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دسته بندی: روانشناسی ویرایش: 1st Edition نویسندگان: Lee Ellis, Anthony W. Hoskin, Malini Ratnasingam سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780128053713 ناشر: Academic Press سال نشر: 2018 تعداد صفحات: 492 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 6 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Handbook of Social Status Correlates به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب همبستگی وضعیت اجتماعی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Handbook of Social Status Correlates یافته های نزدیک به 4000 مطالعه در مورد ویژگی های مرتبط با تغییرات در وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی را خلاصه می کند. بسیاری از اطلاعات در حدود 300 جدول ارائه شده است که هر کدام تصویری بصری از آنچه تحقیقات نشان داده است در رابطه با اینکه چگونه یک ویژگی خاص انسانی به نظر می رسد با وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی مرتبط است ارائه می دهد. معیارهای وضعیت اجتماعی مورد استفاده و کشورهایی که هر مطالعه در آنها انجام شده است نیز مشخص شده است.
The Handbook of Social Status Correlates summarizes findings from nearly 4000 studies on traits associated with variations in socioeconomic status. Much of the information is presented in roughly 300 tables, each one providing a visual snapshot of what research has indicated regarding how a specific human trait appears to be correlated with socioeconomic status. The social status measures utilized and the countries in which each study was conducted are also identified.
Preface xiii 1. Conceptualizing and Measuring Social Status 1.1 Forms of Social Stratification 1 1.2 Basic Terminology: Social Status Versus Social Class 2 1.3 The Tripartite Social Status Measures 2 1.3.1 Parental Versus Own Social Status 3 1.3.2 Neighborhood Social Status 3 1.3.3 Special Issues Surrounding Each of the Tripartite Measures 3 1.4 Nontripartite Socioeconomic Status Measures 4 1.4.1 Leadership and Eminence 4 1.4.2 Social Mobility 4 1.4.3 Self-Rated Social Class 4 1.4.4 Subjective Social Status 4 1.4.5 Ownership Socioeconomic Status Measures 5 1.4.6 Income-To-Need Measures 5 1.4.7 Additional Measures of Social Status 5 1.4.8 Multiple Socioeconomic Status Indexes 5 1.5 Overall Assessment of Social Status Measurement 6 1.6 Intercorrelations Between Indicators of Social Status 6 1.6.1 Years of Education and Occupational Level 6 1.6.2 Years of Education and Income or Wealth 6 1.6.3 Occupational Level and Income or Wealth 8 1.6.4 Subjective Social Status and Objective Social Status 8 1.6.5 The Tripartite SES Measures and All Remaining SES Measures 10 1.7 Relationships Between One’s Own Social Status and That of One’s Parents 11 1.7.1 One’s Own Years of Education and Parental Social Status 11 1.7.2 One’s Own Occupational Level and Parental Social Status 11 1.7.3 One’s Own Income or Wealth and Parental Social Status 11 1.8 Conclusions 11 1.8.1 Conceptualizing and Measuring Social Status 11 1.8.2 Intercorrelations Between Various Measures of Social Status 14 1.8.3 Correlations Between Parental Social Status and Own Social Status 14 2. Demographic Factors 2.1 Sex Differences 15 2.1.1 Sex Differences in Parental Social Status 15 2.1.2 Sex Differences in Average Years of Education 16 2.1.3 Sex Differences in High School Graduation Rates 17 2.1.4 Sex Differences in College Attendance 17 2.1.5 Sex Differences in College Graduation