Handbook of small modular nuclear reactors

Front-Matter_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Front matter
Copyright_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Copyright
Dedication_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Dedication
Contributors_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Contributors
Preface_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Preface
Introduction_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Introduction
1---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs--for-producin_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
	Fundamentals of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs)
	Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: An introduction
		Introduction
			Defining SMRs
			Strategy for development of SMRs
			Evolution of SMRs
		Incentives and challenges for achieving commercial deployment success
			Incentives
				Reduction of initial investment and associated financial risk
				Improved match to smaller electric power grids
			Challenges
				Sufficient reduction of financial risk
				Projected LUEC
				Fuel cycle compatibility with facilities and strategy
		Overview of different types of SMRs
			Reactor mission
			Operational reliability
			Economic implications of SMR technologies
		Public health and safety
			Potential energy release
			Mitigation of the release of fission products
			LOCA and decay heat removal
		The current status of SMRs
		Future trends
		Conclusion
		Sources of further information and advice
		Appendix: Nomenclature
		References
2---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs--for-producing-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modu
	Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: International developments
		Introduction
		Water-cooled reactors
			Argentina: Central Argentina de Elementos Modulares design
			Peoples Republic of China: ACP-100 design
			France: Flexblue design
			Republic of Korea: SMART design
			Russian Federation: KLT-40S design
			Russian Federation: RITM-200 design
			Russian Federation: VK-300 design
			United States and Japan: BWRX-300 design
			United States: NuScale design
			United States: SMR-160 design
		Gas-cooled reactors
			Peoples Republic of China: HTR-PM design
			Russian Federation: GT-MHR design
			United States: EM2 design
			United States: Xe-100 design
		Liquid metal-cooled reactors
			Japan: 4S design
			Russian Federation: SVBR-100 design
			United States: PRISM design
		Molten-salt-cooled reactors
			Canada: IMSR design
			United States: KP-FHR design
			United States: LFTR design
		Future trends
		Sources of further information
		References
3---Integral-pressurized-water-reactors--iPWRs--f_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
	Integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs) for producing nuclear energy: A new paradigm
		Introduction
		The imperatives for nuclear power
		The integral pressurized-water reactor (iPWR)
			The evolution of iPWR design
		Addressing the safety imperative
		Satisfying the economic competitiveness imperative
		Future trends
		Conclusion
		3.8 Sources of further information and advice
		References
4---Core-and-fuel-technologies-in-integral-pressurized-water-react_2021_Hand
	Core and fuel technologies in integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)**This manuscript has been authored b ...
		Introduction
		Safety design criteria
			Fuel burnup
			Reactivity coefficients
			Power distribution
			Shutdown margin
			Maximum reactivity insertion rate
			Power stability
		Design features to achieve the criteria
			Setting the enrichment of the fissile material
			BPs
			In-core fuel management
			Summary of the design process
		Integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) design specifics
			Fuel designs in the smaller cores
			Use of control rods and BPs to control reactivity
			Core loading
			Other design considerations
		Conclusion
		References
5---Key-reactor-system-components-in-integral-pressurized-wa_2021_Handbook-o
	Key reactor system components in integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)**This submission was written by t ...
