Handbook of Occupational Dermatoses

Contents
1: Occupational and Work-Related Dermatosis: Definition and Classification
	Definition
	Classification
		Occupational Contact Dermatitis
		Occupational Non-contact Dermatitis
			Urticaria
			Acne
			Pressure- and Friction-Induced Disorders
			Vibration-Associated Disorders
			Foreign Body Granulomas
			Pigmentary Disorders
			Low Humidity-Induced Disorders
			Heat-Associated Disorders
			Cold-Associated Disorders
			Skin Cancer
			Infections
	Conclusion
	References
2: Epidemiology and Burden of Occupational Skin Diseases
	Introduction
	Occupational Contact Dermatitis (OCD)
		Epidemiology
		Burden
	Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) Arising from Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
		Epidemiology
		Burden
	References
3: Occupational Dermatitis Due to Irritation and Allergic Sensitization
	Introduction and Terminology
		Occupational Irritant Contact Dermatitis
			Clinical Features
				Chemical Burns
				Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
				Chronic Irritant Contact Dermatitis
				Irritant Reaction
				Airborne Irritant Contact Dermatitis
				Phototoxic contact dermatitis
			Histopathological Features
			Causative Factors
				Exogenous Factors
					Water and Chemicals
					Physical Causes
				Endogenous Factors
			Diagnosis
		Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis
			Clinical Features
				Acute Allergic Contact Dermatitis
				Chronic Allergic Contact Dermatitis
				Specific Patterns According to Localization
					Hand Eczema
					Airborne Allergic Contact Dermatitis
					Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis
					Non-Eczematous Reactions
						Lichenoid Reactions
						Lymphomatoid Contact Dermatitis
			Histopathological Features
			Causative Factors
			Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
	Conclusion
	References
4: Occupational Contact Urticaria Syndrome
	Introduction and Epidemiology
	Contact Urticaria
		Clinical Features
		Pathophysiology
	Protein Contact Dermatitis
		Clinical Features
		Pathophysiology
	Diagnosis
	Occupational Relevance
	Responsible Agents of Occupational ICSR (Table 4.4)
	Treatment and Prognostic
	Conclusions
	References
5: Occupational Skin Cancer by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
	Introduction
	Outdoor Workers as High-Risk Group for Skin Cancer by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)
		Malignant Melanoma (MM)
		Non-melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC)
	Prevention
		Primary Prevention
		Secondary Prevention
		Tertiary Prevention
		Challenges in Prevention
	References
6: Occupational Skin Infections
	Baker-Rosenbach’s Erysipeloid
	Tuberculosis Verrucosa (Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis)
	Fish Tank Granuloma (Mycobacterium marinum)
	The Milker’s Nodule
	Scabies
	References
7: Identification of Occupational Dermatoses. The Role of the Occupational Physician and the Dermatologist
	Occupational Dermatoses
		Definitions
		Spectrum of Occupational Skin Diseases
	Legal Framework
	Qualification
	Practical Approach to Diagnosing, Treatment, and Prevention of Occupational Dermatoses
		General Aspects in the Identification of Occupational Dermatoses
		Principals of Diagnosis of Occupational Contact Dermatitis
			Allergic Contact Dermatitis
			Irritant Contact Dermatitis
		Principals of Diagnosis of Contact Urticaria and Protein Contact Dermatitis
		Diagnosis of UV-Related Occupational Skin Cancer
		Assessment of Occupational Exposure
		Treatment of Work-Related Skin Diseases and Occupational Skin Diseases
		Principles of Prevention of Work-Related and Occupational Skin Diseases
			Primary Prevention
			Secondary Prevention
			Tertiary Prevention
	Emerging and Future Challenges
	References
8: International Standards for Prevention of Occupational Dermatoses
	Introduction
	Scope of Preventive Measures
	International Standards for Prevention
	Primary Prevention
	Recommendations for the Use of Protective Gloves
		Accelerators-Free Gloves
	Practical Recommendations for Proper Glove Use
	Moisturizers
	Secondary Prevention
	Tertiary Prevention Measures
	Conclusion
	References
9: Diagnostic Methods of Eczema and Urticaria: Patch Test, Photopatch Test, and Prick Test
	Patch Test
		Background
		Definition
		Indications
		Who Should Not Be Patch Tested?
		Patient Information
		Patch Test Procedure
		Materials
			Patch Test System
			Allergens
			Testing the Products Contacted by the Patients, Including Work-Environmental Products
			Adhesive Tape
			Location
			Reading Time
		Interpretation of Patch Test Results
		Patch Test Relevance
		False Positive Reactions
		False Negative Reactions
		Adverse Effects
		Prognosis of Patch Testing
	Photopatch Test
		Background
		Definition
		Indications
		Who Should Not Be Photopatch Tested?
