Handbook of Structural Engineering

Contents......Page 2
Basic Assumptions......Page 4
Governing Equations......Page 5
Boundary Conditions......Page 9
Circular Plate......Page 11
Examples of Bending Problems......Page 12
Basic Concepts......Page 15
Columns......Page 17
Thin-Walled Members......Page 25
Plates......Page 29
Defining Terms......Page 30
Fundamental Principles......Page 33
Loads and Reactions......Page 34
Idealized Models......Page 36
Relation Between Load, Shear, and Bending Moment......Page 37
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams......Page 38
Fix-Ended Beams......Page 39
Continuous Beams......Page 43
Beam Deflection......Page 47
Curved Flexural Members......Page 48
Trusses......Page 55
Method of Joints......Page 56
Method of Sections......Page 58
Compound Trusses......Page 59
Slope Deflection Method......Page 60
Application of Slope Deflection Method to Frames......Page 61
Moment Distribution Method......Page 64
Method of Consistent Deformations......Page 67
Bending of Thin Plates......Page 74
Boundary Conditions......Page 75
Bending of Simply Supported Rectangular Plates......Page 76
Bending of Circular Plates......Page 82
Plates of Various Shapes and Boundary Conditions......Page 87
Buckling of Thin Plates......Page 90
Stress Resultants in Shell Element......Page 93
Spherical Dome......Page 96
Conical Shells......Page 98
Shells of Revolution Subjected to Unsymmetrical Loading......Page 99
Membrane Theory of Cylindrical Shells......Page 100
Symmetrically Loaded Circular Cylindrical Shells......Page 101
Buckling of Shells......Page 103
Influence Lines for Shear in Simple Beams......Page 104
Influence Lines for Bending Moment in Simple Beams......Page 105
Qualitative Influence Lines......Page 106
Energy Methods in Structural Analysis......Page 108
Strain Energy in Bending......Page 109
Strain Energy in Shear......Page 111
The Energy Relations in Structural Analysis......Page 112
Unit Load Method......Page 116
Flexibility Method......Page 118
Stiffness Method......Page 119
Element Stiffness Matrix......Page 120
Structure Stiffness Matrix......Page 125
Loading Between Nodes......Page 130
Semi-Rigid End Connection......Page 131
Basic Concept......Page 132
Basic Equations from Theory of Elasticity......Page 133
Plane Strain......Page 134
Choice of Displacement Function......Page 135
Isoparametric Families of Elements......Page 138
Formulation of Stiffness Matrix......Page 139
Plates Subjected to In-Plane Forces......Page 145
Beam Element......Page 146
Plates in Bendings---Rectangular Element......Page 148
An Overall View......Page 153
Redistribution of Forces......Page 154
Plastic Moment......Page 156
Theory of Plastic Analysis......Page 159
Equilibrium Method......Page 160
Mechanism Method......Page 164
Gable Frames......Page 169
Analysis Charts for Gable Frames......Page 171
Grillages......Page 174
First-Order Hinge-By-Hinge Analysis......Page 176
Categorization of Analysis Methods......Page 178
Columns Stability......Page 181
Beam-Column Stability......Page 186
Slope Deflection Equations......Page 190
Second-Order Elastic Analysis......Page 194
Modification for End Connections......Page 197
Second-Order Refined Plastic Hinge Analysis......Page 198
Second-Order Plastic Zone Analysis......Page 199
Three-Dimensional Frame Element......Page 200
Equation of Motion......Page 202
Free Vibration......Page 203
Forced Vibration......Page 205
Response to Suddenly Applied Load......Page 206
Multiple Degree Systems......Page 207
Distributed Mass Systems......Page 208
Numerical Analysis......Page 212
Defining Terms......Page 216
3.\rStructural Steel Design......Page 221
Stress-Strain Behavior of Structural Steel......Page 222
A852)......Page 223
Fireproofing of Steel......Page 224
Structural Steel Shapes......Page 225
Welds......Page 226
Weldability of Steel......Page 227
Design Formats......Page 228
Allowable Stress Design......Page 230
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 232
