Handbook of recycling: state-of-the-art for practitioners, analysts, and scientists

Front Cover......Page 1
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of contributors......Page 14
About the editors......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
 1.1 Introduction......Page 20
 1.2 WEEE legislation, division, and characterization by hazardous content......Page 21
 1.3 WEEE characterization by content value......Page 25
 References......Page 29
 2.1 Introduction......Page 32
 2.2 Defining waste electrical, electronic equipment or e-waste......Page 34
 2.3 The basel convention......Page 37
 2.4 Causes for alarm......Page 38
 2.5 Waste electrical, electronic equipment as an opportunity or environment and health threat?......Page 40
 2.6 The adverse effects of waste electrical, electronic equipment on human health......Page 42
 2.7 Summary and conclusion......Page 46
 References......Page 47
 3.1 Introduction......Page 52
 3.3 Fundamentals and significance of e-waste and e-waste recycling (amounts and compositions)......Page 53
 3.4 Lifecycle of electronics and e-waste......Page 58
 3.5 Objectives and general driving forces for e-waste recycling......Page 60
 3.7 Printed circuit boards......Page 61
  3.7.1 Sources and value of WPCBs......Page 62
  3.7.2 Characterization of WPCBs......Page 63
 3.8 Impact on metal resources......Page 64
  3.9.1 Methods of joining components in PCBs: soldering......Page 65
  3.9.2 Soldering methods of electronic products......Page 66
 3.10 History and fundamentals of e-waste recycling......Page 67
 3.11 State-of-the-art WEEE/WPCB reuse and recycling systems......Page 69
  3.11.3 Endprocessing/purification and refining......Page 70
 3.12 Dismantling/disassembly process......Page 71
   3.12.1.1 Tin (Sn) melting stoves......Page 72
 3.13 Automatic PCB electronic component-dismantling machines......Page 73
  3.13.3 Rod- and brush-type EC disassembly apparatus with IR heater......Page 74
  3.13.4 Scanning and laser desoldering automated component-dismantling machine......Page 75
 3.14 Traditional and advanced WEEE/PCB recycling methods comparison......Page 76
  3.15.2 Mechanical separation......Page 77
  3.15.4 Acid leaching (hydrometallurgy)......Page 78
   3.16.1.1 Industrial pyrometallurgical processes for the recovery of metals from e-waste......Page 79
   3.16.1.2 Cu/Pb smelters......Page 80
   3.16.1.3 Limitations of pyrometallurgical processes......Page 82
  3.17.1 Shredders......Page 83
  3.17.2 Blade/hammer mill pulverizators/granulators......Page 84
  3.17.3 Fractionator......Page 85
 3.19 Gravity/density separation (DS)......Page 88
  3.19.2 Dry gravity separation......Page 89
 3.20 Electrostatic separation (e-sorting) (ES)......Page 91
  3.20.1 Types of electrostatic separators......Page 92
   3.20.1.1 Corona electrostatic separation......Page 93
   3.20.1.3 Eddy current separators......Page 94
 3.21 Magnetic separation......Page 96
  3.22.1 Bare PCB recycling lines......Page 98
  3.22.3 Eldan recycling in Zaragoza (Spain)......Page 100
 3.23 Pyrometallurgical e-waste recycling lines......Page 101
 3.24 Economics of e-waste recycling......Page 103
 3.25 Conclusion......Page 107
 References......Page 108
 4.2 Characterization of printed circuit boards and their electronic components for suitable treatment......Page 114
 4.3 Hydrometallurgical procedures as WPCB pretreatment......Page 118
 4.4 Hydrometallurgical procedures for base and precious metal recovery......Page 120
 References......Page 130
 5.2 Principles of the cyanidation process in the mining industry......Page 134
  5.2.1 Gold dissolution......Page 136
   5.2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration......Page 139
   5.2.2.6 Pulp density......Page 141
 5.3 Cyanidation examples of precious metal recovery from WPCBs......Page 142
  5.3.1 Cyanidation process in column......Page 144
  5.3.3 Autoclave oxidation of e-waste-pyrite for copper removal......Page 146
  5.3.4 Oxidative leaching as pretreatment for copper removal......Page 148
  5.3.5 Precious metal dissolution from PCBs by acidic leaching pretreatment and cyanidation......Page 149
 5.4 Comparison between cyanidation of ores and WPCBs......Page 151
  5.4.1 Particle size effect during the cyanidation of WPCBs and ores......Page 152
  5.4.3 Cyanidation time effect on WPCBs and ores......Page 153
 References......Page 154
 6.1 Introduction......Page 158
  6.2.1 Current status for the recycling of fluorescent lamps......Page 159