		Patient Information
		Photopatch Test Procedure
			Methodology
		Materials
			Photoallergens
			Testing Patients’ Own Products
		Methodology of Photopatch Testing
		Interpretation of Photopatch Test
	Skin Prick Test
		Historical Aspects
		Definition
		Indications
		Patient Information
		SPT Procedure
			Methodology
		Allergens for SPT
		Test Conditions
		Reading Time
		Interpretation of SPT
		Adverse Reactions
	References
10: Work-Related and Occupational Hand Eczema (OHE), Diagnosis and Treatment
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
		Frequency and Burden of Disease
		Risk Factors
			Endogenous Risk Factors
			Exogenous Risk Factors
	Clinical Picture and Classification
		Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD)
		Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)
		Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
		Contact Urticaria (CU)
		Endogenous Forms
	Diagnosis
		Medical History
		Clinical Examination and Supplementary Testing
	Differential Diagnosis
	Factors Influencing Prognosis for OHE: New Trends
	Treatment
		Standard Treatment
			Detection and Removal of the Causative Agent
			Astringent and Antisepsis Treatment
			Anti-inflammatory Therapy
			Reconstitution of the Skin Barrier
		Emergency Trends or New Drug Therapy
	Prevention
	Occupational Hand Eczema in Time of COVID-19 (JPR)
	Conclusion
	References
11: Airborne Occupational Contact Dermatoses
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Risk Factors
	Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
		Airborne Contact Urticaria
		Airborne Contact Dermatitis
			Airborne Irritant Contact Dermatitis
			Airborne Allergic Contact Dermatitis
				Common Allergens
	Airborne Phototoxic/ Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis
	Diagnosis
		History
		In Vitro Testing
		In Vivo Testing
	Management
	References
12: Occupational Contact Dermatitis and Photodermatosis in the Agricultural Environment
	Introduction
	Contact Dermatitis (CD)
		Contact Dermatitis by Pesticides
		Contact Dermatitis by Plants and Flowers
			Irritative Contact Dermatitis
				Amaryllidaceae
				Anacardiaceae
				Asparagaceae
				Cactaceae
				Cannabinaceae
				Euphorbiaceae
			Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)
				Alliaceae
				Alstroemeriaceae
				Compositae
				Liliacea
				Primulaceae
			Airborne Dermatitis
			Contact Dermatitis due to Spices
			Protein Contact Dermatitis (PCD)
			Non-eczematous Reactions due to Contact with Plants
		Wood Contact Dermatitis
	Photodermatosis in the Primary Sector
		Phytophotodermatosis: Phototoxicity
			Dermatitis of the Meadows (Dermatitis Bullosa Pratensis of Oppenheim)
			Berloque Dermatitis
		Phytophotodermatosis: Photoallergy
		Professional Cancer in the Agricultural Sector
	Contact Dermatitis Diagnose
	Prevention
	Diagnose
	Appendix 1 Standard Allergen Series
		Sesquiterpenic Lactones Mix: 0.1% Pet
		Compositae Mix: 5% or 2.5% Pet
	Appendix 2 Websites of Interest
	References
13: Occupational Contact Dermatitis in the Industrial Setting
	Introduction
	Industrial Jobs
		Construction Industry
		Fashion Industry
		Chemical Industry
		Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries
		Power and Petroleum Industry
		Automotive Industry
		Electronic Industry
		Food Industry
		Paper Industry
	Prevention and Conclusions
	References
14: Occupational Contact Dermatitis in the Service Sector
	Sports
		Water Sports
		Athletes and Ball Sports
		Winter Sports
		Inducible Urticaria
	Music
	Stage Artists, Singers, and Dancers
	Kitchen Workers [44]
	Flight and Ground Staff
	Military Personnel
	Health Care Providers
	Dental Professionals (Dentists, Orthodontists, Technicians, Nurses)
	Veterinarians
	Beauty Industry
		Hairdressers
			Hair Dyes
			Persulfate Salts
			Permanent Hair Waving Solutions (Thioglycolates and Cysteamine Hydrochloride)
		Nail Beauticians [102]
	Conclusions
	References
15: Medicolegal Implications and the Importance of the Medical Report
	The Concept of “Occupational Disease” in the Legal Sense
	The Occupational Skin Disease No. 5101 According to German Law
	Duty to Notify an Occupational Disease
	The Dermatologist’s Procedure as an Early Intervention with the Intention to Prevent the Occurrence of an Occupational Skin Disease
	The Occupational Skin Diseases No. 5102 and 5103 According to German Law
	The Expert Opinion in Occupational Dermatology
	Qualifications and Duties of the Occupational Dermatological Expert
	The Preparation of an Occupational Dermatological Expert Opinion in Practice [5]
	References
Index