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 236
Allowable Stress Design......Page 238
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 240
Built-Up Compression Members......Page 242
Flexural Members......Page 247
Flexural Strength Criterion......Page 250
Shear Strength Criterion......Page 251
De ection Criterion......Page 252
Flexural Strength Criterion......Page 255
Shear Strength Criterion......Page 258
Criteria for Concentrated Loads......Page 259
Continuous Beams......Page 261
Lateral Bracing of Beams......Page 264
Allowable Stress Design......Page 266
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 267
Allowable Stress Design......Page 269
Combined Bending, Torsion, and Axial Force......Page 270
Frames......Page 271
Allowable Bending Stress......Page 272
Transverse Stiffeners......Page 273
Flexural Strength Criterion......Page 274
Shear Strength Criterion......Page 275
Bearing Stiffeners......Page 276
Intermediate Stiffeners......Page 277
Connections......Page 280
Bolt Holes......Page 281
Bolts Loaded in Tension......Page 282
Bolts Loaded in Combined Tension and Shear......Page 283
Bearing Strength at Fastener Holes......Page 284
Maximum Fastener Spacing......Page 286
Bolted Hanger Type Connections......Page 287
Bolted Bracket Type Connections......Page 289
Bolted Moment-Resisting Connections......Page 291
Design of Moment-Resisting Connections......Page 294
Welding Symbols......Page 295
Strength of Welds......Page 297
Effective Area of Welds......Page 298
Welded Connections for Tension Members......Page 299
Welded Bracket Type Connections......Page 300
Welded Connections with Welds Subjected to Combined Shear and Flexure......Page 301
Shop Welded-Field Bolted Connections......Page 303
Beam and Column Splices......Page 305
Column Base Plates......Page 307
Axially Loaded Base Plates......Page 308
Base Plates with Moments......Page 310
Anchor Bolts......Page 312
Beam Bearing Plates......Page 315
Design Compressive Strength......Page 316
Composite Beams......Page 318
Composite Floor Slabs......Page 319
Plastic Design of Columns and Beams......Page 322
Defining Terms......Page 323
References......Page 324
Further Reading......Page 325
4.\rStructural Concrete Design......Page 327
Properties of Concrete......Page 328
High-Strength Concrete......Page 330
Reinforcing Steel......Page 331
Proportioning Concrete Mix......Page 332
Admixtures......Page 333
Flexural Design of and One-Way Slabs......Page 334
Reinforced Concrete Strength Design......Page 0
Analysis of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only......Page 335
Analysis of Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement......Page 337
Elastic Flexural Analysis......Page 338
Flexural Strength......Page 339
Short Columns under Minimum Eccentricity......Page 340
Slenderness Effects......Page 341
Bresler Load Contour Method......Page 344
Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs Strength Design......Page 345
Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs Without Shear Reinforcement: for Shear......Page 346
Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs without Shear Reinforcement:......Page 347
Design of Stirrup Reinforcement for Shear and Torsion......Page 348
Design of Deep Beams......Page 349
Shear Strength Provided by the Concrete......Page 350
Development of Bars in Tension......Page 351
Splices......Page 352
Web Reinforcement......Page 353
Design Procedures......Page 355
Minimum Slab Thickness and Reinforcement......Page 357
Direct Design Method......Page 358
Equivalent Frame Method......Page 360
Detailing......Page 363
Slope De ection......Page 364
ACI Moment Coefficients......Page 365
Limit Analysis......Page 366
Flexural Members......Page 367
Columns......Page 368
Joints of Frames......Page 369
Brackets and Corbels......Page 371
Footings......Page 372
Types of Footings......Page 373
Size of Footings......Page 374
One-Way Shear......Page 375
