Handbook of Solid Waste Management: Sustainability through Circular Economy

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Solid Waste Management, Municipal Solid Waste Management, and Food Waste Management
	1 Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: Towards a Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Potential of MSW to Contribute Circular Economy: a Literature Review
			Waste to energy
			Produce Bioenergy and Value-Added Products
		The Situation of MSW Management in South Asia
			Institutional Arrangement for Waste Management in South Asia
			Generation and Composition of MSW
				Waste Generation and Composition in Bangladesh
				Waste Generation and Composition India
				Other South Asian Countries
			Waste Collection
			Disposal and Treatment of MSW
			The Management of Waste Using WtE Technologies and Circular Economy
		WtE Technology and Its Potentials for Circular Economy: Case Studies
			Case Study-1: Waste-to-Energy in Italy
				Institutional Arrangement and Management of MSW
				The WtE Technologies
			Case Study-2: Waste to Energy in United Kingdom
				Arrangement and MSW Management
				Contribution of WtE to Circular Economy
			Case Study-3: Estonia
				MSW Management and Organization: Estonia
				WtE Technologies
		Discussions
			The Way Forward
				Improving Institutional Arrangement
				Improving to Current Waste Management Practice
				Selection of WtE Technology
				Raising Public Awareness
				Minimizing Environmental and Social Impacts
		Conclusion
		Annexure-A
		References
	2 Research Trends of the Management of Solid Waste in the Context of Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Solid Waste and Circular Economy
		Methodology
		Results
			Evolution of Scientific Production
			Analysis of Scientific Production by Subject Area
			Most Relevant Journals from 1993 to 2019
			The Most Prolific Authors from 1993 to 2019
			Identification of the Most Relevant Institutions
			Characteristics of the Most Relevant Countries in the Research
			Analysis of the Keywords Used During 1993-2019
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Pretreatments of Solid Wastes for Anaerobic Digestion and Its Importance for the Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Solid Wastes for Anaerobic Digestion
		Organic Solid Waste
			Municipal Solid Waste
			Industrial Solid Waste
			Livestock Manure
		Lignocellulosic Biomass
			Agro-industrial Solid Waste
			Forestry Solid Waste
		Production of Biogas by Anaerobic Fermentation
		Production of Biohydrogen by Dark Fermentation
		Production of Biogas and Biohydrogen from Solid Wastes
		Pretreatments of Solid Wastes
		Hydrogen Production by Biomethane Reform
		Steam Reforming
		Partial Oxidation
		The Role of the Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Wastes in the Circular Economy
		Conclusion
		References
	4 Understanding Circular Economy in Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Types of Economy
			Circular Economy
			Linear Economy
		Principles of Circular Economy
			Preservation and Strengthening of Natural Capital (Reduce)
			Resource Yields Optimization (Reuse)
			Negative External Factors Identification (Recycle)
		Characteristics of Circular Economy
			Designed Out of Waste
			Diversity as Strength
			Renewable Energy Sources
			Systematic Thinking
			Transparency in Real Expenses
		Circular Economy as a Development Strategy
		Development of the Circular Economy
		Entrepreneurship and CE
		Current Practices of Circular Economy
			The Case of China as a Single and Major CE Implementer
			Other Practiced Cases
		Assessment of Circular Economy Practices
		Challenges and Barriers to Implementation of a Circular Economy
			From a General Perspective
			From an Entrepreneurial Perspective
			From an Innovation Perspective
			As a Part of Entrepreneurial Strategy
			As an Innovative National Level Development Strategy
			General Policy Recommendations
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Greenways for Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Global Scenario of Solid Waste Statistics
			Projected Waste Generation
		Different Categories of Solid Waste
		General Principles for Solid Waste Management
			Waste Hierarchy
			Life Cycle of a Waste Product
			Resource Efficiency
			Polluter Pays Principle
		Key Method for Solid Waste Management
			Handling and Separation
			Collection
			Transportation
			Processing and Transformation of Solid Waste
			Disposable
		Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
			Litter Surroundings
			Hazardous Impact on Human Health
			Pests and Disease
			Environmental Problems
			Soil and Groundwater Pollution
			Emission of Toxic Gases
			Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
		Green Technology: A Novel Approach for Solid Waste Management
			Concepts
			Why Green Methods Are Required
			Best Practices Within Green Technology
				Recycling
					Recycling Is a Good Option for Electronic Waste Management
					Recycling of Electronic Waste Consists of the Following Two Steps
					Feedback to Market
					Green Concrete: A Recyclable Product of Solid Waste
				Bioremediation
					In Situ Bioremediation Are of Two Types
						Bioventing
						Biosparging
					Ex Situ Bioremediation
						Biopiling
						Land Forming
						Composting
						Mechanical Sorting
						Biological Processing
					Some Bioremediation Process Is Involved in Special Solid Waste
						Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
						Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Compounds
						Bioremediation of Agricultural Waste: Vermiremediation
						Bioremediation of Plastic and Rubber
						Phytoremediation
						Microbial-Assisted Phytoremediation System
						Greening on Dumping Site
						Landfill Capping (Clay and Photocopying)
				Genetic Engineering Technique in Bioremediation
				Genetically Engineered Fungi for Mycoremediation
					Transgenic Plants for Remediation of Heavy Metals and Pollutants
				Role of Nanotechnology in Solid Waste Management: Nanobioremediation
					Source Reduction Technique
					Green and Renewable Energy
					Waste Treatment and Recycling Using Nanotechnology
				Green Manufacturing
				Green Conversion of Solid Wastes (Waste to Energy)
		Policies Responsibilities and Public Awareness to Support the Greenways for Solid Waste Management
		Future Research
		Conclusion
		References
	6 Waste Management in the Changing Climate
		Introduction
		Climate Change Impact to Waste Management
			Disasters Impact from Climate Change
			Waste Situation Under the Flooding Risk
		Flood Waste Management
			Challenges in Waste Management Under Flooding
			Flood Waste Management in Different Phases
		Flood Waste Mitigation and Adaptation Plan
			Impact Evaluation to Mitigation and Adaptation Plan
			Identifying Appropriate Alternative for Mitigation and Adaptation Measure
		Lesson Learned from Bangkok Major Flood 2011
		Guideline for Developing an Action Plan
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Future Perspective of Solid Waste Management Strategy in India
		Introduction
		Solid Waste Generation Status
		Categories of Solid Wastes
			Industrial Wastes
			Agricultural Wastes
			Municipal Solid Wastes
			Radioactive Solid Waste
			Biomedical Waste
			E-Waste
		Composition of Solid Waste
		Evolution of Solid Waste Management Policy and Programs
		Solid Waste Management
			Basic Principles of Solid Waste Management
		Integrated Solid Waste Management
		Hierarchy of Waste Management Options
			Waste Minimization/Reduction at Source
			Recycling and Recovery
			Waste Processing with Recovery of Useful Products and Energy
				Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
				Thermal Treatment (TT)
			Waste Disposal
		Factors Governing Choice of Technology
		Green Technology
			Need of Green Technology
			Goals of Green Technology
			Categories of Green Technology
			Applications of Green Technology in SWM
			Future of Green Technology
		Waste Valorization
		Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management
		Gaps for Sustainable Solid Waste Management
		Conclusion
		References
	8 Assessment of Quality of Compost Derived from Municipal Solid Waste
		Introduction
		Composting
		Materials for Composting
		Microbiology of Composting Wastes
		Variables Controlling Compost
		Types of Composting
		Quality of Compost
		Classification of Compost
		Case Study
		Conclusion
		References
			Internet Resources
	9 Current Waste Management Status and Trends in Russian Federation: Case Study on Industrial Symbiosis
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results and Discussion
			Current Status and Trends of Waste Management in Russia
			Background of CE in Russia
			Case Study on Eco-industrial Park in Novokuznetsk District
		Circular Economy Benefits
		Conclusion
		References
	10 A Transition Toward a Circular Economy: Insights from Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste
		Introduction
		Brazilian Waste Solid Waste Management
			Brazilian Socioeconomic Context Faced with the Worldwide Solid Waste Generation
			Solid Waste Classification According to the National Policy on Solid Waste
			The Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste from the Circular Economy Perspective
				Waste Hierarchy
				Reverse Logistics
				Shared Responsibility
		Barriers for the Adoption of an Efficient Solid Waste Management in Brazil from the CE Perspective
		SWOT Analysis: Brazil´s National Policy on Solid Waste from the Circular Economy Perspective
			Strengths
			Opportunities
			Weakness
			Threats
		Conclusions
		References
	11 Analysis of the Implantation of a System for the Sustainable Management of Solid Urban Waste in Brazil
		Introduction
		Systems for the Management of Recyclable Urban Solid Waste
		Description of the Londrina Case
		Constitution and Composition of the Portfolio of Products from Selective Collection
		Critical Successful Factors for the Effectuation of Management Programs for Solid Waste with the Participation of Collectors