Rates 18 2.1.6 Sex Differences in Postgraduate Education 18 2.1.7 Sex Differences in Financial Return on Educational Investment 19 2.1.8 Sex Differences in Occupational Levels/Prestige 19 2.1.9 Sex Differences in Income Irrespective of Occupational Categories 20 2.1.10 Sex Differences in Income for Specific Occupational Categories 20 2.1.11 Sex Differences in Leadership or Eminence 20 2.1.12 Sex Difference in Managerial/ Administrative/Supervisory Occupations 24 2.1.13 Sex Difference in Upward Mobility/Job Promotions 24 2.1.14 Sex Difference in General and Residual Social Status Measures 25 2.1.15 Sex Differences in Wealth Inherited From Parents 25 2.2 Sex Ratios 26 2.2.1 Sex Ratio at Birth 27 2.2.2 Sex Ratios Within Occupations and Social Status 27 2.3 Age-Related Variations 29 2.3.1 Age Variations 29 2.3.2 Age Cohort Size 29 2.4 Race/Ethnicity 30 2.4.1 Black/White Comparisons 31 2.4.2 Hispanic/Anglo Comparisons 34 2.4.3 Native American/White Comparison 36 2.4.4 Asian/White Comparisons 36 2.4.5 Intra-European Ethnic Comparisons 38 2.5 Religious Affiliation 39 2.5.1 Religious/Nonreligious Comparisons 39 2.5.2 Buddhist/Non-Buddhists Comparisons 39 2.5.3 Hindu/Non-Hindu Comparisons 40 2.5.4 Jewish/Non-Jewish Comparisons 40 2.5.5 Muslim/Non-Muslim Comparisons 40 2.5.6 Sikh/Non-Sikh Comparisons 40 2.5.7 Catholic/Protestant Comparisons 40 2.5.8 Intra-Protestant Comparison 42 2.6 Other Demographic Factors 44 2.6.1 Urban/Rural Comparison 44 2.6.2 Native/Immigrant Comparison 44 2.6.3 Fluency in a Country’s Dominant Language 45 2.6.4 Military/Nonmilitary Service Comparison 45 2.7 Highlights 45 3. Familial Factors 3.1 Family Formation, Structure, and Dissolution 47 3.1.1 Single as Opposed to Married Persons 47 3.1.2 Cohabitating Couples as Opposed to Married Couples 48 3.1.3 Age at Marriage 50 3.1.4 Consanguineal/NonConsanguineal Marriage Comparison 50 3.1.5 Polygamous Rather Than a Monogamous Marriage 50 3.1.6 Being Divorced as Opposed to Remaining Married 52 3.2 Trait Comparisons Among Couples 52 3.2.1 Homogamy as Opposed to Heterogamy 52 3.2.2 Hypergamy 52 3.3 Fertility 55 3.3.1 Fertility in Developing Countries 56 3.3.2 Fertility in Developed Countries Before the Demographic Transition 58 3.3.3 Fertility in Developed Countries After the Demographic Transition 59 3.3.4 Postscript on Socioeconomic Status and Fertility 59 3.4 Other Reproductive Aspects of the Family 61 3.4.1 Family Size (Number of Siblings in One’s Family of Origin) 61 3.4.2 Birth Order 61 3.4.3 Childlessness 62 3.5 Intrafamily Structures, Relationships, and Parenting Practices 64 3.5.1 Single Parenthood (as Opposed to Dual Parenthood) 64 3.5.2 Competent Parenting (Parental Quality) 65 3.5.3 Frequency of Parent–Offspring Interactions 65 3.5.4 Parental Monitoring of Children 65 3.5.5 Interacting With Infants and Children 65 3.5.6 Frequency of Verbalizing Between Parents and Offspring 67 3.5.7 Critical or Prohibitive Conversations With Children 68 3.5.8 Self-Directedness Parenting 68 3.5.9 Parental Emphasis on Strict Obedience and Conformity by Children 68 3.5.10 Parental Involvement in School Functions 68 3.5.11 Wealth Transmission Through Intergenerational Inheritance 68 3.6 Intrafamily Discord 69 3.6.1 Domestic Violence 69 3.6.2 Parental Use of Physical Discipline 71 3.6.3 Child Abuse and Neglect by Parents 72 3.7 Highlights 72 4. Personality and Behavioral Factors 4.1 Highest