Handbook of Rubber Bonding

Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 15
Introduction......Page 17
1.1.1 Structure of Metal Substrates – Metallography......Page 19
1.1.3 Rubber Component with Metal Support......Page 21
1.1.4 Metal Pre-treatments......Page 22
1.2.1 Introduction......Page 28
1.2.2 Studies of Pre-treatments for Plastics......Page 29
1.2.3 Hydrocarbon Rubbers with Little or No Unsaturation......Page 35
1.2.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Rubbers......Page 36
1.2.5 Halogenated Rubbers......Page 41
1.2.6 Miscellaneous Rubbers......Page 42
1.2.7 Discussion......Page 43
1.3.1 Introduction......Page 45
1.3.2 Plastics Substrate Preparation......Page 47
1.3.3 Degreasing and Solvent Cleaning......Page 51
1.3.4 Adhesive/Bonding Agent Choice......Page 52
APPENDIX 1.1......Page 56
1.4.2 The Wet Blast Phosphating Plant......Page 58
1.4.3 Comparison Between Conventional and Wet Blast Phosphating......Page 61
1.4.4 The Wet Blast Phosphating Plant......Page 62
1.4.5 Advantages of the Wet Blast Phosphating Plant......Page 63
References......Page 67
2.1 History......Page 73
2.2.1 Adhesive Characteristics......Page 78
2.2.2 Compound Characteristics......Page 80
2.3 Adhesion......Page 82
2.4 Effective Bond Formation......Page 87
2.6 Factors Affecting Bond Integrity......Page 89
2.7 Bond Failure Types......Page 90
2.8 Bond Test Procedures......Page 92
2.9 Summary......Page 93
References......Page 94
3.1.2 History......Page 97
3.1.3 Types of Bonding......Page 98
3.1.4 The Bonding Process - An Overview......Page 99
3.1.6 Bonding Agent Reliability......Page 100
3.1.7 The Environment and Solvent Use......Page 102
3.2 Substrates and their Preparation......Page 103
3.2.1 Mechanical Treatment of Metals......Page 104
3.2.2 The Abrasion Process......Page 106
3.2.3 Levels of metal cleanliness......Page 108
3.2.4 Time Window......Page 109
3.2.5 Chemical Preparation of Surfaces......Page 110
3.2.6 Future Developments......Page 112
3.3.1 Solvent-borne Bonding Systems......Page 113
3.4.2 Waterborne Bonding Systems......Page 114
3.4.3 Bonding Agent Thickness......Page 115
3.5.2 Choice of Bonding Agent for Post Vulcanisation Bonding......Page 116
3.5.5 Methods of Application......Page 117
3.6.2 Differences Between Solvent and Waterborne Bonding Agents......Page 119
3.6.4 Application and Substrate Temperatures......Page 121
3.6.7 Progress in Performance......Page 122
3.7.1 The Safety Data Sheet......Page 125
3.8 Bonding Agent Testing......Page 126
3.9 Shelf Life Considerations......Page 128
3.9.2 Procedures for Re-certification of Bonding Agents......Page 129
3.10 Troubleshooting......Page 131
References......Page 136
Appendix 3.1......Page 138
4.1 Introduction......Page 141
4.1.1 Solvent Elimination by the Rubber Industry......Page 142
4.2.2 Structure of Waterborne Bonding Systems......Page 143
4.2.4 Waterborne Bonding Systems in Factory Usage......Page 144
4.2.6 Waterborne Bonding Agent Application......Page 145
4.2.9 General Comments - Waterborne Bonding Agents......Page 146
4.3.1 Thickness Effects......Page 147
4.3.2 Pre-bake Resistance......Page 149
4.3.6 Current Disadvantages of Waterborne Bonding Agents......Page 150
References......Page 152
5.1.1 Tack/Autohesion......Page 153
5.1.2 Influence of Vulcanisation System......Page 155
5.1.3 Influence of Filler Type......Page 156
5.1.5 Effects of Tackifiers......Page 157
5.1.7 Effects of Surface Modification......Page 158
5.1.9 Influence of Contact Time/Pressure/Temperature......Page 160
5.1.10 Effects of Blooming......Page 161
5.1.11 Effects of Ageing......Page 162
5.1.12 Testing of Tack/Autohesion Levels......Page 163
5.1.13 Adhesion Theories......Page 164
5.2 Bonding of Vulcanised Rubbers to Unvulcanised Rubbers......Page 166
5.3.1 Strip Bonding of Tyre Retreading Components......Page 168
5.3.2 Effects of Strip Thickness......Page 171
5.3.5 Effects of the Chemical Nature of Polymers/Polymeric Additives/Surface Roughness......Page 172
5.3.7 Surface Treatments to Improve Bonding (see also Section 1.2.4.1)......Page 174
References......Page 175
6.1 Introduction......Page 179
6.2.2 Recent Mechanistic Studies......Page 181
6.2.3 Updated Rubber–Brass Adhesion Model......Page 186
6.2.4 New Evidence for Ageing of the Interfacial Sulphide Film......Page 193