		Synthesis of the Program´s Main Results
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Thermal Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste in the Central Region of Mexico
		Introduction
		Circular Economy
		Coprocessing
		Results
		Conclusion
		References
	13 Developing ``Zero Waste Model´´ for Solid Waste Management to Shift the Paradigm Toward Sustainability
		Introduction
			Background
			Solid Waste: Composition, Sources, and Types
			Current Practices of Solid Waste Management and Its Consequences
				Current Treatment Strategies
					Open Dumping
					Open Burning
			Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
				Minimum Waste Generation
				On-Site Storage
				Waste Collection
				Relocation and Transportation
				Processing and Recovery
				Disposal
		Legal Framework for Solid Waste Management in India
			Governance for Solid Waste Management
			Solid Waste Management Rule, 2016
		Role of Economy in the Solid Waste Management
			From Eco-effectiveness to Eco-efficiency
			Zero Waste Model: A Visionary Concept
				Refuse
				Reduce
				Reuse
				Recycle
				Repot or Compost
				Final Disposal
		Case Studies
			Indore
			Thiruvananthapuram
			Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur
		Conclusion
		References
	14 Food Waste Management Practice in Malaysia and Its Potential Contribution to the Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Solid Waste Generation and Management in Malaysia
		Current Scenario on Food Waste Management in Malaysia
			Landfilling
			Composting
			Macroorganism-Based Bioconversion
			Anaerobic Digestion
		Managing Food Waste Transformation Through Circular Economy Framework
		Efforts in Managing Food Waste for Sustainable Development
		Opportunities and Challenges in Food Waste Management
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Life Cycle Assessment to Support Waste Management Strategies in a Circular Economy Context
		Introduction
		Circular Economy and Life Cycle Assessment
			Eco-Efficiency
			Industrial Ecology
			Industrial Symbiosis
			Reverse Logistics
			Zero Waste
		LCA and Circular Economy
		Life Cycle Assessment and Waste Management
		Circular Economy and Waste Management
			Perspectives and Topics for Further Research
		Case Study
		Conclusion
		References
	16 Circular Economy Approach to Address the Industrial Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Classification of Industrial Waste in the Economy
		Opportunities, Challenges, and Trade-Offs of Industrial Waste Recovery and Recycling Processes
			Waste Recycling
			Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
			Energy Recovery
		Circular Economy Tools and Framework for Industrial Waste Management
			Level(s)
			Environmental Technology Verification
			Product Environmental Footprint and Organization Environmental Footprint
			Ecolabel
			Eco-management and Audit Scheme
			GPP
		Conclusion
		Nomenclature
		References
	17 From Waste to Wealth: Stepping Toward Sustainability Through Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Solid Waste
			Solid Waste Sources and Classification
			Factors Influencing the Composition of Solid Waste
			Impacts of Unmanaged/Poorly Managed Solid Waste
		Solid Waste Management (SWM)
			Informal Sector Involved in Waste Management
			Health and Safety Risks Associated with Informal Recycling
		Economics of Solid Waste Management (SWM)
		Role of Circular Economy in Solid Waste Management
		Environmental and Economic Benefits of Recycling
		Recent Developments and Perspectives of ``From Waste to Wealth´´
		Future Perspective and Challenges
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Agricultural Solid Waste Management
	18 Recovery of Agricultural Waste Biomass: A Sustainability Strategy for Moving Towards a Circular Bioeconomy
		Introduction
			Agriculture as a Strategic Sector for Economic Growth and Global Development
			The Transition from Traditional Intensive Agriculture to a Sustainable Agriculture
				Principles and Problems of the Conventional Intensive Agricultural System
				New Foundations of Agriculture in the Context of Sustainable Development
				Family Farmers as Key Agents in the New Model of Sustainable Development
				The Circular Economy and the Bioeconomy as Transformation Strategies Towards a Sustainable Agriculture
					The Circular Bioeconomy: An Opportunity for the Recovery and Conservation of Biological Resources in Agriculture
				The Bioeconomy: A Priority for the Post-2020 CAP
			Agricultural Biomass as the Main Resource in the Bioeconomy
				Characterization of the Agricultural Waste Biomass (AWB)
				Approaches to the Use of AWB in the Framework of the Bioeconomy
					Main Approaches of Some Bioeconomy Strategies on the Use of AWB
					Main Alternatives for the Valorization of AWB
				The Role of Biotechnology and Bio-Industries in the Sustainable Processing of AWB
				The Importance of AWB Recovery in the Bioeconomy Framework
					Significant Aspects of the Processes of Recovery of AWB
		Conclusions
		References
	19 Sustainable Management of Agricultural Waste in India
		Introduction
		Classification of Agricultural Waste
		Field Residue
		Process Residue
		Livestock Waste
		Fruit and Vegetable Waste
		Composition of Agricultural Waste
		Agricultural Waste Management Strategies
		Thermochemical Conversion (Incineration, Pyrolysis, and Gasification)
		Aerobic Composting and Vermicomposting of Agricultural Waste
		Bioethanol Production by Hydrolysis and Fermentation
		Biogas Production by Anaerobic Fermentation
		Biobutanol Production by ABE Fermentation
		Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation
		Pretreatment Methods
		Physical Pretreatment
		Chemical Pretreatment
		Physiochemical Pretreatment
		Biological Pretreatment
		Conclusion
		References
	20 Solid Waste Management and Policies Toward Sustainable Agriculture
		Introduction
		Solid Waste and Its Type
			What is Waste?
			Solid Waste
			Types of Solid Waste
				Agricultural Waste
				Municipal Waste
				Industrial Waste
		Solid Waste Generation
		Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
		3R Principle for Solid Waste Management
			Reducing, Recycling, and Reusing of Solid Waste Materials
		Sustainable Solution for Solid Waste Management
		Zero Emissions Industrial Ecosystems
		Developing the Production of Bio-products
		Landfill and Open Dumping Sites
		Incineration
		Agriculture Organic Solid Waste
		Valorization of Organic Matter Solid Waste via Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
		Composting
		Industrial Organic Solid Waste
		Municipal/Domestic Food Solid Waste
		Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant for Biogas Production via Anaerobic Digestion Through Valorization
		Policies
			Swachh Bharat Mission
			Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
		Conclusion
		References
	21 Agricultural Solid Waste Management: An Approach to Protect the Environment and Increase Agricultural Productivity
		Introduction
			Components of Agricultural Solid Waste
			Functions of Agricultural Solid Waste Management
		Use of Agricultural Solid Waste
			Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
				Substrate Used for Solid State Fermentation
				Utilization of Agro-Wastes Using Solid State Fermentation
			Use of Algae in Agricultural Solid Waste Management
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Agricultural Bio-wastes: A Potent Sustainable Adsorbent for Contaminant Removal
		Introduction
		Types and Structure of Agricultural Waste
		Agricultural Waste as Adsorbents
			Why Should Agricultural Wastes Be Utilized?
		Current Approaches and Methodologies for Modifying Agricultural Wastes
			Carbonization, Thermal Treatment, and Activation
			Agriculturally Derived Nanostructures and Nanocomposites
			Grafting Via Copolymerization
		Removal of Inorganic Contaminants
			Heavy Metal
			Nitrogen and Phosphorus
			Removal of Organic Contaminants
				Dyes
				Drugs
				Pesticides
				Aromatic Compounds
		Oil Substances
		Adsorption Mechanisms for Organic Pollutant Removal
		Adsorbent Regeneration
		Future Perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	23 Use of Agricultural Wastes in Cementitious Composites
		Introduction
		Agricultural Wastes in Cementitious Composites
			Use as Binder Component
				Palm Oil Fuel Ash
				Rice Husk Ash
				Corn Cob Ash
				Bamboo Leaf Ash
				Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
				Wheat Straw Ash
			Use as Aggregate
				Palm Kernel Shells
				Rice Husks
				Coconut Shell
				Groundnut Shell
				Sawdust
		Challenges with the Use of Agricultural Wastes in Cementitious Composites
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Mass Production of Trichoderma from Agricultural Waste and Its Application for Plant Disease Management
		Introduction
		Benefits of Trichoderma
			Disease Control
			Plant Growth Promoter
			Biochemical Elicitors of Disease
			Transgenic Plants
			Bioremediation
			Biomass Production of Trichoderma on Agricultural Wastes
				Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Various Agro-Waste Products
				Preparation of Sorghum Seeds and Initial Inoculum of T. harzianum
				Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Bagasse
				Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Compost
				Cultivation of Trichoderma Using Paddy Straw
		Method of Application
			Seed Treatment
		Cutting and Seedling Root Dip
		Nursery Treatment
		Soil Treatment
		Plant Treatment
		Furrow Application
		Mechanism of Trichoderma in Biological Control
			Competition for Nutrients
			Mycoparasitism
			Antibiosis
			Tricho-Remediation
			Climate Stress Reliever
		Trichoderma: A Tool for Climate Smart Agriculture
		Trichoderma: A Potential Biocontrol Agent
		Conclusion
		References
	25 Impact of Agricultural Waste Characterization in Biomass: Solar PV Hybrid Mini-grid Performance
		Introduction
		The Concept of Hybrid Mini-grid
			What Is a Hybrid Mini-grid?
