Handbook of Optics, Third Edition Volume III: Vision and Vision Optics(set)

Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 14
Brief Contents of All Volumes......Page 16
Editors’ Preface......Page 22
Preface to Volume III......Page 24
Glossary and Fundamental Constants......Page 28
1.1 Glossary......Page 34
1.2 Introduction......Page 36
1.3 Ocular Parameters and Ametropia......Page 37
1.4 Ocular Transmittance and Retinal Illuminance......Page 41
1.5 Factors Affecting In-Focus Retinal Image Quality......Page 45
1.6 Final Retinal Image Quality......Page 54
1.7 Depth-of-Focus and Accommodation......Page 61
1.8 Eye Models......Page 69
1.9 Two Eyes and Stereopsis......Page 71
1.10 Movements of the Eyes......Page 75
1.12 References......Page 78
2.1 Glossary......Page 100
2.3 Optics, Anatomy, Physiology of the Visual System......Page 101
2.4 Visual Performance......Page 113
2.5 Acknowledgments......Page 140
2.6 References......Page 141
3.1 Introduction......Page 152
3.2 Definitions......Page 153
3.3 Visual Stimuli......Page 154
3.4 Adjustments......Page 155
3.5 Judgments......Page 157
Magnitude Estimation......Page 159
3.7 Conclusion......Page 160
3.10 References......Page 161
4.1 Glossary......Page 164
4.3 Stimulus Specifications......Page 165
4.4 Optics of the Eye’s Resolving Capacity......Page 167
4.5 Retinal Limitations—Receptor Mosaic and Tiling of Neuronal Receptive Fields......Page 168
4.6 Determination of Visual Resolution Thresholds......Page 169
4.7 Kinds of Visual Acuity Tests......Page 170
4.8 Factors Affecting Visual Acuity......Page 172
4.9 Hyperacuity......Page 177
4.10 Resolution, Superresolution, and Information Theory......Page 178
4.12 References......Page 179
5.2 Introduction......Page 182
5.4 Free or Newtonian Viewing......Page 183
5.5 Maxwellian Viewing......Page 185
5.6 Building an Optical System......Page 189
5.7 Light Exposure and Ocular Safety......Page 199
5.9 Coherent Radiation......Page 200
5.11 Putting It Together......Page 202
5.13 Acknowledgments......Page 205
5.14 General References......Page 206
5.15 References......Page 207
6.1 Glossary......Page 210
6.2 Introduction......Page 211
6.3 Postscript (2008)......Page 222
7.1 Glossary......Page 226
7.3 Injury Mechanisms......Page 227
7.4 Types of Injury......Page 228
7.5 Retinal Irradiance Calculations......Page 232
7.6 Examples......Page 233
7.7 Exposure Limits......Page 234
7.8 Discussion......Page 236
7.9 References......Page 240
8.1 Glossary......Page 242
8.2 Introduction......Page 243
8.4 Waveguides and Photoreceptors......Page 244
8.5 Photoreceptor Orientation and Alignment......Page 246
8.6 Introduction to the Models and Theoretical Implications......Page 249
8.7 Quantitative Observations of Single Receptors......Page 256
8.8 Waveguide Modal Patterns Found in Monkey/Human Retinal Receptors......Page 260
8.9 Light Guide Effect in Cochlear Hair Cells and Human Hair......Page 265
8.10 Fiber-Optic Plant Tissues......Page 267
8.11 Sponges......Page 269
8.13 References......Page 270
9.1 Glossary......Page 276
9.2 Introduction......Page 277
9.3 The Problem and an Approach to Its Solution......Page 278
9.4 Sample Point-by-Point Estimates of SCE-1 and Integrated SCE-1 Data......Page 281
9.5 Discussion......Page 288
9.7 Conclusions......Page 289
9.8 References......Page 290
10.1 Glossary......Page 294
10.2 Introduction......Page 295
10.3 Fundamentals of Colorimetry......Page 296
10.4 Color Coordinate Systems......Page 304
10.5 Matrix Representations and Calculations......Page 317
10.6 Topics......Page 325
10.7 Appendix—Matrix Algebra......Page 338
10.8 References......Page 342
11.1 Glossary......Page 350
11.2 Introduction......Page 352
11.3 Basics of Color-Discrimination Mechanisms......Page 358
11.4 Basics of Color-Appearance Mechanisms......Page 375
11.5 Details and Limits of the Basic Model......Page 380
11.6 Conclusions......Page 428
11.7 Acknowledgments......Page 434
11.8 References......Page 435
12.1 Glossary......Page 454
12.3 Refractive Errors......Page 456
12.4 Assessment of Refractive Error......Page 458
12.5 Correction of Refractive Error......Page 461
12.6 Binocular Factors......Page 468
12.8 References......Page 470
13.1 Glossary......Page 474
13.2 Combining the Images in the Two Eyes into One Perception of the Visual Field......Page 476
13.3 Distortion of Space by Monocular Magnification......Page 486
13.4 Distortion of Space Perception from Interocular Aniso-Magnification (Unequal Binocular Magnification)......Page 489
13.6 Eye Movements......Page 492