Flexural Reinforcement and Footing Reinforcement......Page 376
Dowels on Footings......Page 378
Wall Footings......Page 379
Single-Column Spread Footings......Page 380
Combined Footings......Page 381
Two-Column Footings......Page 382
Strip, Grid, and Mat Foundations......Page 384
Footings on Piles......Page 386
Panel, Curtain, and Bearing Walls......Page 388
Shears Walls......Page 389
Defining Terms......Page 392
References......Page 397
Further Reading......Page 398
Introduction......Page 399
Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting......Page 401
Global......Page 404
U.S.......Page 405
Other Areas......Page 407
Magnitude......Page 410
Time History......Page 412
Elastic......Page 416
Inelastic Response Spectra......Page 421
Response Spectrum Intensity and Other Measures......Page 422
Engineering Intensity Scale......Page 423
Strong Motion Attenuation and Duration......Page 424
Code Approach......Page 434
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis......Page 435
Analytical Methods......Page 441
Empirical Methods......Page 442
Liquefaction and Liquefaction-Related Permanent Ground Displacement......Page 443
Simplified Procedure for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential......Page 448
Purpose of Codes......Page 454
Historical Development of Seismic Codes......Page 455
Selected Seismic Codes......Page 456
Buildings......Page 458
How Earthquake Forces are Resisted......Page 461
Estimation of Earthquake Forces......Page 463
Types of Buildings and Typical Earthquake Performance......Page 464
Bridges......Page 469
Industrial Structures......Page 470
Defining Terms......Page 472
References......Page 474
Further Reading......Page 481
Historical Overview......Page 483
Scope......Page 485
Design Codes......Page 486
Concrete......Page 488
Shear Connectors......Page 490
Simply-Supported Composite Beams......Page 491
Beam Response and Failure Modes......Page 493
The Effective Width of Concrete Flange......Page 495
Elastic Analysis......Page 496
Plastic Analysis......Page 498
Vertical Shear......Page 500
Serviceability Limit States......Page 501
Worked Examplesfootnotemark......Page 502
Effective Width......Page 509
Local Buckling and Classification of Cross-Sections......Page 510
Elastic Analysis of the Cross-Section......Page 512
Plastic Resistance of the Cross-Section......Page 513
Serviceability Limit States......Page 515
Ultimate Limit State......Page 519
The Lateral-Torsional Buckling......Page 522
Worked Examples......Page 523
The Shear Connection......Page 528
The Shear Transfer Mechanisms......Page 529
The Shear Strength of Mechanical Shear Connectors......Page 533
Steel-Concrete Interface Separation......Page 540
Shear Connectors Spacing......Page 541
Transverse Reinforcement......Page 542
The Shear Connection in Fully and Partially Composite Beams......Page 543
Worked Examples......Page 549
Types of Sections and Advantages......Page 554
The Elastic Behavior of the Section......Page 556
The Plastic Behavior of the Section......Page 557
The Behavior of the Members......Page 561
Influence of Local Buckling......Page 565
Shear Effects......Page 566
Restrictions for the Application of the Design Methods......Page 567
Worked Examples......Page 568
Composite Slabs......Page 577
The Steel Deck......Page 578
The Composite Slab......Page 579
Worked Examples......Page 591
Introduction......Page 604
Design Standards......Page 606
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)......Page 607
Limit States Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)......Page 608
Materials and Mechanical Properties......Page 610
Strength Increase from Cold Work of Forming......Page 612
Ductility......Page 613
Maximum Flat-Width-to-Thickness Ratios......Page 614
Stiffened Elements under Uniform Compression......Page 615
Stiffened Elements with Stress Gradient......Page 619
Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener......Page 620