			The Importance of Mini-grid Hybridization
		Biomass-Solar PV Hybrid Mini-grid (BSPVHM)
			Biomass Technologies Commonly Used
			System Description
			Biodigester
			Solar PV Panel
			Inverter and Converter
			Energy Management System (EMS)
			Diesel Generator
			Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
		Methodology
		Results and Discussions
		Conclusions and Future Works
		References
	26 Simultaneous Fermentative Production of Lipase and Bio-polymeric flocculants from Produce (Vegetable) Wastes
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Materials
				Chemicals
				Measurement of Lipolytic Activity
				Statistical Optimization of Experimental Variables
					Detection of Lipase-Producing Bacteria
					Visual Screening for Lipase Production in Formulated Vegetable Media
					Kinetics for Lipase Production
				Optimization of Media Components for Lipase Production
			Location of Enzyme
			Response Surface Methodology
			Production of Bacterial Extracellular Polymer
				Structural and Functional Characterization
					Determination of Flocculating Activity of the Extracellular Polymer
		Results and Discussion
			Detection of Lipase-Producing Bacteria
			Characteristics of the Formulated Vegetable Media
			Kinetics for Lipase Production
				Effect of Carbon Sources on Lipase Production
				Effect of Nitrogen Source on Lipase Production
				The Effect of pH on the Lipase Production
				Effect of Temperature on Lipase Production
			Location of Enzyme
			Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Parameters
			Final Equation in Terms of Coded Equation
			Production of Polymeric Flocculant
			Flocculating Potential of the Extracellular Polymer
			Economics of the Formulated Media
		Conclusion
		References
	27 Paddy Straw-Based Circular Economy for Sustainable Waste Management
		Introduction
		Harvesting of Paddy Crop
		Straw Collection
			Postharvest Concept
			Total Harvest Concept
			Baling Machines for Straw Collection
		Paddy Straw: Disposal Problems
		Challenge and Options
		Effects of Paddy Straw in Soil
		Strategies for Residue Management
			In Situ Incorporation
			Role of Cellulolytic Microbes
			Ex Situ Composting
			Livestock Feed
			Ensiling
		Bioconversion of Paddy Straw
			Biomethanation
			Pretreatment
			Co-digestion
			Optimized Process
			Solid State Anaerobic Digestion
		Dry Fermentation
		Biochar Production
		Hydrochar Production
		Electricity Generation
		Bioethanol Production
		Paper and Pulp Industries
		Other Uses of Paddy Straw
		Conclusion
		References
	28 Circular Economy Model for Florists: Need of the Hour
		Introduction and Significance of the Study
		Scope of the Study
		Objectives of the Study
		Review of Literature
		Methodology
		Limitations of the Study
		Findings and Analysis
			Demographic Variable-Wise Classification of Respondents
			Ways to Manage Unsold Flowers
			Flowercycling Activities
			Opinion of Respondents About Feasibility of Recycling Unsold Flowers
			Procedure for Composting Unsold Flowers
				Composters
			Opinion of Respondents About Composting of Unsold Flowers
		Suggestions
		Conclusion
		References
	29 Temple Floral Waste Management in India
		Introduction
		Generation of Wastes at Various Temples
		Existing Practice of Their Disposal
		Exploitation of Waste
		Strategy for Utilization of Floral Wastes
		Utilization of Flowers According to Their Specific Nature
		Technologies Available for Conversion of Floral Wastes into Value-Added Products
			Essential Oil
				Steam Distillation
				Solvent Extraction
				Carbon Dioxide Extraction Process
				Enfleurage
				Hot Enfleurage
		Technologies Available for Making Animal Feed from Flowers
		Technologies Available for Dye Manufacturing
		Technologies Available for Preparation of Biocompost
			Composting
				Phases of Composting
				Methods of Composting
				Methodology
		Vermicomposting
			Major Benefits of Vermicomposting Chamber
				Advantages of Vermicomposting
		Manufacturing of Scented Sticks from Floral Wastes (Help us Green, Kanpur)
		Description of Major Flowers Used in the Offerings
			Lotus
				Composition and Health Benefits
			Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
				Composition of Flower
				Technologies Used for the Production of Essential oil from Hibiscus
					Steam Distillation
					Solvent Extraction
				Nutritional Value of Hibiscus per 100 gm (Hibiscus Benefits and Its Side Effects/Lybrate)
			Rose Flower (Rosa)
				Significance
				Chemical Composition
				Technologies Used for the Production of Rose Essential Oil
					Steam Distillation
					Solvent Extraction
					Carbon Dioxide Extraction
			Jasmine Flower
				Chemical Characteristics
				Preparation of Jasmine Oil
				Preparation of Sample
				Hydrodistillation
				Solvent Extraction
				Supercritical Fluid Extraction
			Marigold
				Chemical Composition
				Therapeutic Values
					Effective Antioxidant
					Antibacterial Properties
				Essential Oil from Marigold
				Preparation of Extracts for Manufacturing Dyes
					Aqueous Extraction Method
					Aqueous: Ethanol Extraction Process
					Solvent Extraction Method
				Preparation of Animal Feed
				Methodology
				Cosmetic Cream
				Fertilizer
		Conclusion
		References
	30 Utility of Fruit-Based Industry Waste
		Introduction
		Occurrence of Bioactive Compounds in Fruit Wastes and Their Applications
			Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste
			Different Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Fruit Wastes
				Phenolic Compounds
					Application of Phenolic Compounds
				Dietary Fiber
					Application of Dietary Fiber
				Enzymes
				Organic Acids
				Flavor
		Other Applications of Fruit Industry Waste
			Lipids
			Essential Oils
			Single-Cell Protein
			Animal Feed
			Biochar
			Production of Different Biofuels
				Biogas
				Biohydrogen
				Bioethanol
				Biodiesel
			Adsorbent
		Identification of Challenges in Fruit Waste Valorization
		Conclusion
		References
	31 Turning Crop Waste into Wealth-Sustainable and Economical Solutions
		Introduction
		Agriculture Sector in Punjab
			Shifts in Cropping Pattern
			Crop Residue Generation and Surplus
		Status of Crop Residue Burning and Its Economic Impact
		Status of Paddy Residue Management in Punjab
		Gainful Crop Residue Management Options
			Mulching/Retention of Residue on Soil Surface
			In situ Incorporation of Crop Residue in the Soil
			Collection/Removal of Crop Residue for Off-Farm Uses
			Promotion of Short-Duration Rice Varieties for Promoting Better Straw Management
			Power Generation
		Policy Initiatives Taken Up by the Government for Crop Residue Management
		Conclusion
		References
	32 Sustainable and Economical Approaches in Utilizing Agricultural Solid Waste for Bioethanol Production
		Introduction
		Issue of Open-Field Burning of ASW as a Major Sustainability Concern
		Biofuel Policy in India
			Salient Features of NPB-2018
		Agricultural Solid Waste as a Potential Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
		Process of Bioethanol Production from Agricultural Solid Waste
			Pretreatment Technology of Lignocellulosic Biomass
				Process Modeling of Pretreatment Methods to Improve Fermentable Sugar Release
				Physical Pretreatment
				Chemical Pretreatment
				Integrated Physicochemical Pretreatment
				Inhibitors from Biomass Pretreatment and Their Removal to Improve Ethanol Production
				Novel Pressure-Driven Membrane System for the Removal of Inhibitors from Hydrolysate
				Biological Pretreatment
			The novel Ethanol Fermentation Process for Hydrolyzed Agricultural Solid Waste
				Novel Microbial Strains for Ethanol Production
				Optimized Process Condition for Improved Ethanol Production
				Design and Optimization of Ethanol Production
		Sustainable Framework and Process Economics of Bioethanol Production
			Sustainability Principles for Biofuel Production
			Sustainability Index of the Process
			Lifecycle Assessment as a Sustainability Index Tool of Bioethanol Production
		Future Prospects
		Conclusion
		References
	33 A Community-Driven Household Waste Management System in the Tea Plantation Sector: Experiences from Sri Lanka Toward a Circ...