		Introduction
		Integral components
			Pressure vessel and flange
			Reactor coolant system piping
			Pressurizer, heaters, spray valve, pressurizer relief tank and baffle plate
			Pumps
			Riser
			Steam generator(s) and tube sheets
			Control rods and reactivity control
			Control rod drive mechanisms
			Automatic depressurization system valves
			Relief valves
			Core basket, core barrel, core baffle
			Instrumentation
		Connected system components
			Chemical and volume control system
			Residual heat removal and auxiliary feedwater system
			Emergency core cooling system and refueling water storage tank
			External pool
			Control room habitability equipment
			Diesel generators and electrical distribution
		Future trends
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
6---Instrumentation-and-control-technologies-f_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
	Instrumentation and control technologies for small modular reactors (SMRs)
		Introduction
			Major components of an IandC system
		Safety system instrumentation and controls
			General requirements for safety system IandC
			Safety system pressure transmitters
			Safety system level transmitters
			Safety system temperature devices
			Safety system flow transmitters
			Safety system power/flux devices
		NSSS control systems instrumentation
			General requirements for NSSS control system IandC
			NSSS pressure transmitters
			NSSS level transmitters
			NSSS temperature devices
			NSSS flow transmitters
		BOP instrumentation
		Diagnostics and prognostics
		Processing electronics
		Cabling
		Future trends and challenges
			Licensing challenges in advanced SMR design
				Overview
				Use of probabilistic risk (safety) assessments in licensing iPWRs
				Advances in safety system end-state architecture through simplification
				Protection against common cause failure in iPWR IandC design
				Safety classification of passive nuclear power plant electrical systems
				Cybersecurity for iPWRs
			Safety system instrumentation: Old versus new
			Instrumentation in nonsafety systems
			Wireless versus wired solutions
		Conclusion
		References
7---Human-system-interfaces-in-small-modul_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nu
	Human-system interfaces in small modular reactors (SMRs)
		Introduction
		Human-system interfaces for small modular reactors
			Hardware features
			Software criteria
			Functional criteria
		The state of HSI technology in existing nuclear power plants
		Advanced HSIs and the human factors challenges
			Purpose and objectives of advanced HSIs
			Human factors challenges of HSIs
		Differences in the treatment of HSIs in the nuclear industry
		How to identify and select advanced HSIs: Five dimensions
			Dimension 1: The human factors context
			Dimension 2: Technology characteristics
				Technical characteristics
				Context of use
			Dimension 3: Operational requirements
			Dimension 4: The organizational context
			Dimension 5: The regulatory context
		Operational domains of HSIs
			Control and monitoring centers
				Main control room
				Multimodule control rooms
				LCSs
			Materials and waste fuel handling
			Outage control center
			Emergency operating facility
			Technical support center
		HSI technology classification
			Interaction modalities
			Visual interfaces
				Large screen displays
				Wearable displays
				3D displays
			Auditory interfaces
			Control devices and mechanical interaction
			Hybrid interfaces for multimodal interaction
				Gesture interaction
				Haptic interaction
				Brain interaction
				Intelligent and adaptive HSIs
		HSI architecture and functions
		Implementation and design strategies
			Integration of human factors engineering in systems engineering
			Regulatory requirements
			Standards and design guidance
			Design considerations
		Future trends
		Conclusion
		References
8---Safety-of-integral-pressurized-water-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
	Safety of integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)
		Introduction
			Key features of SMR/iPWRs relevant for safety
			Chapter overview
		Approaches to safety: Active, passive, inherent safety and safety by design
		Testing of SMR components and systems
			IRIS SPES3 facility
			NuScale integral system test (NIST)
			SMART integral test loop (SMART-ITL) facility
			BandW integrated system test (IST) facility
		Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)/probabilistic safety assessment (PSA)
			Defense in depth (DID)
			Improved probabilistic safety indicators
			PRA-guided design
			Use of PRA/PSA to support eliminating off-site emergency planning zone (EPZ) for SMRs
			Seismic isolators
			Safety challenges of iPWR SMRs
		Security as it relates to safety
		Future trends
		References
9---Proliferation-resistance-and-physical-protect_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
	Proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) in small modular reactors (SMRs)*
		Introduction
			Definitions of PRandPP for small modular reactors (SMRs)
			The importance of PRandPP for SMRs
		Methods of analysis
			The basic evaluation approach