Uniformly Compressed Elements with Intermediatenewline Stiffeners......Page 622
Tension Members......Page 623
Flexural Members......Page 624
Concentrically Loaded Compression Members......Page 640
Cylindrical Tubular Members......Page 645
Welded Connections......Page 647
Bolted Connections......Page 649
Screw Connections......Page 650
Metal Buildings......Page 652
Shear Diaphragms......Page 653
Shell Roof Structures......Page 654
Wall Stud Assemblies......Page 656
Composite Construction......Page 657
Defining Terms......Page 658
The Material......Page 663
Alloy Characteristics......Page 664
Codes and Specifications......Page 665
General......Page 666
Component Behavior......Page 668
Joints......Page 680
Fatigue......Page 681
General Considerations......Page 682
Design Studies......Page 684
Defining Terms......Page 692
Introduction......Page 694
Types of Structures......Page 695
Properties of Wood......Page 696
Loads and Load Combinations......Page 698
 Adjustment of Design Values......Page 699
Beam Design......Page 701
 Moment Capacity......Page 702
 Shear Capacity......Page 704
 Bearing Capacity......Page 706
Tension Member Design......Page 707
Solid Columns......Page 708
Spaced Columns......Page 711
Combined Bending and Axial Tension......Page 712
Biaxial Bending or Combined Bending and Axial Compression......Page 713
NDS Provisions......Page 714
Fastener and Connection Design......Page 715
Nails, Spikes, and Screws......Page 716
 Bolts, Lag Screws, and Dowels......Page 720
 Other Types of Connections......Page 723
Structural Panels......Page 724
Design Resources......Page 725
Shear Walls and Diaphragms......Page 726
Trusses......Page 727
Curved Beams......Page 728
Arches......Page 729
 Deflections......Page 731
 Non-Structural Performance......Page 732
Defining Terms......Page 733
Introduction......Page 736
Classification......Page 738
Design......Page 740
Loads......Page 742
Welding......Page 743
Bolting......Page 746
Fabrication in Shop......Page 747
Painting......Page 748
Reinforced Concrete Bridges......Page 749
Prestressed Concrete Bridges......Page 751
Bents and Piers......Page 761
Introduction......Page 762
Decks......Page 764
Bearings, Expansion Joints, and Railings......Page 766
Bearings (Shoes)......Page 767
Expansion Joints......Page 769
Railings......Page 770
Structural Features......Page 771
Plate Girder (Noncomposite)......Page 772
Composite Girder......Page 775
Grillage Girder......Page 777
Structural Features......Page 779
Structural Analysis and Secondary Stress......Page 780
Gerber Truss Bridge......Page 781
 -Rahmen (Strutted Beam Bridge)......Page 782
Structural Features......Page 783
Langer Bridge......Page 784
Lohse Bridge......Page 785
Structural Features......Page 786
Structural Analysis......Page 787
Tension in Cable......Page 788
Structural Features......Page 790
Structural Analysis......Page 791
Cable Design......Page 793
Stability for Wind......Page 794
Defining Terms......Page 795
Overview......Page 843
Limitations......Page 844
Other Materials......Page 845
Geometries......Page 847
Failure Modes......Page 848
Loads and Load Combinations......Page 849
Nomenclature......Page 850
Uniform Axial Compression......Page 852
Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment......Page 853
Shear......Page 854
External Pressure......Page 855
Allowable Longitudinal and Bending Stresses......Page 856
Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings......Page 857
Intermediate Stiffening Rings......Page 858
For Combination of Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Hoop Compression......Page 859
For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Shear, in the Presence of Hoop Compression,......Page 860
Shells Subjected to External Pressure......Page 861
With Unequal Biaxial Stresses—One Stress Is Compressive and the Other Is Tensile......Page 863
Tolerances for Formed Heads......Page 864
Further Reading......Page 865
Rigid Frames......Page 867
