addictions and Polymorphism
		Introduction
		Ketamine Abuse and Adverse Effects
		Ketamine and GRIN2B Gene
		GRIN2B Polymorphism in Schizophrenia and Drug Addiction
		GRIN2B Polymorphism in Ketamine Users
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Addictions and Polymorphism: A Focus on GRIN2B Gene and Ketamine Abuse
		Summary Points
		References
Part XIII: Hallucinogens
	112 Psilocybin and Magic Mushrooms: Patterns of Abuse and Consequences of Recreational Misuse
		Introduction
		Patterns and Prevalence of Recreational Use
		Reports on Polysubstance Use
		Legal Status
		Adverse Psychological Effects
		Other Toxicity and Underlying Mechanisms
		Implication of Drug-Drug Interactions for Toxicity
		Overdose Treatment
		Toxicological Analysis
		Applications to Substance Abuse Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Psychedelics/Hallucinogens
		Summary Points
		References
	113 Pharmacological Action of LSD
		Introduction
		Chemistry
		Serotonin System
		Glutamate System
		Dopamine System
		Noradrenaline System
		Hallucinogenic Activity of LSD
		LSD and Animal Behavior
		Metabolism
		Toxicity
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Conclusions
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
			Key Facts of Serotonin Receptors
			Key Facts of Psychedelics
		Summary Points
		References
Part XIV: Steroids and Inhalants
	114 Alkyl Nitrite Inhalants (Poppers)
		Introduction
		Historical Context
		Prevalence
		Biological Aspects
			Mechanism of Action
		Adverse Effects
			Other Considerations
		Potential for Abuse and Addiction
		Interpersonal Aspects of Use
		Policy and Structural Factors
			Legal Status
			Healthcare System, Screening, and Treatment for Popper Use
		Conclusions
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use
			Polysubstance Use
			Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders
		Applications to Public Health
		Key Facts of Alkyl Nitrite Inhalants
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	115 Toluene Abuse
		Introduction
			Toluene: Chemical Nature, Properties, Global Market, and Uses
		Inhalants
		Toluene as an Inhalant
		Impact of Age and Gender on Toluene Abuse
		Impact on Financial Cost of the Toluene Addiction
		Toluene Absorption
		Toluene Metabolization
			Brain
			Liver and Kidneys
		Clinical Manifestation and Consequences of Toluene Abuse
		Methods of Screening of Toluene Exposure
		Applications to Other Areas of Addictions
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Toluene Abuse
		Key Facts of Health Consequences of Chronic Exposure to Toluene
		Summary Points
		References
	116 Unsafe Behaviors and Anabolic Steroid Use
		Introduction
		The Number of People Using AAS
		Effects on Physical Health
			AAS Use and Polypharmacy
			Risky Injection Practices
			Risky Sexual Behavior
			Illicit Drug Use
		Effects on Mental Health
		Impact on Anger and Aggression
		Impact on Crime
		Prevention: Education of Individuals or Communities
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
		Summary Points
		References
	117 High Testosterone Levels: Impact on the Heart
		Stating the Problem
			Misuses or Non-prescribed Uses of Testosterone and Androgens
			Testosterone and the Cardiovascular System
		Vascular Effects of Testosterone
			Impact of Testosterone on Endothelial Cells
			Impact of Testosterone on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
			Impact of Testosterone on the Perivascular Adipose Tissue Other Mechanisms That Control Vascular Function
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Key Facts of Testosterone
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	118 Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Mitochondria
		Introduction
		Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Brief Epidemiological Tour D´horizon
		Testosterone and Synthetic Derivatives
		Side Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse
		Impact of AAS on Anger and Aggression
		Mitochondria: The ``Powerhouse of the Cell´´ and More
		Effects of AAS on Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Mitochondria
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
			Key Facts of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
			Key Facts of Mitochondria
			Key Facts of the Effects of AAS on Synaptic and Nonsynaptic Mitochondria
		Summary Points
		References
	119 Toluene Abuse: A Medicolegal Perspective
		Introduction
		Toluene Absorption, Metabolism, and Toxicity
		Forensic Aspects of Toluene Abuse and Toxicity
		Sampling and Analysis
			Pre-Analytical Phases
			Analytic Methods
			Forensic Laboratory Workflow
		Postmortem Assessment
		Acute Intoxication in the Living Subject
		Blood Concentrations in Fatal and Nonfatal Exposures
		Accidental Exposure and Voluntary Inhalation
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of ``Toluene Abuse: A Medicolegal Perspective´´