			Definition of challenges
		System response and outcomes
			System element identification
			Target identification and categorization
			Pathway identification and refinement
			Estimation of measures
				Proliferation resistance
				Physical protection
			Outcomes
				Pathway comparison
				System assessment and presentation of results
		Steps in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) evaluation process
			Main activities D and M: Defining the work and managing the process (steps 1, 2, 4, and 9)
				Step 1: Frame the evaluation clearly and concisely (activity D)
				Step 2: Form a study team that provides the required expertise (activity M)
				Step 4: Develop a plan describing the approach and desired results (activity M)
				Step 9: Commission peer reviews (activity M)
			Main activity P: Performing the work (steps 3, 5, 6, and 7)
				Step 3: Decompose the problem into manageable elements (main activity P)
				Step 5: Collect and validate input data (main activity P)
				Step 6: Perform analysis (main activity P)
				Step 7: Integrate results for presentation (main activity P)
				Step 8: Write the report (main activity R)
		Lessons learned from performing proliferation resistance and physical protection (PRandPP)
			Example sodium fast reactor (ESFR) case study
			Insights from interaction with GIF System Steering Committees (SSCs)
		Physical security
		Future trends
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
10---Economics-and-financing-of-small-modu_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nu
	Economics and financing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
		Introduction
			Basic definitions and concepts
			Construction cost estimation
		Investment and risk factors
			Reduced up-front investment and business risk diversification
			Control of construction lead times and costs
			Control over market risk
		Capital costs and economy of scale
		Capital costs and multiple units
			Learning
			Co-siting economies
		Capital costs and size-specific factors
			Modularization
			Design factor
		Competitiveness of multiple small modular reactors (SMRs) versus large reactors
			Deterministic scenarios
			Introducing uncertainty in the economic analysis
			SMRs and operating costs
			Conclusion: the `economy of multiples
		Competitiveness of SMRs versus other generation technologies
		External factors
		Future trends
		10.10 Sources of further information and advice
		References
11---Licensing-of-small-modular-react_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear
	Licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
		Introduction
		US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs): An example
			Alternatives for SMR licensing
			Use of deterministic or risk-informed approaches for licensing SMRs
			SMR-specific licensing and policy issues
				Control room staffing
				Security requirements
				Source term for SMRs
				Emergency planning
				Multiple-module licensing
				Manufacturing license
				Timeliness of SMR licensing
				Mitigation of licensing risk
		Non-LWR advanced reactor SMR licensing
		Industry codes and standards to support SMR licensing
		International strategy and framework for SMR licensing
			Development of international codes and standards
			International harmonization of licensing processes and practices
				The international transfer of a reactor module certification
				Master Facility License
			International certification of SMRs
			International cooperation to assess worldwide operating data
		Conclusion
		References
12---Construction-methods-for-small-modul_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
	Construction methods for small modular reactors (SMRs)
		Introduction
			Economic development
			Limitations with existing technologies
			Understanding the opportunity
			Challenges for industry: step or incremental change?
		Options for manufacturing
			Volume and profile of sales build-up
			The flowline
			Role of standardisation
			Component sizing
		Component fabrication
			Additive manufacture
				Benefits of ALM
			Electron beam melting (EBM)
			Shaped metal deposition (SMD)
			Cladding
			Hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
		Advanced joining techniques
			Coatings systems
		Supply chain implications
			Deployment
				Modularity: addressing schedule and cost risk
			International perspective
			Power plant critical path
			Deployment model: in service
		Conclusion
		Reference
13---Hybrid-energy-systems-using-small-modul_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-
	Hybrid energy systems using small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs)
		Introduction
			Definition of a ``hybrid´´ energy system
			Key features of SMRs
		Principles of HESs
			Potential nuclear architectures
			System efficiency through ``load-dynamic´´ operation
		Evaluating the merit of proposed hybrid system architectures
			Technical feasibility
			Overall system economics
			Environmental impacts
			Production reliability
			System resiliency and sustainability
			System security
			Overall public or political acceptance