Simple Frames (Pin-Connected Frames......Page 868
Braced Frames vs. Unbraced Frames......Page 869
Sway Frames vs. Non-Sway Frames......Page 871
Classification of Tall Building Frames......Page 872
Floor Structures in Multistory Buildings......Page 873
Composite Floor Systems......Page 875
Composite Beams and Girders......Page 876
Long-Span Flooring Systems......Page 878
Comparison of Floor Spanning Systems......Page 884
Floor Diaphragms......Page 885
Introduction......Page 890
Gravity Frames......Page 891
Bracing Systems......Page 895
Moment-Resisting Frames......Page 901
Tall Building Framing Systems......Page 906
Steel-Concrete Composite Systems......Page 913
Introduction......Page 916
Characteristics of Wind......Page 919
Wind Induced Dynamic Forces......Page 923
Response Due to Along Wind......Page 926
Response Due to Across Wind......Page 932
Torsional Response......Page 937
Response by Wind Tunnel Tests......Page 938
Defining Terms......Page 939
General Introduction......Page 943
Definition of the Space Frame......Page 944
Basic Concepts......Page 945
Advantages of Space Frames......Page 946
Preliminary Planning Guidelines......Page 947
Types and Geometry......Page 948
Type Choosing......Page 950
Method of Support......Page 954
Design Parameters......Page 956
Cambering and Slope......Page 958
Methods of Erection......Page 959
Form and Layer......Page 960
Braced Barrel Vaults......Page 961
Braced Domes......Page 963
Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells......Page 965
Intersection and Combination......Page 967
Design Loads......Page 968
Static Analysis......Page 972
Earthquake Resistance......Page 976
Stability......Page 978
General Description......Page 982
Proprietary System......Page 985
 Bearing Joints......Page 995
Defining Terms......Page 997
Introduction......Page 1001
Components of a Natural Draft Cooling Tower......Page 1002
Damage and Failures......Page 1004
Geometry......Page 1006
Loading......Page 1008
Methods of Analysis......Page 1013
Design and Detailing of Components......Page 1021
Construction......Page 1028
Application......Page 1035
Constructibility......Page 1037
State of the Art Review......Page 1038
Calculation of Loads Using NESC Code......Page 1039
Security Loads......Page 1040
Transverse Loads......Page 1041
Longitudinal Loading......Page 1043
Tower Geometry......Page 1044
Analysis and Design Methodology......Page 1046
Allowable Stresses......Page 1047
Connections......Page 1048
Tower Testing......Page 1049
Stress Analysis......Page 1052
Tubular Steel Poles......Page 1053
Wood Poles......Page 1054
Guyed Poles......Page 1055
Transmission Tower Foundations......Page 1057
Foundation Types---Selection and Design......Page 1058
Anchorage......Page 1060
Foundation Testing......Page 1061
Design Examples......Page 1062
Defining Terms......Page 1065
What Is a Tunnel?......Page 1068
Immersed and Floating Tunnels......Page 1069
Top-Down Construction......Page 1071
Sizing of Tunnel Sections......Page 1072
Principles of Design......Page 1075
Analysis......Page 1076
Analysis of Earthquake Effects......Page 1077
Tunnel Joints......Page 1078
Terminal Joints (Land Connections)......Page 1079
Construction Aspects......Page 1080
Protection Against Ship Traffic and Currents......Page 1081
Introduction......Page 1082
Structural Analysis......Page 1083
Methods of Framing......Page 1084
Analysis in Section: Typical Frame and BOEF Methods of Analysis......Page 1085
Finite Element Analysis......Page 1087
Evaluation of Construction Impact and Mitigation......Page 1089
Introduction......Page 1090
Wet Soil......Page 1091
EPB-TBM......Page 1092
Roadheader......Page 1093
Selection of Lining System in a Rock Tunnel......Page 1094
Unreinforced Concrete Lining......Page 1095
Structural Design of Permanent Concrete Linings in Rock......Page 1096
Lining Loads for Design......Page 1097
Methods of Analysis......Page 1098
Design of Segmental Concrete Linings......Page 1099