		Summary Points
		References
Part XV: International Aspects
	120 Indian Aspects of Nondrug Addiction
		Introduction
		What Is Addiction
		Internet Addiction: Definition and Terminology
		Internet Addiction: Making Diagnosis
		Internet Addiction: Symptoms
		Indian Scenario of Internet Addiction
			Internet Addiction in India: Prevalence
			Application to Other Areas of Addiction
			Application to Other Areas of Public Health
				Health Risks
				Societal Risk
				Environmental Risk
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts
		Summary
		References
	121 Drug Abuse in the Middle East
		Introduction
			Drug Abuse: An Overview
			Types of Abused Drugs and Substances
			Consequences of Drug Abuse
		Drug Abuse in the Middle East
			An Overview
			Motivations and Factors Responsible for Substance Abuse in the Middle East
			Researches about Substance Abuse in the Middle East
			Stimulants
			Captagon
			Opioids
			Alcohol
			Cannabis (Marijuana)
			Sedative Hypnotics
			Tobacco
			Miscellaneous Studies
		Drug Abuse in Syria
			Impact of the Syrian Civil War
		Substance Abuse and Syrian War Militias
		Substance Abuse and Civilians
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Drug Abuse in the Middle East: A Focus on Syria
		Summary Points
		References
	122 Co-occurrence of (Online) Gaming and Substance Use
		Introduction
		Elements that Make Digital Games a Subject for Addiction Research
		The Influence of Gaming on Substance Use
		Conclusions Based on Preliminary Research
		Recent Data on the Co-occurrence of Gaming and Substance Use in Austria
		Availability of Data from Representative Samples Across European Countries
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of ``Prevalence of Problem Gaming´´
		Key Facts of ``Concepts on Co-occurring Addictive Behaviors´´
		Key Facts of ``Youth Drinking in Decline´´
		Summary Points
		References
	123 Drug Abuse in Pakistan
		Introduction
			Drug Abuse
			Drug Abuse Frequencies
			Substance Use Disorder Status in Pakistan
			Genomics of SUDs
			Candidate Gene Studies and OUD
				OPRM1
				OPRK1
				PDYN
			Neurotrophic Factors
				DAT
				DRD2
		DRD2 Intronic Variants in OUD Pakistani Cohort
			DRD2 Enhancer Variant Risk Allele in OUD Pakistani Ethnic Groups
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Title
		Summary Points
		References
	124 Methamphetamine Use and Chemsex: An Emerging Threat for Gender and Sexually Diverse People
		Introduction
		The Global Snapshot of Methamphetamine Use Patterns
		Reasons for Methamphetamine Use and Chemsex
		Effects of the Use of Meth on Sexual Risk Behaviors
		Current Interventions and Best-Practice Examples for Tackling Chemsex
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of ``Methamphetamine Use and Chemsex: An Emerging Threat for Sexually and Gender Diverse People´´
		Summary Points
		References
	125 The Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST) Program for the People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned and Wa...
		Drug Dependence and Global Situation of Drug Use
		Harm Reduction and Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST): A Scientifically Proven Biomedical Intervention
		History and Premise of the OST Program in Bangladesh
		Successes and Limitations of the Program: Hopes for a More Promising Tomorrow
		Challenges in the OST Program: Undermining the Program´s Ability to Eliminate Drug Use?
		Implementation Barriers Within the OST Program
			Concomitant Drug Use Among OST Clients: Defeating the Purpose of Obliterating Drug Use?
			Methadone Diversion
			Treatment Discontinuation
			Methadone Procurement and Storage
		Contextualization With the Regional and Global Scenarios
		Best-Practice Examples of OST Interventions
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Conclusion
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		Mini-glossary of Terms
		References
Part XVI: Dual and Polydrug Use and Addictions
	126 Nandrolone Decanoate (Nan) Abusers and Concomitant Cannabis Use
		Introduction
		Prevalence of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Cannabis Abuse
		Negative Consequences of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Misuse
		Polydrug Abuse Among Nandrolone Decanoate and Cannabis Users
		Risks of Concomitant Abuse of Nandrolone Decanoate and Cannabis
		Impact of Concomitant Abuse on Crime, Legislation, and Economy
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Concomitant Abuse of Nandrolone and Cannabis
		Summary Points
		References
	127 Concomitant Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Alcohol Use: Impact on Cognitive Function and Ingestive Behavior
		Introduction
		Does Co-use Alter Cannabis and Alcohol Consumption Patterns in People?
		Does Co-use Worsen Cognitive Function in People?