		The when, why, and how of SMR hybridization
			Emerging electricity markets
			Overview of SMR concepts considered for hybrid application
			System siting and resource integration
			Nuclear-renewable integration
		Coupling reactor thermal output to nonelectric applications
			General considerations
			Overview of process heat applications
				Hydrogen production
				Natural gas or coal to gasoline via methanol production
				Coal and natural gas-to-diesel production via Fischer-Tropsch
				Ammonia production
				Water desalination
				Steam-assisted gravity drainage
				Oil shale
				Olefins via methanol production
			Hybrid configuration selection and optimization
		Future trends
			Steady-state and dynamic system modeling and simulation
			Component, subsystem, and integrated system testing
		Acknowledgments
		References
14---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-c_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Argentina
		Introduction
		Small modular reactor (SMR) research and development in Argentina
			Development of research reactors
			Development of heavy water reactors
			Development of iPWRs
		Integrated pressurized water reactor: CAREM
			CAREM 25 design
			CAREM developments
			Post-Fukushima actions
		Deployment of SMRs in Argentina
		Future trends
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
15---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Canada
		Introduction
		Canadas SMR strategy
			SMR Roadmap
			Case study: Province of Ontario
			Case study: Province of New Brunswick
		SMR markets and potential applications in Canada
			On-grid applications for electricity
			Heavy industry
				Mining
				Oil sands extraction
			Remote communities
			Other potential applications
				Floating power stations and icebreakers
				Military bases
				Summary of potential Canadian applications for SMRs
		Canadian regulatory framework
		Support for development and deployment
			Supply chain readiness
			CNLs SMR demonstration siting initiative
			RandD support
		Future trends
			Greenhouse gas emissions in Canada and Canadas targets for 2030 and 2050
			Future trends in the power generation industry
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
16---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of China
		Introduction
		SMRs in the Peoples Republic (PR) of China: HTR-200
			Introduction of HTR-200
			Technical aspects
			Main design parameters
			Engineered safety feature plan
			Testing and verification
		SMRs in PR of China: ACP100
			Introduction of ACP100
			Technical aspects
			Main design parameters
			General layout of the plant
			Nuclear steam supply system
			Engineered safety feature plan
			Role of passive safety design features
				Level 1: Prevention of abnormal operation and failure
				Level 2: Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure
				Level 3: Control of accidents within the design basis
				Level 4: Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of con ...
				Level 5: Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials
			Post-Fukushima actions
			Testing and verification
		Deployment of SMRs in PR of China
			HTR-200
			ACP100
				Licensing
				Site selection
		Future trends
		Acknowledgments
		References
17---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Japan
		Introduction
		Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) RandD in Japan
			SMR RandD in the 1980s and 1990s
			SMR RandD after 2000
		SMR technologies in Japan
			IMR
			CCR
			DMS
			GTHTR300
			4S
		Deployment of SMRs in Japan
		Future trends
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
18---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the Republic of Korea
		Introduction
		Korean integral pressurized-water reactor: System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor
			Chronicles of the SMART RandD program
			Design characteristics of the SMART
				Reactor coolant system
					Reactor vessel assembly
					Fuel assembly and core
					Steam generator cassette
					Reactor coolant pump
				Engineered safety features
					Nuclear safety
					SMART safety design principles
					Description of SMART safety systems
				Instrumentation and controls system and control rooms
			SMART technology verification
				Thermohydraulic test
					Critical heat flux tests
					Two-phase critical flow test with a non-condensable gas
					Integral effect test
				Major components performance test
		Development of other small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) programs in the Republic of Korea
			BANDI-60S (KEPCO EandC)
				Overview
				Future plan
				Technical data
					Block-type arrangement of reactor coolant system
					Soluble boron-free design and operation
					In-vessel control element drive mechanism
					Passive safety systems
			REX-10 (SNU)
				Overview
				Future plans
				Technical data
			PGSFR (KAERI)
				Overview
				Future plan
				Technical data
			VHTR (KAERI)
				Overview
				Future plan
			MMR (KAIST)
				Overview
				Future plan
				Technical data
			MINERVA (UNIST)
				Overview
		Acknowledgment
		References
		Further reading
