Handbook of Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin, Second Edition

Preface......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 18
General Introduction......Page 30
Personal Perspectives on Bioengineering and the Skin: The Successful Past and the Brilliant Future......Page 32
1.1 Some Current Issues......Page 33
1.2 Perspectives on the Future......Page 34
1.6 Epilogue......Page 35
References......Page 36
2.2 Choice of Method and Instrument......Page 38
2.3 The Legal or Authoritative Reference behind Study by Non- invasive Methods......Page 40
References......Page 41
3.2 Using URLs to Search for Specific Web Pages......Page 44
3.3 Using Selected Subject Directories to Search for Related Web Pages......Page 45
3.4 Online Literature Searches......Page 48
3.5 Online Tutorials and Educational Courses......Page 49
3.6 Search Engines......Page 50
3.7 Closing Remarks......Page 53
4.3 Age and Body Region......Page 56
4.4.3 Biomechanical Properties, TEWL, and Susceptibility to Irritants......Page 58
References......Page 59
5.2.1 Solar Radiation......Page 62
5.2.2 Effect of Temperature on the Skin......Page 63
References......Page 64
6.1 Introduction......Page 66
6.2.2 Assessment of Erythema and Skin Blood Flow (E in the PASI)......Page 67
6.2.5 Assessment of the Barrier in Psoriasis......Page 68
6.3.2 Systemic Sclerosis......Page 69
6.3.2.4 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy......Page 70
6.4.2 Conductance and Capacitance as Parameters for Skin Hydration in AD......Page 71
References......Page 72
7.3 Background of Good Clinical Practice......Page 76
7.5 ICH-GCP Principles......Page 77
7.7.2 Monitor Responsibilities......Page 78
7.7.3 Investigator Responsibilities......Page 79
References......Page 81
8.1 Introduction......Page 82
8.2 Basic Concepts, Definitions, and Methods......Page 83
8.3.1 The Gold Standard......Page 84
8.4.1 Definition of the ROC Curve......Page 85
8.4.2 Area under the ROC Curve......Page 86
8.4.3 Correction of the ROC Curve for Verification Bias......Page 87
8.4.4 Regression Methods......Page 89
References......Page 90
9.1 Introduction......Page 92
9.3.1 Example with Independent Data......Page 93
9.5 Discussion and Recommendations......Page 94
References......Page 95
10.2 What Is Quality?......Page 96
10.3 Quality Management and the Principles of ISO 9001:2000......Page 97
10.4 Quality in the Skin Bioengineering Laboratory......Page 98
References......Page 101
11.3 Medical Ethics and Bioethics......Page 102
11.6 Informed Consent......Page 103
References......Page 105
Technique, Application, and Validation......Page 108
General Aspects in Medical/Clinical Photography......Page 110
12.6 Depth of Field......Page 111
12.7 Lighting......Page 112
12.9 Background......Page 114
12.10 Patient Positions......Page 115
12.15 Specialist Photography......Page 116
References......Page 117
13.2.4 Image Analysis......Page 118
13.3.4 Zoom......Page 120
13.4 Process of Saving Digital Images......Page 121
13.5 Teledermatology......Page 122
References......Page 123
14.1 Introduction......Page 124
14.2.3 Characterizing Product-Induced Changes......Page 125
14.3.1 Three-Dimensional Scanning/Acquisition Systems......Page 126
14.3.3.1 Facial Scanning for Measuring Rapid Improvement in Texture......Page 127
References......Page 128
15.1 Introduction......Page 130
15.3 Methodological Principals......Page 131
15.4 Sources of Error......Page 134
References......Page 135
16.2 Object......Page 138
16.3.1 Instruments......Page 139
16.3.2 Infrared Photography and Dermatoscopy......Page 141
16.3.3 Ultraviolet Photography and Dermatoscopy......Page 142
16.4.1 Benign Conditions......Page 143
16.4.2 Alterations in Cutaneous Vessels in Various Diseases......Page 145
16.4.3 Malignant Conditions......Page 147
16.5 Validation of the Method......Page 150
References......Page 151
17.1 Introduction......Page 154
17.3.2 Light-Gathering Power......Page 155
17.6 Theory of Surface and Subsurface Imaging......Page 156
17.7.1.5 Vertical vs. Horizontal Illumination......Page 157
17.7.2.4 Acne......Page 158
17.7.2.7 Hairs......Page 159
References......Page 162
18.2 Clinical Assessment of Colors in Dermoscopic Images......Page 164
18.3.1 Computer Assessment of Dark Areas......Page 165
18.3.2 Automated Assessment of Color Type and Number in MMs and Nevi......Page 167