		Rodent Models of Alcohol and THC Co-administration
		Future Direction
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Concomitant 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Alcohol Use
		Summary Points
		References
	128 Alcohol and Methamphetamine Interactions and Co-abuse
		Introduction
		Co-use of METH and Alcohol
		Effect of COVID-19 on METH and Alcohol Use
		Human Studies on Co-use of METH and Alcohol
		Kinetics and the Pattern of Co-use of METH and Alcohol
		Behavioral Effects of Co-use of METH and Alcohol
		Effect of Co-use of METH and Alcohol During Pregnancy
		Pharmacological Treatment of METH and Alcohol Co-abuse
		Basic Investigations into Neural Mechanisms
		Interactions with Dopaminergic Signalling
		Links to Striatal Glutamate
		Non-dopaminergic Mechanisms
		Behavioral Interactions in Rodents
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		References
	129 Alcohol and Cocaine Co-usage
		Introduction: The Clinical Problem of Cocaine and Ethanol Co-abuse
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Manifestations of Cocaine and Ethanol Co-abuse
			Cocaine and Ethanol Co-use and Overdose
		Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Cocaine
			Glutamate Homeostasis
			Neuroplasticity and Neuroadaptations Associated with Acute and Chronic Cocaine Use
		Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Ethanol
		Studies of Combined Ethanol and Cocaine Exposure
			Combined Mechanisms That May Contribute to Enhanced Acute Effects
			Combined Mechanisms That May Enhance Neuroadaptations and Drug Dependence
		Conclusions: Implications for Treatment of Drug Dependence and the Development of Therapeutics to Treat Cocaine/Ethanol Co-dep...
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts About Alcohol and Cocaine Co-abuse
		References
	130 Linking Polysubstance Use, Glutamate, and the Nucleus Accumbens
		Introduction
		Nucleus Accumbens Core Glutamate and Cocaine Seeking
		Nucleus Accumbens Core Glutamate and Alcohol Seeking
		Animal Models of Combined Cocaine and Alcohol Use
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Key Facts of Polysubstance Use Disorder
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	131 Prenatal Illicit Drug and Polysubstance Exposure and Impact on Developmental Outcome
		Introduction
		Impact on Early Brain Development
		Clinical Impact of Prenatal Drug Exposure
			Preterm Birth
			Low Birth Weight Due to Intrauterine/Fetal Growth Restriction
			Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)/Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NAWS)
			Neurobehavioral Disturbances in Infancy: Dysregulation and Hypersensitivity
			Higher-Order Brain Dysfunctions and Behavioral Problems in Childhood and Adolescence
		Outcome Studies of Specific Illicit Drug Exposure
			Cocaine
			Methamphetamine
			Ecstasy
			Opioids
			Cannabis (Marijuana, Hashish)
		Neuroimaging Findings After Prenatal Illicit Drug Exposure
		Limitations and Confounders
			Low Validity of Self-Report of Drug Use by Pregnant Women
			Polysubstance Use
			Coexisting Risk Factors with Influence on Early Brain Development and Outcome
		Conclusion
		Applications to Other Areas of Prenatal Substance Use
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts: Prenatal Illicit Drug and Polysubstance Exposure and Impact on Developmental Outcome
			Key Facts of Prenatal Illicit Drug Exposure
			Key Facts of Structural Brain Findings After Prenatal Illicit Drug Exposure
			Key Facts of Clinical Outcomes After Prenatal Illicit Drug Exposure
		Summary Points
		References
	132 Buprenorphine, Polydrug Use, and Deaths
		Introduction
		Pharmacology
		Pharmacokinetics
		Formulations and Dosing
		Buprenorphine Toxicity
		Buprenorphine Diversion and Misuse
		Risk Factors for Fatal Outcome
		Polydrug Use
		Prevention of Buprenorphine Deaths
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Polydrug Use
		Summary Points
		References
Part XVII: Non-drug Addictions
	133 Gambling Disorder as an Addiction
		Introduction
		Prevalence of Gambling and Gambling Disorder
		Forms of Gambling
		Gender
		GD and Co-occurring Disorders
		The Diagnosis of Gambling Disorder: The DSM and ICD
		Screening Tools for GD
		Impulsivity and Decision-Making
		Gambling Disorder and the Brain
			Functional Neuroimaging
			Structural Neuroimaging
		Financial Impacts of GD
		Treatment
		Prevention
		Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
		Applications to Other Areas of Addictions
		Applications to Areas of Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Gambling Disorder
		Summary Points of Gambling Disorder as an Addiction
		References
	134 Food Addiction and Policy
		Introduction
		What Is FA?
		Prevalence of FA
		Alternative Perspectives
		Why Are Policies Needed to Regulate Food Consumption?