Introduction......Page 1100
General......Page 1101
Evaluation of Axial and Curvature Deformations......Page 1103
Evaluation of Ovaling Deformations of Bored/Mined Circular Tunnels......Page 1105
Step 3......Page 1106
Step 4......Page 1107
Step 1......Page 1108
Step 4......Page 1109
Loads Due to Vertical Seismic Motions......Page 1110
Defining Terms......Page 1111
References......Page 1113
Further Reading......Page 1114
Notations......Page 1115
Damage to in Recent Earthquakes......Page 1119
Performance-Based Design Criteria......Page 1121
Background of Criteria Development......Page 1123
Safety Evaluation Earthquake......Page 1124
Earthquake Load......Page 1126
Reinforcement......Page 1127
Dynamic Time History Analysis......Page 1128
Section Properties of......Page 1129
Members......Page 1130
Gusset Plate Connections......Page 1132
Anchor Bolts (Rods) and Anchorage Assemblies......Page 1137
Prying Action......Page 1138
Steel Structures......Page 1139
Determination of SRMDs Properties......Page 1140
Connections......Page 1141
Acceptable Force D/C Ratios and Limiting Values......Page 1142
Beam-Column (Bent Cap) Joints......Page 1147
Acceptance Criteria......Page 1148
Defining Terms......Page 1150
References......Page 1151
Concept......Page 1153
Section Properties......Page 1154
Limiting Effective Slenderness Ratios......Page 1158
Analytical Equation......Page 1159
Graphical Solution......Page 1160
 Acceptable Force D/C Ratios and Limiting Values......Page 1161
Definition of Force Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratios......Page 1162
Force D/C Ratios and Ductility......Page 1163
General Limiting Values......Page 1164
Acceptable Force D/C Ratios......Page 1165
Inelastic Analysis Considerations......Page 1166
Reduced Section Properties......Page 1167
Yield Surface Equation for Doubly Symmetrical Sections......Page 1169
Introduction......Page 1171
Basic Concept......Page 1172
Alignment Chart Method......Page 1173
Requirements for Braced Frames......Page 1176
Simplified Equations to Alignment Charts......Page 1178
Different Restraining Girder End Conditions......Page 1180
Different Restraining Column End Conditions......Page 1181
Column Restrained by Tapered Rectangular Girders......Page 1185
Unsymmetrical Frames......Page 1187
Effects of Axial Forces in Restraining Members in Braced Frames......Page 1188
Consideration of Partial Column Base Fixity......Page 1192
Inelastic K-factor......Page 1193
LeMessurier Method......Page 1194
Lui Method......Page 1196
Rigid Columns......Page 1198
Remarks......Page 1203
Cross Bracing Systems......Page 1204
Laced Columns......Page 1205
Columns with Battens......Page 1207
Columns with Perforated Cover Plates......Page 1210
Built-Up Members with Bolted and Welded Connectors......Page 1212
Tapered Columns......Page 1213
Crane Columns......Page 1214
Columns in Gable Frames......Page 1219
Defining Terms......Page 1220
Introduction......Page 1224
Description of the Stub Girder Floor System......Page 1225
Preliminary Design Procedure......Page 1229
Choice of Stub Girder Component Sizes......Page 1232
Modeling of the Stub Girder......Page 1233
Design Checks for the Bottom Chord......Page 1237
Design Checks for the Shear Transfer Regions......Page 1238
Design of Stubs for Shear and Axial Load......Page 1239
Design of Stud Shear Connectors......Page 1240
Design of Welds between Stub and Bottom Chord......Page 1242
Use of Stub Girder for Lateral Load System......Page 1244
Deflection Checks......Page 1245
Defining Terms......Page 1246
Introduction......Page 1248
Stability of the Compression Flange......Page 1249
Lateral Buckling......Page 1250
Compression Flange of a Box Girder......Page 1251
Web Buckling Due to In-Plane Bending......Page 1252
Web Longitudinal Stiffeners for Bending Design......Page 1253
Ultimate Shear Capacity of the Web......Page 1254
Web Stiffeners for Shear Design......Page 1257
Flexure-Shear Interaction......Page 1258
