Handbook of Structural Steelwork

P201: Handbook of Structural Steelwork 3rd Edition......Page 1
FOREWORD......Page 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
1.2.1 Simple design......Page 9
1.2.3 Semi-continuous design......Page 10
1.3 Loadings......Page 11
1.4.3 Ultimate limit states......Page 12
Table 1.1 Partial load factors g f for buildings without cranes......Page 13
1.4.4 Serviceability limit state......Page 14
Table 1.2 Suggested limits for calculated deflection......Page 15
1.5.1 Resistance to horizontal forces......Page 16
1.5.2 Sway stiffness......Page 17
1.5.4 Sway-sensitive frames......Page 18
1.6 Design strengths......Page 19
Table 1.3 Design strength p y for steel grades S275 and S355......Page 20
2.1 Local buckling......Page 21
2.2.1 Classes of cross-sections......Page 22
Figure 2.1 Moment rotation behaviour of cross-sections of different classes......Page 23
2.2.2 Classification process......Page 24
Figure 2.2 Dimensions of compression elements......Page 26
Table 2.1 Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for sections other than CHS and RHS......Page 27
2.3 Example – Section classification......Page 28
Table 2.2 I and H sections that are Class 3 semi-compact under pure bending......Page 30
3.1.4 Lateral-torsional buckling......Page 31
3.1.5 Fully restrained beams......Page 32
3.3 Design of beams without full lateral restraint......Page 33
Table 3.1 Bending strength pb (N/mm 2 ) for rolled sections......Page 34
3.5 Effective length......Page 35
Table 3.2 Effective Length LE for cantilevers......Page 36
3.6 Equivalent uniform moment factor, mLT......Page 37
3.8 Calculation of bending resistance – a simpler approach......Page 38
Table 3.4 Equivalent uniform moment factor mLT for lateral torsional buckling......Page 39
3.9 Example – Beam with full lateral restraint......Page 40
3.10 Example – Unrestrained beams......Page 41
3.11.2 Stiff bearing length......Page 43
3.11.3 Web bearing capacity check......Page 44
3.11.4 Web buckling check......Page 45
Figure 3.5 Unrestrained flanges......Page 46
3.12 Web stiffeners......Page 47
Figure 3.7 Effective cruciform section for web buckling......Page 48
3.13 Example – Web bearing and buckling......Page 49
Figure 3.8 Detail at end support......Page 50
3.14 Example – Web stiffeners......Page 51
Figure 3.9 Detail of trial stiffeners......Page 52
4.2 Ties......Page 54
4.3 Simple tension members......Page 55
4.5.1 General......Page 56
Table 4.1 Strut effective lengths LE......Page 57
Table 4.2 Nominal effective length LE for a compression member......Page 58
4.5.4 Strut slenderness and axial capacity......Page 59
Table 4.4 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 60
Table 4.5 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 61
Table 4.6 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 62
Table 4.7 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 63
Table 4.8 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 64
Table 4.9 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 65
Table 4.10 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 66
Table 4.11 Compressive strength pc (N/mm 2 )......Page 67
4.6 Columns in simple construction......Page 68
4.7 Compression members with moments......Page 69
Table 4.12 Equivalent uniform moment factor mx and my......Page 70
4.8 Example – Angle section used as a tie......Page 71
4.9 Example – Axially loaded strut, 1......Page 72
4.10 Example – Axially loaded strut, 2......Page 73
4.11 Example – Column in simple construction......Page 74
Figure 4.2 Column bending moments......Page 76
5.2 Typical uses......Page 80
Figure 5.3 Lattice girders......Page 81
5.3.2 Pre-cambering......Page 82
5.3.3 Typical sections......Page 83
Figure 5.6 Welded roof truss and typical details......Page 84
5.3.4 Joint Capacities......Page 85
SIGN CONVENTION......Page 86
UNIFORM LOAD ON PART OF SPAN......Page 87
POINT LOAD AT MID-SPAN......Page 88
TWO EQUAL SYMMETRICAL POINT LOADS......Page 89
POINT LOAD AT MID-SPAN......Page 90
SPECIAL CASE: UNIFORM LOAD ON FULL SPAN......Page 91
SPECIAL CASE: POINT LOAD AT FREE END......Page 92
POINT LOAD AT MID-SPAN......Page 93
MOMENT APPLIED AT ANY POINT......Page 94
POINT LOAD AT FREE END......Page 95
TABLE OF EQUIVALENT UNIFORM LOADS......Page 96
SINGLE CONCENTRATED MOVING LOAD......Page 97
TWO CONCENTRATED MOVING LOADS......Page 98
FIXED END MOMENTS......Page 100
Trigonometrical formulae......Page 101
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES......Page 102
Axis of moments on diagonal......Page 104
Axis of moments on diagonal......Page 105
Axis of moments through centre of gravity......Page 106
Axis of moments on base......Page 107
Axis of moments through centre......Page 108
Parabola......Page 109
Complement of half parabola......Page 110
Elliptic Complement or ¼ circle......Page 111
Metric conversions......Page 112
Explanatory Notes......Page 113
1.1 Material, section dimensions and tolerances......Page 114
2.2 Ratios for local buckling......Page 115
3.1 General......Page 116
3.2.3 Elastic modulus (Z)......Page 117
3.2.4 Buckling parameter (u) and torsional index (x)......Page 118
3.2.5 Warping constant (H) and torsion constant (J)......Page 119
3.2.6 Plastic modulus (S)......Page 120
3.2.7 Equivalent slenderness coefficient a (f ) and monosymmetry index a (y )......Page 124