		Public Health Policies to Reduce Weight and Overconsumption
		Support for Food Policies Among Stakeholders
		Case Studies of Food Policies
		Broad Evidence of Impact
			Price Changes for Healthy and Unhealthy Foods
			Taxation on Non-SSB Foods
			Environmental Interventions to Reduce SSB Consumption
		Future Directions
			More Food Policy Research
			Individual Treatments of a FA
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of FA
		Summary Points
		References
	135 Food Addiction
		Introduction
		History of Food Addiction
		Potential Causes of Food Addiction
		Long-Term Effects of Food Addiction
		Potential Treatments for Food Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Key Facts About Food Addiction
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Summary Points
		References
	136 Behavioral Addictions in Children: A Focus on Gambling, Gaming, Internet Addiction, and Excessive Smartphone Use
		Introduction to Behavioral Addictions
		Child and Adolescent Risky Behaviors
		Gambling Disorders
			Prevalence of Gambling-Related Problems Among Children and Adolescents
			Risk Factors Associated with Youth Gambling Disorders
			Assessing Youth Gambling Disorders
			Prevention and Treatment of Youth Gambling Disorders
		Gaming Disorders Among Children and Adolescents
			Prevalence and Consequences of Gaming Disorder
			Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Youth Gaming Disorders
			Assessment and Diagnosis of Gaming Disorder
			Prevention and Intervention
		Internet Addiction Among Children and Adolescents
			Risk and Protective Factors
			Assessment of Internet Addiction
			Prevention and Intervention
		The Excessive Use of Smartphones
			Prevalence of Smartphone Use Among Youth
			Smartphone Addiction
			Risk Factors Associated with Excessive Smartphone Use
			Assessing Smartphone Addiction
			Preventing and Treating Excessive Smartphone Use
		Youth Behavioral Addictions: A Public Health Concern
		Key Facts
		Summary Points
		References
	137 Nondrug Addictions
		Introduction
		Theoretical Framework
		Etiology
		Assessment of Exercise Addiction Risk
		Prevalence of High Risk of Exercise Addiction: Sports Disciplines
		Prevalence of High Risk of Exercise Addiction: Exercise Volume
		Exercise Addiction and Health: Global Vision
		Exercise Addiction and Health: Concrete Examples
		Exercise Addiction and Mental Disorders
		Application to Other Addictions
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts on Nondrug Addictions: Exercise Addiction and Health
		Summary Points
		References
	138 Non-drug Addiction: Addiction to Work
		Introduction
		Prevalence Rates
		Impact of Gender
		Impact of Age
		Impact on Self and Harm to Others
		Impact on Anger and Aggression, Crime, and Societal Fabrics
		Impact on the Family Unit and Children
		Impact on Educational Attainment
		Effects on Mental Health
		Effects on Physical Health
		Impact on Financial Cost of the Addiction and Medical Care
		The Diagnosis or Assessment of Addiction
		Treatment
		Prevention: An Urgent Need for Universal Prevention
		Evaluation of Current Strategies and Policies
		Applications To Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications To Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Work Addiction
		Key Facts of Study Addiction
		Key Facts of Anankastia/OCPD
		Summary Points
		References
Part XVIII: Emerging Addictions and Agents of Misuse
	139 Pathological Effects and Adverse Events Associated with the Phenylethylamine Derivative NBOMe
		Introduction
			Vascular Complications/Vasospasm
			Platelet Aggregation/ Ischemia
			Rhabdomyolysis
			Ventricular Arrhythmia
			Hyperthermia
		Examples of Cases with Severe Ischemia with Other NPS
			Case 1
			Case 2
			Case 3
			Case 4
		Social Implications
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction and Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Side Effects in Relation to NBOMe Ingestion
		Summary Points
		References
	140 Piperazine Designer Drugs of Abuse
		Introduction
		Pattern of Use
		Toxicokinetics
		Toxicodynamics
		Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects
		Intoxication and Treatment
		Applications to Other Areas of Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Summary Points
			Neuroscientific Aspects
			Nutritional Aspects
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of NPS
		Key Facts of Piperazine Designer Drugs
		Summary Points
		References
	141 The Use and Abuse of Synthetic Cathinones (aka ``Bath Salts´´)
		Background
		History
		Expansion and Legal Classification
		Motivations for Use
		Doses and Patterns of Use
		User Demographics
		Polydrug Use
		From Humans to Animals: Justification for Preclinical Models
		Cathinone/Synthetic Cathinone IVSA
			Chemical Characterization
			IVSA (First-Generation Synthetic Cathinones)
			IVSA (Second-Generation Synthetic Cathinones)