18.3.4 Automated Assessment of Colors in Atypical Nevi......Page 169
18.3.5 Colors in Image Blocks......Page 170
References......Page 171
19.1 Introduction......Page 176
19.2.3 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 177
19.4.1 Methodological Principle......Page 178
19.4.3 Recommendations......Page 179
19.5 Present Status of Replication Techniques in Dermatology......Page 181
References......Page 182
20.2 Objective......Page 184
20.3.3.1 Image Analyzer......Page 185
20.3.3.3 Measurement Parameters......Page 186
20.3.3.4 Automation......Page 187
20.4.1 Replica Artifacts......Page 188
20.5 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 189
References......Page 190
21.1 Introduction......Page 192
21.3.2.1 Technical Equipment......Page 193
21.3.2.3 A Recent Development: The Touchless Acoustic Stylus......Page 194
21.5.1 Laser Profilometry......Page 195
21.6 Recommendations......Page 196
References......Page 197
22.1 Introduction......Page 198
22.3.2 Control of the Optical Profilometer......Page 199
22.3.3.2 Air-Bearing Table......Page 200
22.3.5 Comparison of the Optical Profilometer with Mechanical Stylus Instruments......Page 201
22.3.6.1 Preprocessing the Parameter Calculations......Page 202
22.3.6.2 Algorithm......Page 203
22.3.6.4 Using Three-Dimensional Parameters for Characterizing Skin Replicas......Page 204
References......Page 206
23.1 Introduction......Page 208
23.3.1 Focusing System......Page 209
23.3.2 Triangulation System......Page 210
23.4.1 Parameters Obtained from the Extension of Classical and Standard Roughness Parameters to Three Dimensions......Page 211
23.4.2 Statistical Analysis......Page 212
23.4.3 Textural Analysis of the Skin Surface......Page 213
23.4.3.1 Directional Quantification of Furrows......Page 214
23.5.1 Quantification of Wrinkles......Page 216
23.5.2 Quantification of Wounds......Page 217
23.5.2.1 Performance and Results......Page 218
23.6 Conclusion......Page 220
References......Page 221
24.1 Introduction......Page 224
24.3 Fourier Transform of Skin Lines Network and Frequency Range......Page 225
24.3.2 Fourier Spectrum Representation......Page 226
24.4 Lines Identification by Anisotropic Spectral Filtering......Page 227
24.4.1 Directional Extraction of the Wrinkle......Page 228
24.5.1 Statistical Analysis of Skin Lines Morphology......Page 229
24.5.2 Morphological Tree of Skin Network of Lines [13-15]......Page 230
References......Page 232
25.1 Introduction......Page 234
25.2.1.1 Skin Surface Contour Measurement1......Page 235
25.2.1.2 Wrinkle Measurement by the Shadowing Method2......Page 236
25.2.4 Parameters for Skin Surface Contour in Three-Dimensional Analysis......Page 237
25.3.2 Wrinkles......Page 238
25.5 Advantages and Limitations of Each Method......Page 240
References......Page 241
26.1 Introduction......Page 244
26.1.1 Experimental Designs......Page 245
26.1.5 Normal Load......Page 246
26.2.1 Hydration......Page 247
26.2.2.3 Emollients and Moisturizers......Page 249
26.2.3 Probes......Page 250
26.3 Conclusion......Page 251
References......Page 252
27.2 Methodological Principle......Page 254
27.3.1 In Vivo Measurement of Skin Friction......Page 255
27.3.2 Relationship between Skin Friction and Other Physiological Parameters......Page 256
27.3.3.1 Skin Surface Friction after the Application of Emulsion......Page 257
27.3.3.2 Skin Surface Friction and Sensory Evaluation by Experts......Page 258
27.3.3.3 Skin Surface Friction and Sensory Evaluation (by Consumers)......Page 259
References......Page 260
28.2 Principal of the Haptic Finger......Page 262
28.4 In Vivo Experiment......Page 263
28.5 Conclusion......Page 264
References......Page 265
29.3 Overall Microscopic Aspect of Normal Skin on CSSS......Page 268
29.5 Diagnostic CSSS in Inflammatory Conditions......Page 269
References......Page 270
High-Resolution Sonography of the Epidermis In Vivo......Page 274
30.2.1 Image Processing......Page 275
30.3.3.1 Psoriasis Vulgaris and Lichen Planus......Page 276
30.4.1.1 The Horny Layer Is Represented as an Echo-Poor Band Below the Skin Entry Echo......Page 277
30.4.1.2 The Stratum Corneum-Stratum Malpighii Interface Is an Echo-Rich Line; the Echo-Poor Band Beneath Represents the Viable Epidermis Together with the Papillary Dermis......Page 278
30.4.3 Skin Diseases......Page 279
30.5 Discussion......Page 280
References......Page 282
31.1 Introduction......Page 286