Order Personality Dimensions 76 4.1.1 Agreeableness 76 4.1.2 Conscientiousness 77 4.1.3 Emotional Stability 77 4.1.4 Extraversion 77 4.1.5 Openness to Experience 77 4.1.6 Reflective Comments on Personality Traits and Socioeconomic Status 77 4.2 Lower-Order Personality Characteristics 80 4.2.1 Competitiveness 80 4.2.2 Cooperativeness 80 4.2.3 Impulsivity 80 4.2.4 Hostility and Anger 81 4.2.5 Risk-Taking (Except Gambling) 81 4.3 Health-Related Behavior 82 4.3.1 Healthy Lifestyle Behavior in General 82 4.3.2 Eating Healthy Foods 82 4.3.3 Exercise or Amount of Physical Activity 82 4.3.4 Obtaining Preventive Health Services 82 4.3.5 Taking Vitamins, Food Supplements, and Medicines 82 4.3.6 Using Seat Belts 82 4.4 Sexuality 86 4.4.1 Sexual Orientation 86 4.4.2 Premarital Sexual Activity 87 4.4.3 Age of First Sexual Experience 87 4.4.4 Number of Sex Partners 87 4.5 Nonsexual Behaviors of a Reproductive Nature 89 4.5.1 Contraceptive Use 89 4.5.2 Induced Abortion 89 4.5.3 Premarital Pregnancy or Out-of-Wedlock Births 90 4.5.4 Age at First Pregnancy 91 4.5.5 Age at First Birth 91 4.5.6 Interval Between Marriage and First Birth 91 4.5.7 Interval Between Consecutive Births 92 4.5.8 Breastfeeding 92 4.6 Alcohol Consumption 93 4.6.1 Abstinence From Alcohol Consumption 93 4.6.2 Light-to-Moderate Alcohol Use 93 4.6.3 Heavy Consumption of Alcohol 93 4.6.4 Average Amount of Alcohol Consumed 95 4.7 Tobacco Consumption 95 4.7.1 Tobacco Smoking 97 4.7.2 Smoking by Expectant Mothers 97 4.7.3 Quitting Smoking 98 4.8 Criminality and Delinquency 98 4.8.1 Officially Identified Crime 100 4.8.2 Officially Identified Delinquency 101 4.8.3 Recidivism 104 4.8.4 Self-Reported Offending in General 104 4.8.5 Self-Reported Illegal Drug Use 105 4.8.6 Crime Victimization 105 4.9 Economic Behavior 108 4.9.1 Shopping Behavior 108 4.9.2 Responsiveness to Price Changes (Price Sensitivity) 108 4.10 Prosocial Behavior 109 4.10.1 Friendships and Social Interactions 109 4.10.2 Altruism and Being Helpful to Others 109 4.10.3 Having Social Support From Others 109 4.10.4 Belonging to Clubs and Associations 110 4.10.5 Giving to Charity 110 4.10.6 Volunteerism 111 4.11 Recreational Behavior 112 4.11.1 Gambling 112 4.11.2 Involvement in Physical Sports 113 4.11.3 Watching Television 114 4.12 Working Outside the Home 115 4.12.1 Mothers Working While Children Are Growing Up 115 4.12.2 Dependent Children Who Do and Do Not Work Outside the Home 115 4.13 Miscellaneous Behavior Traits 116 4.13.1 Left/Nonright Handedness 116 4.13.2 Smiling 116 4.13.3 Knowledge-Based Resources and Technology 116 4.14 Highlights 117 5. Attitudes, Preferences, and Beliefs 5.1 Broad-Ranging Attitudes 119 5.1.1 Achievement Motivation (Ambition) 120 5.1.2 Authoritarianism 120 5.1.3 Dogmatism 120 5.1.4 Optimism 121 5.1.5 Fatalism 121 5.1.6 Belief in a Just World 121 5.1.7 Tolerance Toward the Attitudes of Others 123 5.1.8 Tolerance Toward Deviant Behavior 123 5.2 Self-Reflective Attitudes 123 5.2.1 Satisfaction With Life and Happiness 123 5.2.2 Self-Esteem 127 5.2.3 Internal (as Opposed to External) Locus of Control 128 5.2.4 Self-Control 128 5.2.5 Marital Satisfaction 128 5.2.6 Job Satisfaction 128 5.3 Education-Related Attitudes 130 5.3.1 Liking School 130 5.3.2 Educational Aspirations 130 5.4 Political Attitudes and Activities 131 5.4.1 Voting in Political Elections/ Political Participation 131 5.4.2 Voting for or Preferring