3.3.2 Torsion constant (J)......Page 125
3.3.4 Plastic modulus of hollow sections (S)......Page 126
4.1 General......Page 127
5.1 Bending: UB sections, UC sections, joists and parallel flange channels......Page 128
6.1 UB sections, UC sections and joists: bearing, buckling and shear capacities for unstiffened webs......Page 130
6.2 Parallel flange channels: bearing, buckling and shear capacities for unstiffened webs......Page 132
7.1 Tension members: Single angles......Page 134
8.1 Compression members: UB and UC sections......Page 135
8.2 Compression members: single angles......Page 138
8.3 Compound compression members: two angles......Page 140
9.1 Axial load and bending: UB and UC sections......Page 142
10.1 Bolt capacities......Page 145
10.2 Welds......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
Universal beams - dimensions......Page 153
Universal columns - dimensions......Page 159
Joists - dimensions......Page 162
Parallel flange channels - dimensions......Page 165
ASB (Asymmetric Beams) - dimensions......Page 169
Equal angles - dimensions......Page 171
Unequal angles - dimensions......Page 172
Equal angles back to back - dimensions......Page 174
Unequal angles back to back - dimensions......Page 175
Tees cut from universal beams - dimensions......Page 176
Tees cut from universal columns - dimensions......Page 180
Hot-finished circular hollow sections - dimensions......Page 182
Hot-finished square hollow sections - dimensions......Page 184
Hot-finished rectangular hollow sections - dimensions......Page 186
Cold-formed circular hollow sections - dimensions......Page 188
Cold-formed square hollow sections - dimensions......Page 191
Cold-formed rectangular hollow sections - dimensions......Page 193
S275 Universal beams subject to bending......Page 196
S275 Universal columns subject to bending......Page 199
S275 Joists subject to bending......Page 200
S275 Parallel flange channels subject to bending......Page 201
S275 Universal beams web bearing and buckling......Page 202
S275 Universal columns web bearing and buckling......Page 205
S275 Joists web bearing and buckling......Page 206
S275 Parallel flange channels web bearing and buckling......Page 207
S275 Equal angles subject to tension......Page 208
S275 Equal angles back to back subject to tension......Page 211
S275 Unequal angles subject to tension......Page 214
S275 Unequal angles back to back subject to tension......Page 217
S275 Universal columns subject to compression......Page 223
S275 Universal beams subject to compression......Page 219
S275 Equal angles subject to compression......Page 225
S275 Unequal angles subject to compression......Page 226
S275 Equal angles back to back subject to compression......Page 227
S275 Unequal angles back to back subject to compression......Page 229
S275 Universal beams subject to axial load and bending......Page 231
S275 Universal columns subject to axial load and bending......Page 257
Non-preloaded ordinary bolts in S275 ply......Page 266
Non-preloaded countersunk bolts in S275 ply......Page 268
Non-preloaded HSFG bolts in S275 ply......Page 270
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip in service in S275 ply......Page 271
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip under factored loads in S275 ply......Page 272
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip in service -countersunk in S275 ply......Page 273
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip under factored loads - countersunk in S275 ply......Page 274
Fillet welds in S275 ply......Page 275
S355 Universal beams subject to bending......Page 276
S355 Universal columns subject to bending......Page 279
S355 Joists subject to bending......Page 280
S355 Parallel flange channels subject to bending......Page 281
S355 Universal beams web bearing and buckling......Page 282
S355 Universal columns web bearing and buckling......Page 285
S355 Joists web bearing and buckling......Page 286
S355 Parallel flange channels web bearing and buckling......Page 287
S355 Equal angles subject to tension......Page 288
S355 Equal angles back to back subject to tension......Page 291
S355 Unequal angles subject to tension......Page 294
S355 Unequal angles back to back subject to tension......Page 297
S355 Universal columns subject to compression......Page 303
S355 Universal beams subject to compression......Page 299
S355 Equal angles subject to compression......Page 305
S355 Unequal angles subject to compression......Page 306
S355 Equal angles back to back subject to compression......Page 307
S355 Unequal angles back to back subject to compression......Page 310
S355 Universal beams subject to axial load and bending......Page 312
S355 Universal columns subject to axial load and bending......Page 338
Non-preloaded ordinary bolts in S355 ply......Page 346
Non-preloaded countersunk bolts in S355 ply......Page 348
Non-preloaded HSFG bolts in S355 ply......Page 350
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip in service in S355 ply......Page 351
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip under factored loads in S355 ply......Page 352
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip in service -countersunk in S355 ply......Page 353
Preloaded HSFG bolts: Non-slip under factored loads - countersunk in S355 ply......Page 354
Fillet welds in S355 ply......Page 355