Steel Plate Shear Walls......Page 1259
In-Plane Compressive Edge Loading......Page 1263
Eccentric Edge Loading......Page 1264
Load-Bearing Stiffeners......Page 1265
Girders with Corrugated Webs......Page 1266
Defining Terms......Page 1269
Introduction......Page 1272
Construction Engineering Can Be Critical......Page 1273
Premises and Objectives of Construction Engineering......Page 1274
Illustrations of Challenges in Constructionbreak Engineering......Page 1275
Examples of Inadequate Construction Engineering Allowances and Effort......Page 1276
Considerations Governing Construction Engineering Practices......Page 1277
Two General Approaches to Fabrication andbreak Erection of Bridge Steelwork......Page 1278
Example of Arch Bridge Construction......Page 1279
Which Construction Procedure Is To Be Preferred?......Page 1280
Example of Suspension Bridge Cable Construction......Page 1284
Example of Cable-Stayed Bridge Construction......Page 1285
Determination of Erection Strength Adequacy......Page 1290
Philosophy of the Erection Rating Factor......Page 1293
Minimum Erection Rating Factors......Page 1295
Construction Practices and Specifications---newline The Future......Page 1296
Concluding Comments......Page 1298
Further Illustrations......Page 1299
Introduction......Page 1333
Absorbing Kinetic Energy......Page 1334
Material Properties for Optimum Design......Page 1339
Section Properties for Optimum Design......Page 1340
An Example of Shock Loading......Page 1344
Defining Terms......Page 1345
Further Reading......Page 1346
Introduction......Page 1347
Weld Types......Page 1348
Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds......Page 1349
Groove Weld Preparations......Page 1351
Interaction of Joint Type and Weld Type......Page 1352
Variables Affecting Welded Connection Strength......Page 1353
Determining Throat Size for Tension or Shear Loads......Page 1354
Determining Throat Size for Bending or Torsional Loads......Page 1355
Treating the Weld as a Line to Find Weld Size......Page 1356
Weld Size for Longitudinal Welds......Page 1358
Heat Input and Weld Size......Page 1363
Single-Pass Minimum Sized Welds......Page 1364
Recognize Steel Properties......Page 1365
Residual Stresses in Welding......Page 1367
Selection of Fillet vs. PJP Groove Welds......Page 1368
Fusible Backing......Page 1369
Weld Tabs......Page 1370
Weld Access Holes......Page 1371
Lamellar Tearing......Page 1372
Flexible Seat Angles......Page 1374
Stiffened Seat Brackets......Page 1375
Web Framing Angles......Page 1376
Top Plate Connections......Page 1377
Directly Connected Beam-to-Column Connections......Page 1378
Understanding Ductile Behavior......Page 1379
Two Residual Stresses Isolated......Page 1380
Residual Stresses Applied......Page 1382
Unique Aspects of Seismically Loaded Structures......Page 1383
Base Metal......Page 1385
Weld Metal Properties......Page 1387
Heat-Affected Zones......Page 1388
Weld Backing......Page 1389
Welds and Bolts Sharing Loads......Page 1390
Weld Access Holes......Page 1391
System Options......Page 1392
Ductile Hinges in Connections......Page 1394
Workmanship Requirements......Page 1400
Fit-Up......Page 1401
Nondestructive Testing......Page 1404
Applications for Nondestructive Testing Methods......Page 1405
Post-Northridge Assessment......Page 1406
Flange Rib Connections......Page 1407
Defining Terms......Page 1408
Introduction......Page 1412
Connection Behavior Classification......Page 1413
PR Composite Connections......Page 1416
Moment-Rotation (M-$theta $) Curves......Page 1420
Design of Composite Connections in Braced Frames......Page 1424
Design for Unbraced Frames......Page 1431
Introduction......Page 1441
Design and Evaluation of Structures for Fatigue......Page 1447
Classification of Structural Details for Fatigue......Page 1449
Distortion and Multiaxial Loading Effects in Fatigue......Page 1454
Low-Cycle Fatigue Due to Seismic Loading......Page 1457