Right-Wing Over Left-Wing Candidates or Causes 131 5.4.3 Belief in the Prospects for World Peace 131 5.4.4 Proracial/Ethnic Integration Attitudes 131 5.4.5 Proenvironmental Conservation Attitudes 131 5.5 Religiosity 135 5.5.1 Religiosity in General 135 5.5.2 Religious Membership (and Financial Support) 135 5.5.3 Religious Saliency 135 5.5.4 Participation in Religious Services 135 5.5.5 Prayer Frequency 136 5.5.6 Accessing Religious Scriptures and Media 136 5.6 Religious Beliefs 136 5.6.1 Strength of Religious Convictions 136 5.6.2 Religious Conservatism (Fundamentalism/Orthodoxy/ Evangelism) 136 5.6.3 Specific Religious Beliefs 138 5.7 Miscellaneous Attitudes 141 5.7.1 Favorable Attitudes Toward the Elderly 141 5.7.2 Parental Approval of Their Children’s Behavior 141 5.7.3 Breadth of Musical Tastes 141 5.7.4 Trusting Others 142 5.7.5 Estimates of One’s Chances of Winning a Lottery 143 5.7.6 Concern Over One’s Weight 143 5.7.7 Preference for Wine Over Hard Liquor 143 5.7.8 Preferred or Intended Number of Children 143 5.8 Highlights 143 6. Intellectual and Academic Factors 6.1 Intelligence/Cognitive Ability 148 6.1.1 General Intelligence 148 6.1.2 Intellectual Disabilities (Mental Retardation) 153 6.1.3 Learning Disabilities 154 6.2 Crystallized Versus Fluid Intelligence and Cognitive Decline With Age 155 6.2.1 Crystallized (or Verbal) Intelligence 155 6.2.2 Fluid (or Performance) Intelligence 156 6.2.3 Age-Related Decline in Cognition 157 6.3 Intellectual Skills 158 6.3.1 Speed in Reaching Cognitive Milestones 158 6.3.2 Language Proficiency 158 6.3.3 Vocabulary Size 159 6.3.4 Monolingualism as Opposed to Bilingualism 159 6.3.5 Mathematical and Visual-Spatial Skills 160 6.3.6 Reaction Time 160 6.3.7 Selective Attention 161 6.3.8 Executive Functioning 161 6.3.9 Memory Ability 162 6.3.10 Piagetian Cognitive Task Performance 162 6.3.11 Theory of Mind 163 6.4 Academic Performance 163 6.4.1 Grades or Grade Point Average 164 6.4.2 School Performance on Standardized Tests 164 6.4.3 College Entrance Test Scores 168 6.4.4 Being Held Back in School 168 6.5 Educational Levels, Degrees Received, Areas of Academic Training, and Prestige of Colleges Attended 169 6.5.1 Completing High School 169 6.5.2 Having Attended College Without Actually Graduating 169 6.5.3 Graduating From College 170 6.5.4 Graduating From Select (High Prestige) Colleges 170 6.6 Field of Academic Specialization 171 6.6.1 Majoring in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Fields 171 6.6.2 Majoring in Business or Economics 171 6.6.3 Majoring in the Social and Behavioral Sciences 172 6.6.4 Majoring in the Arts, Humanities, or Education 172 6.7 Peripheral Academic Activities 172 6.7.1 Doing Homework 172 6.7.2 Involvement in Extracurricular Activities 172 6.8 Highlights 172 7. Mental Health/Illness and Symptomology 7.1 Mental Health/Illness in General 175 7.1.1 Parental Social Status and Mental Health in General 176 7.1.2 Own Social Status and Mental Health in General 176 7.2 Addictive Disorders 176 7.2.1 Drug Addiction or Substance Abuse (Substance Use Disorder) 176 7.2.2 Alcoholism 176 7.2.3 Addictive (Pathological) Gambling 178 7.3 Antisocial Behavior Disorders 178 7.3.1 Externalizing Behavior Disorder 178 7.3.2 Childhood Conduct Disorder 178 7.3.3 Antisocial Personality Disorder 181 7.4 Mood and Delusional Illnesses/Disorders 181 7.4.1 Internalizing Behavior Problems 181 