		Introduction
		Importance of the Waste Management System in the Plantation Sector in Sri Lanka
		Challenges in the Traditional Waste Management Systems in the Plantation Sector
		Project Overview
			New Approach to Manage Suburban and Rural Domestic Waste
		Key Features and Principles of the Novel Waste Management Program
		Reusing and Circulation of Plastic Materials Within the System
		Main Stakeholders of the Project
		Project Implementation
			Channel 1: Through Child Development Centre Parent Committees (CDCPCs)
			Channel 2: Via Local Schools
		Project Benefits
		Project´s Challenges and Way Forward
			Challenges
		Remedial Actions Pursued
			Lessons Learned
		Conclusion
		References
	34 Sludge Waste Management Techniques and Challenges in Water Resources Supply
		Introduction
		Sludge Management Practice in Several Countries
		Sludge Disposal Options in Water and Wastewater Treatment System
			Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Treatment Sludge
			Dewatering of Wastewater Treatment Sludge
			Thermal Process of Wastewater Treatment Sludge
				Incineration
				Gasification
				Pyrolysis
			Land-Based Applications
			Reuse of Water Treatment Sludge as Construction Materials
			Reuse of Water Treatment Sludge in Pollutant Removal
		Challenges of Water and Wastewater Treatment Sludge Management Options
		Conclusion
		References
	35 Optimal Management of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Using Mathematical Modeling: A Case Study in Valencia
		Introduction
		Leachate Production in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
			Leachate Composition
			Leachate Generation
				Leachate Flow Through the Landfill
				Hydraulic Conductivity
				Field Capacity
		Modeling Leachate Production in Landfills
			Models Based on the Water Balance Equation
			Models Based on the Flow Equation
		BIOLEACH Model
			Calculation of Leachate Production in BIOLEACH. Water Balance Equation Formulation
			Leachate Recirculation
				Criterion 1: Biogas Production Criterion
				Criterion 2: Hydrological Criterion
		Case Study: MSW Landfill in Valencia Region (Spain)
			Available Data
			Results
				Scenario 1: Landfill Management Using Classical Techniques Without Leachate Recirculation
				Scenario 2: Landfill Management Considering the Possibility of Recirculating Leachate to the Landfill Surface
				Scenario 3: Landfill Management as a Bioreactor, Considering the Possibility of Recirculating Leachate Both into the Waste Mas...
			Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	36 Contribution of a Well-Managed Landfill to Sustainable Development
		Introduction
		Landfill Operations in Relation to the Sustainable Development Goals
		Waste Compositions and Disposal in Landfills
		Waste Management Policies as Applicable to Landfilling in Different Countries
		Overview of a Sustainable Landfill Design
		Placing Sustainable Landfills Within the Circular Economy
		Conclusion
		References
	37 Phytoremediation: A Cost-Effective Tool for Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Heavy Metal Pollution
		Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination
		Traditional Remediation of Contaminated Soil
		Hyperaccumulators
		Criteria to Select Plants for Phytoremediation
		Metal Hyperaccumulators Plants
		Phytoremediation
		Phytoextraction of Metals
		Mechanism of Phytoextraction
			Examples of Phytoextraction
		Continuous Phytoextraction
		Induced Phytoextraction
		Rhizofiltration
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Phytostabilization
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Phytovolatilization
		Phytodegradation
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Phytostimulation or Rhizodegradation
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil
		Water Hyacinth as Phytoremediation Plant
		Hydraulic Control
		Phytoscreening
		Benefits
		Limitations
		Forensic Phytoremediation
		Phytoremediation Through Genetically Engineered Plants
			Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil
			Role of Plant-Associated Microbes in Heavy Metal Phytoremediation
			Phytoremediation of Polluted Water by Trees
			Buffer Strips/Riparian Corridors
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
			Role of Genetics
			Limits of Phytoremediation at Hazardous Waste Sites
			Root System
			Growth Rate
			Contaminant Concentration
			Impacts of Contaminated Vegetation
		Conclusion
		References
	38 Bioremediation of Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Environmental Issues of Solid Waste
		Concept of Bioremediation and Current Technologies
			Current Technologies: Kinds of Bioremediation
				Types of Bioremediation
					Bioventing
					Enhanced Bioremediation
					Phytoremediation
					Mycoremediation
					Biopiles or Windrows
					Composting
					Land Farming
					Slurry-Phase Biological Treatment
			Comparison of Technologies
		Methodology for the Implementation of Bioremediation Technology
			Feasibility Assessment
			Data Requirements
				Physical Properties
				Chemical Composition
				Maximum Allowable Concentrations
				Regulatory Requirements
			Treatable Contaminants
				Treatability Studies
				Bench Testing
				Pilot Trial
				Finalizing Style
				Anaerobic Bioremediation
			Validation
			In Situ Bioremediation
				Ex Situ Bioremediation
				Health and Safety
			Phytoremediation Method
				Applicability
					Contaminants
					Site Conditions
					Processes of Phytoremediation
					Types of Phytoremediation
					Harvesting/Disposal of Plant Material
					Implementation
					Groundwater Remediation Methods
						Rhizofiltration
						Phytotransformation
						Plant-Assisted Bioremediation
				Soil Remediation Methods
					Phytoextraction
					Phytostabilization
					Plant-Assisted Bioremediation
				Phytoremediation Technology Performance
					General
					Cost Information
				Phytoremediation Technology Advantages
				Phytoremediation Technology Limitations
		Precautions for Implantation of Bioremediation Technology
			Underground Water Remediation
			Sewage Treatment
			Drinking Water Treatment
			Rainwater Treatment
			Soil Remediation
			Indoor Air Purification and Atmospheric Pollution Remediation
		Merits and Demerits of Bioremedition Technology
			Merits of Bioremediation
				This Practice Is Highly Lucrative
				Keeps the Environment Clean and Fresh
				Saves the Earth and Conserves Energy
				Reduces Environmental Pollution
				Waste Management Will Help you Earn Money
				Creates Employment
			Demerits of Waste Management
				The Process Is Not Always Cost-Effective
				The Resultant Product Has a Short Life
				The Sites Are Often Dangerous
				The Practices Are Not Done Uniformly
				Waste Management Can Cause More Problems
		Conclusion
		Recommendations
		References
	39 Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Effluent Pits and Soil Plot for Pollution Control and Environment Protection
		Introduction
		Bioremediation Technology
			Technology Development Stages
			Crude Oil
			Characterization of Oily Waste
			Bioremediation Approaches
				Bioremediation Treatment Technologies
				Land Farming
				Composting
				Slurry Bioremediation
				Phytoremediation
			Historical Perspective
			Need for Bioremediation
			Major Contributors of Oil Spillage in Oil Industry
				The Drilling Process
					Oil Spillage from Drilling Operations
				Production Process
			Principle of Bioremediation
			Bioremediation Strategies
			The Biological and Chemical Processes of Bioremediation
				Biological Process
				Chemical Process
			Environmental Requirements
			Factors Affecting Rates of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons
			Chemical Composition of Petroleum
			Concentration of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons
			Adaptation
			Phytoremediation
			Bioremediation by INBIGS
			Materials and Methods
			Field Application of Bioremediation in Effluent Pits
			Determination of Oil Content
			Case Studies of Bioremediation by INBIGS
				Field Implementation of Bioremediation
			Photographs of some Bioremediated Pits
		Conclusion
		References
	40 Bioremediation: Harnessing Natural Forces for Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Concept of Waste
		The Exigency to Harness Natural Forces
		Bioremediation
		Principle of Bioremediation
		Factors Affecting Bioremediation
		Organisms (Biological Agents)
		Bioremediation Strategies
		Bioattenuation
		Classification of Bioremediation Based on the Type of Natural Agent Involved
			Microbial Bioremediation
			Mycoremediation
			Phycoremediation
			Phytoremediation
			Enzymatic Bioremediation
			Oxidoreductases
			Hydrolases
		Bioremediation Techniques for Waste Management
			Landfarming
			Biocomposting
			Bioleaching
			Bioreactors
			Bioventing
		Applications of Bioremediation
		Limitations of Bioremediation
		Synthetic Biology: An Emerging Ingenious Technology in Escalating Bioremediation Efficacy
		Bioremediation Comprehending a Circular Economy Perspective
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Plastic Waste Management, Rubber Waste Management, Textile Waste Management, and E-Waste Management
	41 Utilization of Plastic Wastes and Its Technologies: An Overview
		Introduction
			Global Scenario of Plastic Waste
			Plastic Waste Generation: Indian Scenario
			Plastic Waste Management: Current Scenario
			Landfilling of Waste Plastics
		Recycling of Plastic Wastes
			Mechanical Recycling
			Chemical Recycling
		Plastic Waste Management: Modern Approaches
			Plasma-Assisted Pyrolysis
				Feeder Section
				Plasma Torch and Power Supply
				Scrubber
				Induced Draft Fan and Chimney
				Pyrolyzer/Reactor
			Biodegradable Plastics
			Other Technologies
		Recent Approaches in India
			Waste Plastic to Fuels (Pyrolysis)
			Plasma Pyrolysis Technology
			Polymer-Blended Bitumen
			Co-processing of Plastic
		Toward Circular Economy Through Green Chemistry
		Conclusion and Moving Forward
		References
	42 Integrated Strategy of Plastic Waste Management to Green Environmental Sustainability and Health Care
		Introduction
		Universal Consequence of Left-over Plastics
			Plastic Manufacture, Ingesting, and Waste Generation: Worldwide Consequence
			Plastic Manufacture, Ingesting, and Waste Generation: Indian Consequence
			Reducing the Consumption of Plastic
		Edification and Consciousness
		Refining the Discarding of Waste
		Removal and Assortment of Waste
		Processing and Sustainability
			Avoiding Littering
		Waste Management Strategies
		Energy Recovery from Plastics Waste
		Ecological Pollutant Strategies
			Management of Plastic Left-over
			Reuse, Recycling, Ignition, and Landfill
		Conclusion
		References
	43 Recent Innovations in Chemical Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste: A Circular Economy Approach Toward Sustainabi...