Evaluation of Structural Details for Fracture......Page 1458
Specification of Steel and Filler Metal......Page 1459
Fracture Mechanics Analysis......Page 1461
Summary......Page 1466
Defining Terms......Page 1467
Introduction......Page 1472
Surcharge at Grade......Page 1473
Seismic Loads......Page 1475
Pipe and Contents......Page 1476
Flexible Design......Page 1477
Rigid Design......Page 1485
General......Page 1487
Joint Types......Page 1488
Corrosion Protection......Page 1490
Cathodic Protection......Page 1491
Definition of Reliability......Page 1494
Introduction to Reliability-Based Design Concepts......Page 1495
Random Variables and Distributions......Page 1496
Moments......Page 1499
Concept of Independence......Page 1502
EXAMPLE 26.2:......Page 1503
EXAMPLE 26.3:......Page 1504
EXAMPLE 26.4:......Page 1505
Approximate Analysis of Moments......Page 1506
Statistical Estimation and Distribution Fitting......Page 1507
Basic Problem......Page 1509
More Complicated Limit State Functions Reducible to Form......Page 1510
EXAMPLE 26.5:......Page 1511
EXAMPLE 26.6:......Page 1512
EXAMPLE 26.7:......Page 1513
EXAMPLE 26.8:......Page 1514
Techniques......Page 1515
Monte Carlo Simulation......Page 1518
Introduction......Page 1520
Introduction to Classical System Reliability Theory......Page 1521
Redundant Systems......Page 1522
Examples......Page 1523
Material Properties and Design Values......Page 1525
Design Loads and Load Combinations......Page 1527
Defining Terms......Page 1529
References......Page 1530
Appendix......Page 1532
Introduction......Page 1534
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Structural Systems......Page 1536
Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structural Systems......Page 1539
Energy Formulations......Page 1542
Energy-Based Design......Page 1544
Passive Energy Dissipation......Page 1546
Active Control......Page 1553
Code Development......Page 1555
Concluding Remarks......Page 1557
Introduction......Page 1561
Practical Advanced Analysis......Page 1565
Second-Order Refined Plastic Hinge Analysis......Page 1566
Analysis of Semi-Rigid Frames......Page 1569
Geometric Imperfection Methods......Page 1573
Verifications......Page 1578
Portal Frame......Page 1579
Six-Story Frame......Page 1581
Semi-Rigid Frame......Page 1585
Design Format......Page 1587
Load Combinations......Page 1588
Section Application......Page 1591
Load Application......Page 1592
Ductility Requirements......Page 1593
Computer Program......Page 1595
Hardware Requirements......Page 1597
Execution of Program......Page 1599
Users\' Manual......Page 1600
Roof Truss......Page 1603
Unbraced Eight-Story Frame......Page 1606
Two-Story Four-Bay Semi-Rigid Frame......Page 1609
Defining Terms......Page 1612
Architecture......Page 1618
Failure Modes......Page 1619
General Collapse......Page 1620
Unzipping or Progressive Failure......Page 1622
Materials Problems......Page 1623
Reserve Strength......Page 1624
Joint Efficiency......Page 1626
Application......Page 1629
Summary and Conclusions......Page 1631
Earthquakes......Page 1633
Structural Damage......Page 1635
Liquefaction......Page 1636
Landslides......Page 1641
Weak Clay......Page 1648
Foundation Failure......Page 1653
Foundation Connections......Page 1655
Soft Story......Page 1656
Torsional Moments......Page 1657
Shear......Page 1662
Flexural Failure......Page 1665
Connection Problems......Page 1669
Problem Structures......Page 1672
Surface Faulting......Page 1674
Damage Caused by Nearby Structures and Lifelines......Page 1675
Gravel Drains: Ariake Quay-Wall Improvement Project......Page 1677
Deep Mixing Method: Kawaguchi City Embankment Project......Page 1678
Improving Slope Stability and Preventing Landslides......Page 1679
Soil-Structure Interaction to Improve Earthquake Response......Page 1681
Structural Elements that Prevent Damage and Improve Dynamic Response......Page 1682
Defining Terms......Page 1691
References......Page 1692
Further Reading......Page 1693