19---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Russia
		Introduction
		OKBM Afrikantov small modular reactor (SMR) projects being deployed and developed in Russia
		SMRs being developed by Joint Stock Company (JSC) NIKIET in Russia
		SMR projects developed by JSC AKME Engineering in Russia
		Deployment of SMRs in Russia
		Future trends
		Conclusion
		Sources of further information
		References
20---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-cas_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-N
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the United Kingdom
		Introduction
		History of nuclear power development in the United Kingdom
		Strategic requirements and background to UK interest in modular reactors
		UK RandD activities to support modular reactor development
			Nuclear innovation program
				Advanced manufacturing and materials
				Advanced fuels
				Recycle and waste management
				Reactor design
				Strategic toolkit and facilities
				AMR competition
					U-Battery
					USNC MMR
					DBD HTR-PM
					Advanced reactor concept ARC-100 SFR
					LeadCold LFR (SEALER-UK)
					Westinghouse LFR
					Moltex stable salt reactor (SSR) MSR
					Tokamak energy spherical tokamak
				Additional activities
					Nuclear innovation and advisory board (NIRAB)
					UKSMR funding
					Fusion
					Enabling regulation
		Future role of SMRs/AMRs in low-carbon energy generation
			Role in a low-carbon economy
			Domestic heating
			Grid balancing frequency response and inertia
			Industrial heat applications
		Conclusions
		Appendix 20.1
		Appendix 20.2
			NIRAB recommendations
		References
21---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case-o_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the United States of America
		Introduction
		Near-term SMR activities in United States
			DOE-NE LTS program
			Additional DOE-NE LW-SMR support
			NuScale design description
			Holtec SMR-160 design description
		Longer-term activities: US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) small modular reactor (SMR) RandD ...
			DOE-NE ART RandD program
			A-SMR development related RandD program
		A-SMR concept evaluations
		DOE-NE GAIN program and A-SMRs
		DOE-NE Nuclear Energy University Program and A-SMRs
		DOE-NE National Reactor Innovation Center
		DOE-NE RandD efforts related to development of microreactors
		DOE-ARPA-E RandD for modeling and simulation of innovative technologies for advanced reactors
		Future trends
		References
22---Small-modular-reactor--SMR--adoption--Opport_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
	Small modular reactor (SMR) adoption: Opportunities and challenges for emerging markets
		Introduction
		SMR market deployment potential
			Global market assessments
			Deployment potential with SMR indicators
			SMR deployment conditions and regional energy aims
		Recent climate goals and initiatives
			Implications of the COP21 Paris agreement and 2030 UN sustainable development goals on nuclear energy utilization
			Country use of nuclear in carbon mitigation plans
			Relevance of SMRs in climate goals, access to energy, and economic development
		Disruptive change: A closer look at global shifts and SMR options
			The role of SMRs in connection to global energy demands
			Pathways with advanced nuclear technologies including SMRs and microreactors
			SMR integration with renewables in distributed and hybrid energy systems including storage
		Challenges and opportunities
			Fuel requirements and the transport of nuclear fuel and modules
			Remote operations and security
			Used fuel storage
			Decommissioning and decontamination
			Financing
			Cost competitiveness
			Policies in the changing playing field
			Nuclear plant construction
			Economies of production
			Sociopolitical and related environmental considerations
		Conclusion
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
23---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-
	Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of developing countries
		Introduction
		Measuring development
		Trade-offs of small modular reactors (SMRs) in developing countries
		Characteristics of developing countries that make deployment of SMRs viable
			The increasing importance of the information economy
			Water precarity or scarcity
			The high cost of grid power compared to the developed world
			Energy infrastructure weakness
			The growth of megacities
			Sociological public-acceptance factors
		SMR choices in developing countries
			Technology lock-in and decarbonization
			Sustainable energy choices and the role of debt
			Energy resource-rich countries
			Financing and the effect of external policy preferences
		Obstacles and innovations
			The role of standardization of technology and licensing
			Utilization of regional mechanisms
			Inclusion rather than `exceptionalism
				A proposed approach
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
	Index
		A
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		D
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		I
		J
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