7.4.2 Minor or Self-Reported Depression 181 7.4.3 Major (Clinical) Unipolar Depression 182 7.4.4 Bipolar Depression (Manic Depression) 185 7.4.5 Postpartum Depression 185 7.4.6 Schizophrenia 185 7.5 Disorders Involving Attention and Socio-Language Deficits 187 7.5.1 Attention Deficit Disorder 187 7.5.2 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 187 7.5.3 Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders 187 7.6 Eating Disorders 188 7.6.1 Anorexia 188 7.6.2 Bulimia 189 7.6.3 Eating Disorders in General 189 7.7 Fear- and Anxiety-Related Disorders 189 7.7.1 Anxiety Disorder in General 189 7.7.2 Stress, Feelings of 189 7.7.3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 189 7.7.4 Stress-Related Coping Strategies 192 7.8 Repetitive Behavior Disorders 192 7.8.1 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 192 7.8.2 Tourette’s Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders 192 7.9 Suicidal Behavior 193 7.9.1 Completed Suicide 193 7.9.2 Attempted Suicide 193 7.9.3 Suicide Ideation 193 7.10 Healthy Sleeping Habits 193 7.10.1 Sleep Quality 193 7.10.2 Sleep Duration 196 7.11 Highlights 197 8. Physical Health Factors 8.1 Longevity/Mortality (Disregarding Etiology) 200 8.1.1 Spontaneous Abortion 200 8.1.2 Stillbirth 200 8.1.3 Childbirth Survival by the Mother 201 8.1.4 Infant Survival 201 8.1.5 Childhood Survival 203 8.1.6 Adolescent Survival 203 8.1.7 Adult or Overall Longevity 203 8.2 General Health Indicators 208 8.2.1 Self-Rated Health 208 8.2.2 Disability Days 211 8.2.3 General or Multiple Ill-Health Measures 211 8.2.4 Postscript on Health and Social Status 211 8.3 Accessing Medical Services 215 8.3.1 Having Health Insurance Coverage 215 8.3.2 Accessing Preventive Health Care Services 215 8.3.3 Physician Visits 215 8.3.4 Hospitalizations 215 8.3.5 Unwarranted Hospital Utilizations 217 8.3.6 Multiple or General Health Service Utilization 217 8.4 Specific Ill-Health Conditions (Except Cancers and Cardiovascular Diseases) 218 8.4.1 Accidental Trauma 218 8.4.2 Accidental Poisonings 219 8.4.3 Allergies and Hay Fever 220 8.4.4 Arthritis 220 8.4.5 Asthma 221 8.4.6 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 221 8.4.7 Congenital Diseases 221 8.4.8 Dementia and Alzheimer’s 221 8.4.9 Diabetes 225 8.4.10 Epilepsy 225 8.4.11 Infectious Diseases 226 8.4.12 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 227 8.4.13 Skin Disease/Disorders (Except Melanoma) 227 8.5 Cancers 228 8.5.1 Cancer in General 228 8.5.2 Breast Cancer 230 8.5.3 Cervical, Ovarian, and Uterine Cancers 231 8.5.4 Colorectal Cancer 233 8.5.5 Leukemia 237 8.5.6 Lung Cancer 237 8.5.7 Pancreatic Cancer 237 8.5.8 Prostate Cancer 239 8.5.9 Skin Cancer (Melanoma) 239 8.5.10 Stomach and Esophageal Cancer 240 8.5.11 All Remaining Forms of Cancers 241 8.6 Cardiovascular Disease 243 8.6.1 Cardiovascular Disease in General 243 8.6.2 Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors 243 8.6.3 Coronary Heart Disease 243 8.6.4 Stroke 243 8.7 Miscellaneous Health-Relevant Variables 248 8.7.1 Overall Environmental Quality 248 8.7.2 Lead Exposure 248 8.7.3 Blood-Iron Levels 249 8.8 Highlights 249 9. Biological Factors 9.1 Genetic Factors 251 9.1.1 Twin Studies 251 9.1.2 Adoption Studies 252 9.1.3 Postscript on Genetic Factors and Social Status 254 9.2 Anatomical and Developmental Factors 255 9.2.1 Birth Weight 255 9.2.2 Full-Term Rather Than Pre-Term