			Structure-Activity Relationships
			Summary
		Contribution of Reward and Aversion to Abuse Vulnerability
			Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
			Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
			Mini-Dictionary of Terms
			Key Facts of Addiction and the Utility of Self-Administration Models
		Summary Points
		References
	142 The Toll of Benzofurans in the Context of Drug Abuse
		Introduction
		Chemical and Analytical Properties of Benzofurans
		Pharmacodynamics
		Pharmacokinetics
		Biological Effects and Toxicity of Psychoactive Benzofurans
		Applications to Addiction
		Applications to Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Benzofurans in the Context of Drug Abuse
		Summary Points
		References
Part XIX: Selective Screening Tools, Analytical Methods, and Resources
	143 The Indonesian Internet Addiction Questionnaires
		Introduction
		History of Internet Addiction Research and Practice in Indonesia
			Key Facts
		Sociocultural Aspects of Internet Usage in Adolescents and Adults
			Key Facts
		Validation, Domains, Features, and Use of KDAI
			Key Facts
		Case Illustration
			Key Facts
		KDAI Application in Public Health and Policy Reforms
			Key Facts
		Applications to Other Areas of Behavioral Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Disorders Due to Addictive Behavior
		Key Facts of Internet Addiction
		Key Facts of Internet Addiction Screening Tools
		Summary Points
		References
	144 The Addiction-Like Eating Behavior Scale: Features and Applications
		Introduction
			What Is the Addiction-Like Eating Behavior?
			Is It Necessary to Assess the Eating Addiction in Clinical Practice?
			Why Should We Use the AEBS?
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of the AEBS: Features and Applications
		Summary Points
		References
	145 The Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile
		Introduction
		KAPP: Overview
		Personality Organization (PO)
		The KAPP Interview
		Psychodynamic Perspectives on Misuse and Addiction
		The KAPP, Emotions, Relationships, and Defenses
			Substances and Behavioral Addictions
		KAPP, Substance Misuse, and Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of the KAPP
		Summary Points: KAPP, Research, and Clinical Practice
		References
	146 Recommended Resources and Online Material for Investigating Substance Misuse and Addictions
		Introduction
		Resources
		Other Resources
		Summary Points
		Mini-dictionary of Terms
		References
	147 Inventory for Early Screening of Work Addiction-Related Behaviors in High School and Undergraduate Students
		The Multidimensional Inventory: Learning Profile of a Student (MILPoS) Subscales/Components
		Introduction
		Overview of Development of the MILPoS
		Pilot Study
		Second Study: A Shortened Version of the Inventory
		Third Study: Final Version of the Inventory
		Fourth Study: Cross-validation and Cross-cultural Validation
		MILPoS and Bergen Study Addiction Scale: High Convergence
		Study Addiction Versus Study Engagement
		Study Addiction Components: An Overview of Results
		Study Addiction Risk Factors: An Overview of Results
		Burnout Indicators: Theoretical Considerations and Overview of Results
		Learning Competencies: Theoretical Considerations and Overview of Results
		Student Profiles Identified with the MILPoS: Study Addiction Risk and Stages
		Normalized Scores: Interpretation
		Conclusions and Recommendations
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction and Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of the MILPoS
		Summary Points
		References
	148 The Abbreviated Self Completion Teen-Addiction Severity Index (ASC T-ASI)
		Introduction
		Economic Evaluations of New Treatments
		Specification and Estimation of Treatment-Related Benefits
		Generic Health-Related Quality-of-Life Instruments
		Abbreviated Self Completion Teen-Addition Severity Index
			Descriptive System and Validity of the ASC T-ASI
			Preference Scores for the ASC T-ASI
		ASC T-ASI in Combination with Other Instruments in Economic Evaluations
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Economic Evaluations
		Key Facts of Treatments for Substance Use in Adolescents
		Key Facts of the ASC T-ASI
		Summary Points
		References
	149 Stigma and Quality of Life in Substance Users: Methods and Applications
		Introduction
		Stigma and Types of Stigma
		Development of Self-Stigma
		Types of Quality of Life (QoL)
		Stigma, Mental Health, and QoL of Individuals with Substance Use Disorders
		Instruments Assessing Stigma in Individuals with Substance Use Disorders
		Instruments Used to Assess QoL in Individuals with Substance Use Disorders
		Applications to Other Areas of Addiction
		Applications to Other Areas of Public Health
		Mini-Dictionary of Terms
		Key Facts of Stigma and Quality of Life in People with Substance Use Disorders
		Summary Points
		References
Index