6.2.5 Compounding for Brass Adhesion......Page 196
6.2.6 Additives to Compounds for Brass Adhesion......Page 197
6.2.7 Developments in Metal Pre-treatments......Page 200
6.2.8 Developments of Novel Alloys for Bonding to Rubber......Page 205
6.2.10 Summary......Page 206
References......Page 207
7.1 Introduction......Page 213
7.2 Accepted Mechanisms of Rubber–Brass Bonding......Page 214
7.3 Ageing of the Rubber-Brass Bond......Page 216
7.4 Metal Organic Cobalt Salts......Page 217
7.5 The Role of Resins and Silica/Resin Systems (see also Chapter 9.2.3)......Page 221
7.6 Summary......Page 224
References......Page 225
Titanate and Zirconate Coupling Agents......Page 229
8.1 Introduction......Page 230
8.2 Metallic Coagents......Page 231
8.2.1 Scorch Safety......Page 233
8.2.2 Tensile Properties......Page 235
8.2.3 Tear Strength......Page 236
8.3.1 Materials......Page 237
8.4.1 Adhesion to Metals......Page 245
8.4.2 Adhesion to Fibres and Fabrics......Page 251
8.5 Summary......Page 254
References......Page 255
9.2.1 Aqueous Fabric Treatments......Page 257
9.2.2 Solvent-Based Adhesive Systems......Page 264
9.2.3 In Situ Bonding Systems......Page 265
9.3.1 Dip/rubber Interface......Page 266
9.3.2 Dip/textile Interface......Page 268
9.4.1 Storage of Treated Textiles......Page 269
9.5.1 Storage and Handling......Page 270
9.5.3 Wastes and Disposal......Page 271
References......Page 272
10.2 Liquid Cyanoacrylates......Page 275
10.3 Curing of Cyanoacrylates......Page 276
10.3.1 Factors Affecting Cure......Page 277
10.4 Types of Cyanoacrylate......Page 279
10.4.1 Bonding to Acidic and Porous Substrates......Page 280
10.4.2 Toughened Cyanoacrylates......Page 281
10.5 Design Considerations......Page 282
10.5.1 Minimise Peel and Deavage Loads......Page 283
10.5.2 Bond Line Thickness......Page 284
10.5.5 Successful Joint Design......Page 285
10.7 Environmental Resistance......Page 286
10.7.2 Hot Strength......Page 288
10.8 Activators......Page 290
10.9.1 Pressure/Time Systems......Page 291
10.10 Health and Safety and Handling Precautions......Page 292
10.11.2 Bonding EPDM......Page 293
10.11.4 Bonding Medical Devices......Page 295
10.12.1 Blooming of Cyanoacrylates......Page 296
Bibliography......Page 300
11.1 Introduction......Page 301
11.2 Why Bond Silicone Rubber?......Page 302
11.3.1 Silicone to Silicone Bonding (Soft and Soft)......Page 303
11.3.4 Why Use Silicone Rubber for Such Composites?......Page 304
11.4 Some Applications of Silicone Rubber Composites......Page 306
11.5.1 Undercuts......Page 307
11.5.4 The Build-up of Adhesion......Page 308
11.6 Bonding of Liquid Rubber (LR)......Page 309
11.6.1 Properties of Self-adhesive LR......Page 313
11.6.2 Limitations of Self-adhesive LR......Page 314
11.7.1 Self-adhesive HTV Silicone Rubber Applications......Page 315
11.7.2 Applications for Self-adhesive HTV......Page 317
11.8.1 Liquid Rubbers in Inserted Parts Technology......Page 319
11.8.2 LR in Two-component Injection Moulding Technology (Two Colour Mould)......Page 322
11.9 Silicone to Silicone Bonding (Soft and Soft)......Page 324
11.11 Duration of Bonding Properties......Page 325
11.11.1 Duration of Bonding - Chemically Bonded Composites......Page 327
11.12.2 Welding......Page 329
11.13 Summary......Page 330
References......Page 332
12.1.1 Introduction......Page 335
12.1.2 Incorrect Moulding Procedures......Page 344
12.1.3 Incorrect Production Quality Testing Procedures......Page 345
12.1.4 Corrosion in Service......Page 346
12.1.6 Other Failure Modes......Page 349
12.1.7 Factors Affecting Adhesion of Rubbers......Page 350
12.1.9 Surface Conditions of Adherend......Page 351
12.1.10 Classification of Rubber According to their Wettabilities......Page 352
12.1.11 Bonding – Interphase or Interface Considerations......Page 353
12.2.1 Introduction......Page 355
12.2.2 Power Transmission Belt Failure Modes......Page 356
12.2.3 Adhesion Systems in Power Transmission Belts......Page 362
12.2.4 Adhesion Testing in Power Transmission Belts......Page 363
12.3.1 Factors Affecting ‘Fixing’......Page 365
12.3.3 Other Methods of Preventing ‘Fixing’ - Examined Experimentally......Page 367
References......Page 368
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 373
Author Index......Page 379
Company Index......Page 387
Main Index......Page 389