		Introduction
			Introduction of PET
			Introduction of Circular Economy
		Physical Properties of PET
		Synthesis of PET
			Esterification Reaction
			Transesterification Reaction
		Applications of PET
		Recycling of Post-Consumer PET: Circular Economy Concerns
			Primary/Re-extrusion
			Secondary/Mechanical Recycling
			Tertiary/Feedstock/Chemical Recycling
				Hydrolysis
				Methanolysis
				Glycolysis
			Quaternary Recycling/Energy Recovery
		Glycolytic Depolymerization of PET
			Catalyzed Glycolysis
				Metal Salt
				High Surface Area Catalysts: Nanocomposite-Based Catalysts
				Recyclable Catalyst: Ionic Liquid
			Subcritical and Supercritical Glycolysis
			Microwave-Assisted Glycolysis
			Enzymatic Glycolysis
		PET Recycling, Circular Economy, and Sustainability
		Conclusion
		References
	44 Stakeholders Perception of Used Plastics
		Introduction
			Plastic Waste and Its Challenges
		Solid Waste Situation in Nepal
		Solid Waste Management in Nepal
		Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nepal (SWM)
		The Problem
		Theoretical Framework: Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
		Method and Data
		ISWM in Nepalese Municipality
		Stakeholders´ View
			Plastic Waste and Its SWM
			Management and Cost Responsibilities of SWM
		The Solution to Plastic Waste Management
			Recover Material from Solid Waste
			Sustainable Financing
			Environmental and Social Benefits
		Complementing Strategies for the ISWM in Nepal
			Household Behavioral Change
			Scaling up the Recovery Rate and Collection Efficiency
			Tax and Charges on Plastic Goods
			Landfill Management
		Conclusion
		References
	45 Biopolymer-Based Liners for Waste Containment Facilities: A Review
		Introduction
		Biopolymers
		Hydraulic Conductivity of Biopolymer-Treated Soils
		Strength of Biopolymer-Treated Soils
		Durability
		Sustainable Development and Circular Economy
		Conclusion
		References
	46 Solid Waste Management in Textile Industry
		Introduction
		Classification of Textile Fiber
			Natural Fiber
			Regenerated Fiber
			Synthetic Fiber
		Environmental Impact of Fibers
			Cotton and Wool
			Rayon and Tencel
			Nylon and Polyester
		Classification of Textile Waste
			Pre-consumer Waste
			Post-consumer Textile Waste
			Soft and Hard Waste
		Causes of Textile Waste Generation
			Industrialization
			Modern Lifestyle
			Rapid Change in Fashion
			Easy and Cheap Availability of Textiles
			Lack of Consumer Awareness About Environment Friendliness
			Lack of Strict Government Policies
			Lack of Classic Designs
			Low Popularity of Secondhand Clothing
			Lack of Systematic Pipeline of Textile Recycling
		Major Textile Waste-Generating Activities
		Necessity of Textile Waste Management
		Principles of Textile Waste Management
			Rethink
			Reduce
			Reuse/Upcycle
			Recycle
			Reintroduce
		Upcycling and Recycling of Textile Waste
			Traditional Textile Upcycling and Recycling Processes
				Textile Waste Upcycling and Recycling Processes at Household Level
				Textile Waste Upcycling and Recycling Processes at Crafts Sector
		People of Wagdi Community
		People of Kathiyawad Community
		Traders of Secondhand Clothing (SHC)
			Real Fabric Zari (Gold and Silver Work) Extractors
			Fabric Scrap Collectors
		Secondhand Clothes (SHC) Retailers
			Modern Textile Waste Upcycling and Recycling Processes
				Mechanical Recycling
				Chemical Recycling
				Bio-recycling
		Modern Concepts of Textile Waste Management
			Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
			Extended Producers Responsibility
			Take-Back Program
			Recycling-Based Entrepreneurship
			Online Market Place
			Circular Textile Program
		Benefits of Textile Waste Management
			Reduction of Environmental Pollution
			Positive Impact on Economy of Country
			Clothes for the Poor and Disaster Relief Purpose
			Conservation of Natural Resources
			Reduction of Pressure on Virgin Materials
			Enhancement of Creative Ability
			Contribution Towards Business Generation
			Employment Regeneration
			Global Impact
			Social Progress
		Constraints for Indian Textile Recycling Industry
			Lack of Awareness Among Citizens
			Lack of Proper Channel
			Neighbor Country Competitions
			Lack of New Technologies
			Lack of Government Support
		Things to Consider for Improving Waste Management Practices
		Conclusion
		References
	47 Turning Plastic Wastes into Textile Products
		Introduction
		Plastics: From Production to Waste Generation
			The Recycling Methods of Plastic Wastes
		Textile Industry and Sustainability
			Recycling of Plastics in Textile Industry
			Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Approaches in Recycling Plastic Wastes in the Textile Industry
			Recycled Pet Fiber in Textile Industry
			Fast-Fashion Trend in Textile Sector
		The Role of Life Cycle Assessment in Circular Economy
			Example of a Life Cycle Assessment of rPET
		Consumer Attitudes Toward Recycled Textiles
		Precursor Brands and Retailers of Textile Industry Supporting the Use of Recycled Plastics
		Conclusion
		References
	48 Sources and Fates of Textile Solid Wastes and Their Sustainable Management
		Introduction
		Waste Management
			Definition
			Principle
				Waste Management Systems
				Waste Management Criteria
				Waste Hierarchy
		Textile Solid Waste Management
			Sources and Common Fates
			Sustainable Development in Waste Management
			Sustainability in the Context of Textile Solid Waste Management
			Current Strategies to Treat the Textile Solid Waste
		Case Study: Bangladesh Scenario
		Some Promising Methods for Textile Solid Waste Management
			Composting
			Regeneration of Valuable Products from Textile Solid Waste
			Radiation Technology to Decontaminate Textile Sludge
			Briquettes from Textile Sludge
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	49 Reuse of Textile ETP Sludge into Value-Added Products for Environmental Sustainability
		Introduction
		Textile Wet Processing Industry
			Textile Sludge
			Harmful Effects of Textile Sludge
				Aquatic Life
				Soil
				Health Risk
			Reuse of Textile Sludge
			Bricks
			Concrete
			Building or Construction Materials
			Fertilizers
			Biogas
			Adsorbent
			Defoamer
		Conclusion
		References
	50 Bio-management of Textile Industrial Wastewater Sludge Using Earthworms: A Doable Strategy Toward Sustainable Environment
		Introduction
		Environmental Pollution Associated with the Textile Industry
			Textile Dye Pollution
			Solid Waste and Wastewater Sludge Pollution
		Disposal of Textile Industrial Sludge Employing Biological Methods
			Anaerobic Digestion
			Composting Technology
			Vermicomposting Technology
		Suitable Earthworm Species for Remediation of Textile Industrial Sludge
			Earthworm Degradation Process
			Potential Earthworm Mechanism for Nutrient Enrichment
			Nitrogen (N) Dynamics
			Phosphorus (P) Dynamics
			Potassium (K) Dynamics
			Microelements
		Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Internal Body of the Earthworms
		The Pivotal Role of Vermicompost in Crop Production
		Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
	51 Integrated Biotechnological Interventions in Textile Effluent Treatment
		Introduction
		Non-biological Processes and Their Drawbacks
			Physical Methodologies
			Chemical Methodologies
		Drawbacks
		Biotechnological Processes
			Enzymes and Whole Cell Biocatalysts (WCBs)
			Microbial Fuel Cells
			Nano-biotechnology
			Functional Metagenomics
		Challenges and Future Perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	52 Effects of Marine Littering and Sustainable Measures to Reduce Marine Pollution in India
		Introduction
		Mobility of Plastic from the Economy to the Marine Environment
		The Current Situation on Global Marine Littering
			Global Mismanaged Plastic
			Global Ocean Plastic Source: Land Versus Marine
		Marine Littering in India Cause and Effect
			Pathways to Marine Littering in India
			Plastic Inputs from Indian River Catchments into the Global Marine
		Actions to Mitigate Marine Littering in India
			Impact of EPR on Recycling
				Impact of EPR on Job Creation
				Impact of EPR on the Quantity of Waste Collected
			Impact of Beach Cleaning
			Ocean Cleaning
			Awareness Creation
		Model Demonstrating the Current and Projected Impact of Several Waste Management Pathways
		Importance of Collaborating International and Regional Marine Debris Network in Mitigating Marine Littering
			Global Efforts to Support Marine Litter Actions
			G20 Action
			Network Comparison and Connection Between Regional, National, and Global Marine Debris Network
		Conclusion
		References
	53 Utilization of Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
		Introduction
		Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
			Composition of Tyre Wastes
			Processing of Tyre Wastes
			Types of Tyre Wastes Used in Cementitious Composites
		Properties of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Tyre Wastes
			Physical Properties
				Workability
				Density
			Thermal Properties
			Acoustic Properties
			Mechanical Properties
				Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity
				Tensile and Flexural Strength
			Durability Properties
				Permeability
				Drying Shrinkage
				Resistance to Physical Attacks
				Resistance to Chemical Attacks
			Interfacial Properties
		Benefits of Using Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
		Major Challenges with the Use of Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
		Prospects for the Use of Tyre Wastes in Cementitious Composites
		Conclusion
		References
	54 Circular Economy in the Concrete Industry
		Introduction
		Circular Economy in the Concrete Industry
		Circular Economy Initiatives in the Concrete Industry
		Circular Economy Challenges in the Concrete Industry
		Future of Circular Economy in the Concrete Industry
		Conclusion
		References
	55 Experimental Investigation of Physiochemical Properties of Cement Mortar Incorporating Clay Brick Waste Powder: Recyclable ...