13.7 Coordination and Alignment of the Two Eyes......Page 493
13.8 Effects of Lenses and Prism on Vergence and Phoria......Page 498
13.9 Prism-Induced Errors of Eye Alignment......Page 500
13.10 Head and Eye Responses to Direction (Gaze Control)......Page 502
13.11 Focus and Responses to Distance......Page 503
13.12 Video Head Sets, Head’s Up Displays and Virtual Reality: Impact on Binocular Vision......Page 504
13.13 References......Page 508
14.1 Glossary......Page 512
14.3 The Graying of the Planet......Page 513
14.4 Senescence of the Eye’s Optics......Page 515
14.5 Senescent Changes in Vision......Page 525
14.6 Age-Related Ocular Diseases Affecting Visual Function......Page 533
14.7 The Aging World from the Optical Point of View: Presbyopic Corrections......Page 538
14.10 References......Page 541
15.1 Glossary......Page 550
15.2 Introduction......Page 551
15.3 Properties of Ocular Aberrations......Page 553
15.4 Implementation of AO......Page 556
15.5 Application of AO to the Eye......Page 564
15.7 References......Page 573
16.1 Glossary......Page 580
16.2 Introduction......Page 581
16.3 Refractive Surgery Modalities......Page 588
16.4 Laser Ablation......Page 594
16.6 References......Page 598
17.1 Glossary......Page 602
17.4 The Development of Confocal Instruments......Page 604
17.5 The Scanning Slit and Laser Scanning Clinical Confocal Microscopes......Page 607
17.6 Clinical Applications of Confocal Microscopy......Page 609
17.7 Perspectives......Page 610
17.10 References......Page 611
18.1 Glossary......Page 614
18.2 Introduction......Page 615
18.3 Principle of OCT: Time Domain OCT......Page 616
18.4 Principle of OCT: Spectral Domain OCT......Page 618
18.5 Principle of OCT: Optical Frequency Domain Imaging......Page 620
18.8 Noise Analysis of SD-OCT Using Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs)......Page 622
18.9 Signal to Noise Ratio and Autocorrelation Noise......Page 624
18.10 Shot-Noise-Limited Detection......Page 625
18.11 Depth Dependent Sensitivity......Page 626
18.13 OFDI at 1050 NM......Page 628
18.15 Doppler OCT and Phase Stability......Page 631
18.16 Polarization Sensitive OCT (PS-OCT)......Page 633
18.17 PS-OCT in Ophthalmology......Page 637
18.18 Retinal Imaging with SD-OCT......Page 640
18.19 Conclusion......Page 642
18.21 References......Page 643
19.1 Glossary......Page 648
19.4 Spherical Gradients......Page 649
19.5 Radial Gradients......Page 650
19.7 The Eye Lens......Page 652
19.8 Fish......Page 653
19.10 Rat......Page 654
19.12 Rabbit......Page 655
19.14 Bovine......Page 656
19.15 Pig......Page 658
19.16 Human/primate......Page 659
19.17 Functional Considerations......Page 661
19.19 References......Page 662
20.1 Glossary......Page 666
20.2 Introduction......Page 667
20.3 Contact Lens Material, Composition, and Design Parameters......Page 668
20.4 Contact Lens Power......Page 671
20.5 Other Design Considerations......Page 685
20.6 Convergence and Accommodation Effects......Page 690
20.7 Prismatic Effects......Page 695
20.8 Magnification......Page 696
20.11 References......Page 699
21.1 Glossary......Page 702
21.2 Introduction......Page 703
21.3 Cataract Surgery......Page 705
21.4 Intraocular Lens Design......Page 706
21.5 Intraocular Lens Side Effects......Page 721
21.7 References......Page 723
22.1 Glossary......Page 730
22.2 Introduction......Page 731
22.3 Operational Characteristics of Color Monitors......Page 732
22.4 Colorimetric Calibration of Video Monitors......Page 749
22.5 An Introduction to Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 763
22.7 References......Page 769
23.1 Glossary......Page 772
23.3 Work Environment......Page 775
23.4 Vision and Eye Conditions......Page 780
23.5 References......Page 783
24.1 Introduction......Page 784
24.2 Early Vision Approaches: The Perception of Imaging Artifacts......Page 785
24.3 Higher-Level Approaches: The Analysis of Image Features......Page 789
24.4 Very High-Level Approaches: The Representation of Aesthetic and Emotional Characteristics......Page 792
24.5 Conclusions......Page 793
24.7 References......Page 794
25.3 Common Design Considerations among All HMDs......Page 800
25.4 Characterizing HMD......Page 806
25.6 Appendix......Page 809
25.8 References......Page 811
A......Page 814
B......Page 817
C......Page 819
D......Page 826
E......Page 828
F......Page 829
G......Page 830
H......Page 831
I......Page 833
L......Page 834
M......Page 836
N......Page 838
O......Page 839
P......Page 841
R......Page 844
S......Page 847
T......Page 850
V......Page 851
Y......Page 853
Z......Page 854