Births and Parental Social Status 255 9.2.3 Height 255 9.2.4 Body Mass Index (Weight-to-Height Ratio) 257 9.2.5 Age at Puberty 262 9.2.6 Skin Color 263 9.2.7 Physical Attractiveness 263 9.2.8 Physical Strength 263 9.3 Neurological Factors 263 9.3.1 Overall Brain Size 263 9.3.2 Size of Various Parts of the Brain 263 9.3.3 Cortical Thickness 267 9.3.4 Gray Matter Volume 268 9.3.5 White Matter Volume 268 9.3.6 White Matter Integrity 268 9.3.7 Brain Size Reduction With Age 268 9.3.8 Hemispheric Specialization 269 9.4 Hormones 269 9.4.1 Prenatal Testosterone and Other Androgens 270 9.4.2 Circulating Testosterone 271 9.4.3 Cortisol 272 9.5 Other Physiological Traits and Processes 276 9.5.1 Cholesterol Levels 276 9.5.2 Interleukin-6 Stress Response 278 9.5.3 C-Reactive Protein 278 9.6 Highlights 278 10. Epilogue: Identifying Universal Social Status Correlates 10.1 Methods for Assessing Likely Universal Correlates of Social Status 282 10.2 Demographic Variables 282 10.2a Sex-Related Correlates and Social Status 282 10.2b Sex Ratios and Age Correlates of Social Status 284 10.2c Racial/Ethnic Group Comparisons of Social Status 284 10.2d Religious Group Comparisons of Social Status 285 10.2e Urban–Rural and Native– Immigrant Comparisons of Social Status 285 10.3 Familial Variables 286 10.3a Marriage and Social Status 286 10.3b Fertility and Social Status 286 10.3c Family Composition and Social Status 288 10.3d Parenting and Social Status 288 10.4 Personality and Behavioral Variables 289 10.4a Personality Traits and Social Status 289 10.4b Health-Related Behavior and Social Status 289 10.4c Sexuality and Social Status 290 10.4d Reproduction-Related Behavior and Social Status 290 10.4e Alcohol and Tobacco Use and Social Status 290 10.4f Criminality and Social Status 291 10.4g Residual Behavioral Traits and Social Status 291 10.5 Attitudinal and Belief Variables 291 10.5a General Attitudinal Traits and Social Status 291 10.5b Self-Reflective Attitudinal Traits and Social Status 291 10.5c Political Participation, Political Attitudes, and Social Status 293 10.5d Religious Attitudes and Reproductive Preferences and Social Status 293 10.6 Intellectual and Academic Variables 294 10.6a Intellectual Factors and Social Status 294 10.6b Other Cognitive Traits and Social Status 294 10.6c Academic Performance and Social Status 294 10.6d Education-Related Traits and Social Status 296 10.7 Mental Health/Illness Variables 297 10.7a Mental Health in General and Social Status 297 10.7b Alcoholism, Compulsive Gambling, and Childhood Behavior Problems and Social Status 297 10.7c Depression and Schizophrenia and Social Status 297 10.7d Anxiety, Stress, Suicide, and Sleep Quality and Social Status 297 10.8 Physical Health/Illness Variables 298 10.8a Broad Indicators of Physical Health and Social Status 298 10.8b Specific Illnesses and Social Status 298 10.9 Biological Variables 299 10.9a Basic Anatomical and Physiological Traits 299 10.9b Neurological Traits 299 10.9c Hormonal and Other Biochemical Traits 299 10.10 Likely Universal Correlates of Status 302 10.10a Likely Universal Correlates of Status With “Perfect” (100.0) Consistency Scores 302 10.10b Likely Universal Correlates of Status With “Near Perfect” (95.0– 99.9) Consistency Scores 305 10.11 Closing Comments on Using Likely Universal Correlates of Status in Theory Development and Testing 305 References 307 Index 483