		Introduction
		Literature Review
			Pozzolanic Index of CBW
			Mechanical Properties of Mortars
			Durability Properties of Mortars
		Experimental Program
			Materials and Mix Proportions
			Methodology
		Result and Discussion
			Particle Size Analysis
			Findings
		Conclusion
		References
	56 A Sustainability Approach to Geopolymer Brick Manufacture Using Mine Wastes
		Introduction
		Siginificance of work
			Experimental Program
			Experiment and Test Methods
			Results and Discussions
		Conclusion
		References
	57 Integrated Electronic Waste Management: Issues and Strategies
		Introduction
		E-Waste: A Global Issue
		Life Cycle of E-Waste
		E-Waste Management in India
		Existing Legislation for E-Waste in India
		E-Waste Management Issues
			Impacts of Informal Recycling
			E-Waste Disposal Methods in India
			E-Waste Management Strategies
			Waste Management Strategies in Developing Countries
			Waste Management Strategies in Developed Countries
			Regulations and Policies for E-Waste
			Producer´s Responsibility in E-Waste Management
			Reprocessing of E-Waste
			Training and Awareness Programs on Electronic Waste Management
		Conclusion
		References
	58 e-Waste Management: A Transition Towards a Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Global e-Waste Scenario
		WEEE Management in Developed and Developing Countries
			Case Scenario: India
			Strategic Approaches
				DEMATEL Method
				Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		Hazardous Materials Found in e-Waste and Their Impact on Health and Environment
		Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to Develop a Circular Economy
		Challenges Associated with e-Waste Recycling
		WEEE Characterization
		Conclusion
		References
	59 Management of E-Waste: Technological Challenges and Opportunities
		Introduction
		What Is e-Waste?
			Definition
			Categories of e-Waste
			Material Composition
			Key Statistics
			Legislations for e-Waste
		Current Practices of e-Waste Management and Its Challenges
			Landfill Disposal
			Thermal Treatment
				Open Burning of e-Waste
				Incineration
				Gasification
				Pyrolysis
			Physical/Mechanical Processes
				Dismantling and Sorting
				Size Reduction
				Separation
				Challenges in Physical/Mechanical Treatment of e-Waste
			Chemical/Metallurgical Processes
				Pyrometallurgical Process
				Hydrometallurgical Process
			Biometallurgy Process
				Biosorption
				Bioleaching
			Advanced e-Waste Management Technologies
			Treatment of e-Waste Contaminated Surrounding
		Sustainable Opportunities in e-Waste Management
			Development of Circular Economy
			Urban Mining of e-Waste Has Emerged as Business Opportunity
			Opportunities in e-Waste Management for Government
			Opportunities in e-Waste Management for Consumer
		Conclusion
		References
	60 Exploring E-waste Management: Strategies and Implications
		Introduction
		E-waste
		Human Toxicity of Hazardous Substances in E-waste
		Environmental Aspects
		E-waste Implications in Developing Nations
		E-waste Management Strategies
		E-waste Treatment
		Global Initiatives and Implications
		Conclusion
		References
	61 E-Waste Management: Rising Concern on Existing Problems, Modern Perspectives, and Innovative Solutions
		Introduction
			Urbanization Trend and Waste Generation: Current and Future Scenario of E-waste
			Composition of E-waste
			Sources of E-waste
			Types of E-waste and Its Hazard
				Type 1: Major Appliances
				Type 2: Small Appliances
				Type 3: Computer and Telecommunication Appliances
				Type 4: Consumer Electronics
				Type 5: Lighting Devices
				Type 6: Electrical and Electronic Tools
				Type 7: Toys and Leisure
				Type 8: Medical Devices
				Type 9: Monitoring Devices
				Type 10: Vending Machines
		E-waste Management
			Preview of E-waste: A Global Challenge
				Consequences of E-waste on Human Health
				Effects of E-waste in Future
			E-waste Treatment Technologies
				Treatment Stages of E-waste: Comparative Scenario
				Environmentally Encyclopedic E-waste Treatment Technologies
					First Level Treatment of E-waste
						Collection, Decontamination, Dismantling, and Segregation
					Secondary Level Treatment
					Third Level Treatment
			Other Treatment Methods
			Environmentally Responsible E-waste Disposal Methods
				Importance of Repair, Reuse, and Recycle
					BMW´s Gas-To-Energy Project
					Silicon Circuit Boards
					Boards and Dissolvable Batteries
			E-waste: Innovative Solutions
				Eco-friendly Laptops
				Green Chargers and Solar Power Banks
				Wooden Keyboards and Other Materials
			Regulations on E-waste
				Extended Producer Responsibility (WEEE): Redefining E-waste Management
				The Handy Kiosks: Empowering People to Manage E-waste
			Innovative Approach on Management of E-waste
			NaMo E-waste Processing
		Conclusion
		References
	62 Consumer´s Awareness and Perception Towards E-Waste Management
		Introduction
		Understanding Past Research Through Literature
		Concerns Addressed in This Chapter
		Main Issues Focused
		Process Adapted to Understand the Issues
		Discussion and Analysis
		Conceptual Framework
		Conclusion
		References
	63 Recycling and Management of Lithium Battery as Electronic Waste
		Introduction
			Electronic Waste
			Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
		Recycling of LIBs
		Recycling Approaches
		Currently Utilized Recycling Procedures
		Pretreatment
			Battery Sorting
			Component Separation and Size Reduction
			Removing Current Collector and Binder
			Graphite Separation
		Hydrometallurgical Method
			Sulfate System
			Chloride System
			Nitrate System
		Pyrometallurgical Method
		Biometallurgy
		Trends and Challenges for Recycling
		Economic Evaluation
		Challenges of Recycling
		Conclusion
		References
	64 Recycling of Rechargeable Batteries: A Sustainable Tool for Urban Mining
		Introduction
		Background of Rechargeable Batteries
		Environmental Impacts due to Battery Disposal
		Recycling Technologies for Waste Batteries
			Pyrometallurgical
			Hydrometallurgy
			Biohydrometallurgy
		Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Hazardous Waste Management, Bio-waste Management, Waste Water Management, Solid Waste to Energy
	65 Hazardous Waste Management, Challenges, and Risks in Handling Laboratory Waste in Universities
		Introduction
			Background
			Current Issues and Management
		Literature Review
			Scheduled Waste
				Definition of Scheduled Waste
				Scheduled Waste Characteristics
			Scheduled Waste Best Management Practices and Policies
				Malaysia
				European
				Asian
			Institutional and Administrative Changes for Privatization
			Standard Operating Methods
				Packaging and Labeling Scheduled Wastes in Malaysia
				Storage Designs for Managing Scheduled Wastes
				Organizing Containers Carrying Scheduled Wastes
		Materials and Method
			Methodology
			Sampling Area
			Universiti Sains Malaysia´s Scheduled Waste Management System
			Data Collection and Analysis
				Analysis of Data over a Period of Three Years
				Descriptive Literature Research on Evaluation of Scheduled Waste
		Results and Discussion
			Generation of Scheduled Waste in Study Area
			Observational Analysis on Storage Facility Management
			Evaluation of Risk and Hazard of Scheduled Waste
		Conclusion
		References
	66 The Global Menace of Hazardous Waste: Challenges and Management
		Introduction
		Hazardous Waste Sources
		Listed Wastes
		Hazardous Waste Effect on Environment and Public Health
		Hazardous Effect of Heavy Metals
		Hazardous Effect of Pesticides
		Hazardous Effect of Hydrocarbons
		Hazardous Effect of Radioactive Materials
		Hazardous Effect of Plastic Waste
		Methods of Sampling and Measurement for Hazardous Wastes
		Hazardous Wastes Sample Collection Containers
		Measures for Quality Control for Sampling Hazardous Wastes
		Hazardous Waste Sample Preparation
		Quality Control of Hazardous Wastes Samples
		Hazardous Wastes Storage, Collection, and Transportation Methods and Techniques
		Hazardous Waste Sample Vault or Dome
		Hazardous Waste Sample Container
		Hazardous Wastes Containment Building
		Hazardous Wastes Conveyors or Transporters
		Methods for Hazardous Wastes Reduction, Minimization, and Recycling
		Technologies for Hazardous Wastes Treatment and Disposal
		Radioactive Wastes Management
		High-Level Radioactive Waste (Spent Nuclear Fuel)
		Radioactive Waste Sources
		Radioactive Waste Classification
		Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Wastes
			Low- and Intermediate-Level Liquid Wastes (LIL)
			Low- and Intermediate-Level Solid Wastes (LIS)
			Low- and Intermediate-Level Gaseous Wastes (LIG)
		High-Level Radioactive Wastes (HLW)
		Vitrification and Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
		Conclusion
		References
	67 Inorganic and Organic Pollutants in Baltic Sea Region and Feasible Circular Economy Perspectives for Waste Management: A Re...