  6.2.2 HydroWEEE process for the recycling of fluorescent lamps......Page 161
   6.2.2.2 Experimental procedure......Page 162
   6.2.2.3 Results and discussion......Page 163
   6.2.2.4 Process flowsheet......Page 166
  6.3.1 Current status of the recycling of cathode ray tubes......Page 167
   6.3.2.1 Material and methods......Page 168
   6.3.2.2 Experimental procedure......Page 169
   6.3.2.3 Results and discussion......Page 170
   6.3.2.4 Process flowsheet......Page 171
  6.4.1 Current status for the recycling of spent catalysts......Page 172
   6.4.2.1 Material and methods......Page 173
   6.4.2.3 Results and discussion......Page 174
   6.4.2.4 Process flowsheet......Page 175
 6.5 Conclusions......Page 176
 References......Page 177
 7.1 Introduction......Page 180
 7.3 Indium extraction......Page 183
 7.4 Indium recovery......Page 184
 References......Page 189
 Abbreviations......Page 194
 8.1 Introduction......Page 195
 8.2 The potential and need for recycling NdFeB magnets......Page 196
 8.3 Main challenges in the recycling of NdFeB magnets......Page 199
 8.4 Processing options for NdFeB magnet materials......Page 201
  8.4.1 Physical and thermochemical processes for spent permanent magnet treatment......Page 204
  8.4.2 Hydrometallurgical separation routes for NdFeB magnets......Page 206
   8.4.2.1 Leaching of magnet materials......Page 209
   8.4.2.2 Precipitation separation......Page 213
   8.4.2.3 Solvent extraction......Page 217
 8.5 Concluding remarks......Page 224
 References......Page 226
 9.1 Current legislation in waste electrical and electronic equipment processing......Page 232
  9.2.1 Precipitation......Page 236
   9.2.1.1 Chemical precipitation......Page 237
  9.2.2 Neutralization......Page 239
  9.2.3 Coagulation/flocculation......Page 241
  9.2.4 Adsorption......Page 246
   9.2.5.1 Sedimentation......Page 248
   9.2.5.2 Filtration......Page 251
   9.2.5.3 Centrifugation......Page 252
 9.3 Coagulation applied to recycling of household batteries: a real case......Page 253
 9.4 Conclusions......Page 255
 References......Page 256
  10.1.1 Global WEEE and PCB generation......Page 260
  10.1.2 Potential hazards of improper WEEE management......Page 261
  10.1.3 WEEE regulations and management......Page 262
  10.1.5 WEEE as a secondary source of metals......Page 263
  10.1.6 Discarded printed circuit boards (PCBs)......Page 264
 10.2 Biotechnologies for metal recovery from WEEE......Page 265
    Autotrophic and heterotrophic mechanisms of metal removal......Page 268
    Contact mechanism of the cells......Page 269
   10.2.1.2 Autotrophic bioleaching of valuable metals from WEEE......Page 271
    Heterotrophic bacterial bioleaching of metals......Page 273
 10.3 Perspectives......Page 275
 References......Page 279
 Further reading......Page 288
 11.1 Overview......Page 290
 11.2 Hydrometallurgy for noble metal recovery......Page 294
  11.2.1 From ores to waste electrical and electronic equipment......Page 296
 11.3 Green and coordination chemistry......Page 304
  11.3.1 Sustainable leaching......Page 305
  11.3.2 Concentration and separation......Page 328
 11.4 Valorization of the recovered products......Page 336
 11.5 Towards sustainable processes......Page 339
 Acknowledgements......Page 341
 References......Page 342
 12.1 Introduction......Page 352
 12.2 Current states of the recycling of rare-earth metals......Page 353
  12.3.1 Use of commercial extractants for IL extraction......Page 356
 12.4 Development of extractant applicable to IL extraction for rare-earth recycling......Page 358
  12.5.1 Leaching from phosphor powder scraps......Page 362
  12.5.2 Extraction and recovery of rare-earth metals from leachates......Page 363
  12.6.1 Construction of supported liquid membrane......Page 366
  12.6.2 Application of IL-based membrane system to real leached solution......Page 371
 12.7 Conclusions......Page 372
 References......Page 373
 13.1 Introduction......Page 376
  13.2.1 Background: HydroWEEE and HydroWEEE demo projects......Page 378
  13.2.2 Industrial/mobile plant description......Page 379
   13.2.2.1 Details of the operations and equipment......Page 380
   13.2.2.2 Capacity of the plant: rare earths recovery from fluorescent powders......Page 385
 13.3 Equipment details......Page 386
 References......Page 399
 14.1 Conclusions......Page 404
 14.2 Recommendation......Page 407
Index......Page 408
Back Cover......Page 428