		Introduction
		Pollution Sources in the Baltic Sea
		Sediment Dredging
		Metal Pollution
		Eutrophication
		Organic Pollutants
		Beach Wrack in the Coastal Zone Baltic Sea: An Ecological Asset or a Nuisance?
		Biowaste Management
			Biowaste Generation, Associated Problems, and Management
			Conversion of Biowaste into Biochar
			Conversion of Biowaste into Biogas
		Conclusion
		References
	68 Opportunities for Circular Initiatives via Waste Recovery in the Region of Campos Gerais, Brazil
		Introduction
		Theoretical Constructs
			Circular Economy
			Industrial Ecology, Industrial Symbiosis, and Existing Global Initiatives Toward Greater Circularity
		Methods
		Alternatives for Value Recovery of Waste Streams in the Campos Gerais Region, Paran
		Conclusion
		References
	69 Insight into Pharmaceutical Waste Management by Employing Bioremediation Techniques to Restore Environment
		Introduction
		A General View of Pharmaceuticals
		Pharmaceutical Waste
		Criteria for Hazardous Pharmaceutical Waste
		Classification of Pharmaceutical Waste
		Sources of Pharmaceutical Waste
			Pharmaceutical Industries
			Healthcare Institutions
			Household Pharmaceutical Waste
			Human Uptake of Pharmaceuticals
			Agriculture and Agro-Products
		Persistence and the Fate of Pharmaceuticals
		Impacts of Pharmaceutical Waste
		Essentiality of Bioremediation for Environmental Restoration
		Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Waste
		Enzymatic Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Waste
			Oxidoreductases
		Membrane Bioreactors
			Aerobic Treatment of Pharmaceutical Waste
			Anaerobic Treatment of Pharmaceutical Waste
			Hybrid Systems (Anaerobic+Aerobic)
		Circular Economy: A Novel Perspective for Pharmaceutical Waste Management
		Innovative Approaches for Mitigating the Risk of Pharmaceutical Waste
		Conclusion
		References
	70 Recycling Waste Biopolymers via Electrospinning for Water Treatment: Waste to Wealth Roadmap, Future Perspective, and Chall...
		Introduction
		Fundamentals of Electrospinning Process
		Lignocellulosic Biopolymers and Their Derivatives as Electrospun Nanofibers (ENFs)
			Cellulose and Its Derivatives
				Cellulose
				Nanowhiskers of Cellulose (CNWs)
				Functionalized/Derivatives of Cellulose
			Alginate and Its Derivatives
				Alginates
				Derivatives of Alginates
					Functionalization of Alginates with Synthetic Polymer
					Functionalization of Alginates with Bio-based Polymer
			Aloe Vera and Its Derivatives
				Aloe Vera
				Functionalization of Aloe Vera Using Synthetic/Bio-based Polymer
		Process Variables for Electrospinning Process
			Operational Factors
				Influence of Voltage
				Feed Flow Rate
				Distance from the Spinneret
			Solution Factors
				Selection of Solvent
				Selection of Polymers
				Effect of Concentration and Viscosity
				Effect of Volatility
				Effect of Conductivity
		Application of Electrospun Nanofibers (ENFs) for Water Treatment
			Applications in Water Treatment
				Ultrafiltration (UF)
				Microfiltration (MF)
				Nanofiltration (NF)
				Reverse Osmosis Desalination (RO)
				Separation of Oil/Water
				Removal of Heavy Metals
		Challenges Associated with Electrospun Biopolymer Usage in Water Treatment
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	71 Used Water Management from Circular Economy Perspective
		Introduction
		Energy-Water Nexus in Wastewater Treatment
		The Need for Energy, Nutrient, and Water Recovery from the Wastewater
			Water Recovery
			Nutrient Recovery
			Energy Recovery
		Circular Economy Concept
			How Can Circularity Be Improved?
			Resource Recovery Potential and Practical Feasibility
		Scale of Economies
		Treatment Technologies for Circular Economy
			Enhanced Carbon Capture and External Feedstock Addition
			Near Future Opportunities for Integrated Recovery of Resources
			Advanced Wastewater Treatment Schemes
		Integrated Anaerobic Treatment Systems: Bioelectrochemical Systems
		Conclusion
		References
	72 Promising Algae-Based Biotechnology for Terbium Removal and Recovery from Waste(Water)
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Chemicals and Reagents
			Macroalgae Acquisition and Maintenance
			Bioaccumulation Assay
			Tb Quantification in Water and Macroalgae Biomass
			Experimental Data and Kinetic Modelling
			Biomarkers
				Oxidative Stress
				Antioxidant and Biotransformation Defenses
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			Removal of Tb by Living Macroalgae
			Accumulation of Tb in Macroalgae Tissue: Kinetic Modelling
			Toxic Effects of Tb in Ulva lactuca
		Discussion
			Tb Concentration in Seawater and Macroalgae Tissues
			Biochemical Responses of Ulva lactuca to Tb Exposure
		Conclusion
		References
	73 Arsenic Removal Using Nanoparticles from Groundwater: A Review
		Introduction
		Iron-Based Adsorbent
			Zero-Valent Iron
			Iron Oxide Nanoparticle
		Metallic Organic Framework Adsorbent
		Bio-adsorbent
		Industrial Waste/By-products
		Conclusion and Future Scope
		References
	74 Application of Adsorbents Prepared from Waste for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater
		Introduction
			Heavy Metals
		Cost-Effective Adsorbents
			Activated Carbon
			Biosorbents
			Synthetic Adsorbent
		Gap and Future Prospect of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
			Strengths of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
			Opportunities for Using Cost-Effective Adsorbents
			Weaknesses of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
			Threats of Cost-Effective Adsorbents
		Conclusion
		References
	75 Removal of Struvite in Wastewater Using Anammox Bacteria
		Introduction
		Struvite Characteristics
		Materials
			Wastewater
		Struvite
		Anammox Bacteria
		Application of Anammox Bacteria
		Experimental Procedure
		Calculations
		Magnesium Reduction
		Ammonium Reduction
		Phosphorus Reduction
		Conclusions
		References
	76 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: A Solution to Environmental Pollution
		Introduction
		Nanoparticles and Their Properties
		Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			Physical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Application of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Day-to-Day Life
			Health Sector
			Drug Delivery
			Dentistry
			X-Ray Imaging
			Environmental Pollution Sector
			Agriculture Sector
			Agricultural Engineering
		Types of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles and Their Application
			Green Synthesis from Enzymes
			Green Synthesis from Vitamins
			Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
			Biobased Methods
			Bacteria and Actinomycetes
			Fungi, Molds, and Yeast
			Algae
			Plants and Phytochemicals
		Green Synthesize Metal Nanoparticles
			Copper (Cu) and Copper Oxide (CuO)
			Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
			Cerium Oxide (CeO2)
			Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)
			Iron (Fe) and Its Oxides
			Lead Sulfide (PbS) and Ruthenium (Ru)
			Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au)
			Palladium (Pd)
			Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
		Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
			UV-Visible Spectroscopy
			Fourier Transmission Infrared (FT-IR)
			High-Resonance SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
			XRD Spectroscopy and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)
			Dynamic Light-Scattering Analysis (DLS) and EDAX
		Conclusion
		References
	77 Relevance on the Recovery of High Economic Value Elements and Potential of Ionic Liquids
		Introduction
		Critical Raw Materials
			New (Secondary) Sources of Critical Raw Materials: Circular Economy
				Batteries
					Lithium-Ion Batteries
					Lithium, Cobalt, and Nickel
						Scarcity
						Its Presence in Waters and Toxicity
				Other Components of Electrical and Electronic Devices
					Platinum-Group Elements (PGEs)
						Industrial Applications
						Platinum and Palladium in Water
					Gallium, Germanium, Indium, and Niobium
						Industrial Applications
						Gallium, Germanium, Indium, and Niobium in Water
		Recovery of High Economic Value Elements from Water
			Ionic Liquids
				Properties
				Ionic Liquids in Extraction and Separation Processes
				Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Impact
				Recovery of High Economic Value elements
		Conclusion
		Abbreviations
		References
	78 Solid Waste to Energy: Existing Scenario in Developing and Developed Countries
		Introduction
		Present Scenario of Waste to Energy at Global Level
		Need for Waste-to-Energy Technologies
		Selection of WtE Generation Technologies
			Thermal Process
				Pyrolysis
				Gasification
				Incineration
			Biochemical Process
				Pretreatment of Biomass
					Physical Methods
					Physico-Chemical Methods
					Chemical Methods
					Biological Methods
				Biomethanation or Anaerobic Digestion
				Aerobic Composting
				Bioethanol Production
				Biohydrogen Production
				Dark Fermentation
				Photo-Fermentation
		Conclusion
		References
	79 Solid Waste to Energy: A Prognostic for Sound Waste Management
		Introduction
			World Scenario of WtE Technology
		Waste Generation, Composition, and Characterization
		The Concept of Waste to Energy
			Incineration
			Pyrolysis
			Gasification
			Sanitary Landfilling
			Anaerobic Digestion
		Role of Waste-to-Energy Technology in Sustainable Waste Management
			Volume Reduction
			Resource Conservation
			Environmental Protection
			Hygienization
		Social Acceptance
		Economics of Waste-to-Energy Facilities
		Environmental and Public Health Concerns
			Waste-to-Energy Technology During Health Emergencies
		Conclusion
		References
	80 Waste-to-Energy as a Method of Refuse Disposal: An Analysis of Sustainable Technologies and Their Environmental Impact
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Survey
		Results and Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	81 Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Industrial Progress for Boosting the Circular Economy
		Introduction
		Progress of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
			Incineration
				Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
				Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
			Progress of Gasification
				Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
				Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
			Progress of Pyrolysis
				Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
				Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
			Progress of Anaerobic Digestion
				Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
				Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
			Progress of Landfilling
				Type of Waste, Pre-Treatment, and Efficiency
				Reaction Products, Emissions, and Residuals
		Barriers of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
			Technological Maturity
				Incineration
				Gasification
				Pyrolysis
				Anaerobic Digestion
				Landfilling
			Finance
				Incineration
				Pyrolysis and Gasification
				Anaerobic Digestion
				Landfilling
			Regulation
		Comparison of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
			Type of Waste
			Pre-Treatment
			Waste Reduction
			Net Efficiency
			Emissions
			Product Valorization
			Technological Maturity
			Cost
			Regulation
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	82 Solid Waste as Energy Resource
		Introduction
		Classification of Solid Waste
			Agricultural Waste
			Municipal Solid Waste
			Industrial Waste
			Hospital Waste
		Waste to Energy Conversion Technologies
		Thermochemical Conversion
		Biochemical Conversion Technologies
		Advantages of Using Waste as Energy Source
		Constraints of Waste for Energy
		Future Scope of Waste-To-Energy Technology
		Conclusion
		References
	83 Application of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Treatment and Electricity Generation from Piggery Solid Wastes
		Introduction
		Experimental Section
			Sample Collection and Isolation of Anaerobic Microbes
			Screening of Electrogenic Bacteria
			Growth Kinetics and Biofilm Formation of Isolated Bacterial Strains
			MFC Construction and Biofilm Formation on Electrode
			IR Sensor-Based Object Detector
		Result and Discussion
			Isolation of Anaerobic Bacterial Strains
			Screening of Electrogenic Bacterial Stains
			Growth Kinetics and Biofilm Formation Ability of Isolated Bacterial Strains
			Dual-Chamber MFC Preparation Using Biofilm on Aluminium Electrode
			Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Aluminium Electrode with Biofilm
			Application of MFC in IR Sensor-Based Object Detector
		Conclusion
		References
	84 Contribution of Biomethane from Different Substrate into Energy Sustainability and Greener Economy
		Introduction
		Methodology
			Substrate Characterization
			Elemental Analysis (Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur)
			Calorific Value
		Results and Discussion
			Characteristics of Substrates
			Effects of Mono-, Co-, and Tri-digestion of Substrates
			pH Levels
			Comparison of Substrates Biogas Production Rates and Quantity or Accumulative Rates
			Comparison of Substrates´ Energy Content and Biogas Production Capacity
				Energy Content
				Effects of Impurities in Biogas
		Conclusion
		References
	85 Utilization of Biogas from Solid Waste in the Production of Biomethane and Its Use as Biofuel in the Transport Sector
		Introduction
		Solid Waste
		Circular Economy
		Biogas: Characteristics and Utilization
		Biomethane: Characteristics and Production Process
			Use of Biomethane as a Vehicle Biofuel
		Conclusion
		References
	86 Biogas Potential from the Biomethanization of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Harare
		Introduction
		Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable MSW
			Classification of AD Processes
			Dry or Wet AD Process Classification
			Stages of AD Process
			Single-Stage and Two-Stage AD Processes
			Factors Affecting Biogas Yield and Quality
				Substrate Characteristics
				pH Level
				Temperature
				Digester Feeding and Operation
				Seeding
				Biodegradable MSW Collection System
		Biodegradable MSW Substrate Pretreatment
			Mechanical Pretreatment
			Thermal Pretreatment
			Chemical Pretreatment
			Biological Pretreatment
		Biogas Production and CHP Generation
			Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste
			Anaerobic Codigestion of Biodegradable MSW and Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)
				Theoretical Methane Potentials (TMP)
				Estimates of Biogas Potential
			Institutional and Legislative Framework
			Barriers to AD Operationalization in Zimbabwe
				Lack of Information on Market Potential
				Undefined Economic Case for Biogas-Derived Energy
				Inadequate Infrastructure
				Absence of Institutional Structure Responsible for Approvals and Clearances
				Limited Funding
				Limited Capacity
			Policy Initiatives and Strategies
		Conclusion
		References
	87 Adverse Effect of Lawn on Carbon Sequestration Vis-a-Vis Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies
		Introduction
		Maintenance of Lawn
			Lawn Mowing
			Nutrient Application
			Management of Major Diseases of Lawn
			Management of Major Insect of Lawn
			Weed Management
			Impact of Grass Invasion on Climate Change
		Overall Environment Impacts of Turf Maintenance
			Carbon Sequestration by Lawn
		Mitigation
			Soil Improvement
			Selection of Appropriate Plants spp.
			Cultural Control
			Precise Fertilizer Application
			Precautions Concerning Application of Fertilizer, Pesticide, Insecticides, and Herbicide
			Integrated Pest Management
				Biological Method
			Record Keeping
			Policy Change
			Planning and Design of Lawn
		Conclusion
		References
	88 Environmental Impact of Free-Floating Bike Sharing: From Life Cycle Perspective
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Background: Collaborative Mobility Services in Beijing
			LCA Framework
			Estimation Model for Air Waste as GHG Emissions
			Data Sources
		Results and Discussions
			Life Cycle GHG Emission Factors for Transportation Modes
				Energy-Powered Vehicles
				Non-energy-Powered Vehicles
		Air Waste as GHG Emissions Impact of FFBS to Urban Transportation
		Conclusion
		References
	89 Women Warriors of Waste Management
		Introduction
		The Indian Waste Management Scenario
		Women in Waste Management: Comparison Between Global and Indian Viewpoints
		Waste Management System in Ambikapur: The First Zero Dustbin City of India
		Women Warriors of Waste Management in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh
		Result and Discussion
			Details of the Female Workers Involved in Waste Management
			Details of Waste Collection and Segregation in SLRM Centers of Ambikapur, Surguja (Chhattisgarh), India
		Monthly Waste Collection (Organic and Inorganic Wastes)
		Categorization of Organic Wastes
		Inorganic Waste Collection Monthly in Different Categories
		Conclusion
		Suggested Recommendations
		References
			Weblink
Index