31.2 Technical Considerations......Page 287
31.3.1 Probe......Page 289
31.3.4 Patient Interface......Page 290
31.4 OCT in Dermatology......Page 291
31.4.1 General Imaging......Page 292
References......Page 293
In Vivo Reflectance Mode Confocal Microscopy in Clinical and Surgical Dermatology......Page 296
32.2 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy: Basic Principles of Reflectance......Page 297
32.3 Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Findings of Normal Skin......Page 298
32.4.1 Acute Contact Dermatitis......Page 299
32.5.1.1 Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma......Page 300
32.5.2.2 Malignant Melanoma......Page 301
32.8 Summary......Page 303
References......Page 304
33.2 CSLM Studies on Healthy and Diseased Skin......Page 306
33.3 CSLM Image Acquisition Method for Dermoscopic and Histopathologic Correlation......Page 307
33.4.1 Superficial Epidermal Layers......Page 308
33.4.3 Cells Inside Dermal Papillae and Melanocytic Nest Features......Page 309
References......Page 311
34.1 Introduction......Page 314
34.3 Fluorophore Selection......Page 315
34.4.2 Intradermal Administration......Page 316
34.4.3 Intravenous Administration......Page 319
34.6.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery......Page 320
34.7 Future Directions......Page 321
References......Page 322
35.3 Object......Page 326
35.4.1 Epidermal Thickness Measurement......Page 327
35.5.1 Evaluation of Changes of Epidermal Thickness......Page 328
35.5.2 Evaluation of Sunscreen Agent against Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 329
35.6 Suitability of RCM for Skin Research......Page 331
References......Page 332
36.2 Object......Page 336
36.3.1.3 Application for Imaging of the Pathological Epidermis......Page 337
36.3.2.2 Application for Characterization of the Epidermis and Dermis14......Page 339
36.3.2.3 Application for Studies of Water Behavior in the Epidermis and Dermis16......Page 340
36.4 Sources of Error......Page 341
References......Page 342
37.2 Background......Page 344
37.3.2 Optical Model of the Normal Skin......Page 346
37.3.3 Forward Predictive Model of Skin Coloration......Page 347
37.3.5 Malignant Melanoma......Page 348
37.5.1 Clinical Applications......Page 349
37.6 Discussion......Page 350
References......Page 353
38.2 Objective......Page 358
38.4 Methodological Principle of the High-Frequency Method......Page 359
38.6 Sources of Error......Page 360
38.8 Measurements in Lesional Skin......Page 361
38.9 Water Sorption-Desorption Test of the Skin Surface In Vivo......Page 362
References......Page 363
39.1 Introduction......Page 366
39.3.2 Measuring Electrode......Page 367
39.3.4.2 Reproducibility......Page 368
39.3.4.6 Anatomical Skin Areas for Testing......Page 369
39.5.1.2 Irritation of the Skin......Page 370
39.5.2.1 Short-Term Effects......Page 371
References......Page 372
40.1 Introduction......Page 374
40.3 Bioimpedance and Hydration......Page 375
40.4 Skin Barrier and Skin Diseases......Page 376
40.5 Impedance Imaging......Page 377
References......Page 378
41.2 Principle of Measuring the Electrical Properties of the Skin......Page 380
41.3.1 Corneometer......Page 381
41.3.4 Nova Dermal Phase Meter DPM 9003 and Petite......Page 382
41.3.7 SkinChip: Skin Surface Capacitance Measurements......Page 383
41.4.3 Sensitivity Range......Page 384
References......Page 385
42.1 Introduction......Page 390
42.2.1.2 Forced Desquamation......Page 391
42.3.1 Visual and Photometric Techniques......Page 392
42.3.3 Microscopic Techniques......Page 394
42.4 Tape and Adhesive Methods......Page 395
42.5 Cohesion......Page 396
References......Page 397
43.3 Methodological Principle......Page 400
43.6.3 D-SQUAME Discs......Page 401
References......Page 402
44.1.2 Quantification of Dry Skin......Page 404
44.2.1.2 Obtaining the Video Image......Page 405
44.2.2 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 406
References......Page 407
Measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss by Semiopen Systems......Page 412
45.2.3 Exposure to Irritants, Predictive Irritancy Testing......Page 413
45.3.1 The Theory......Page 414
45.3.2 The Method......Page 415
45.4.2.3 Measuring......Page 416
45.4.2.8 Contact Pressure......Page 417
45.4.2.13 Performance of the Different Types of Instruments......Page 418
45.4.4 Individual-Related Variables......Page 419
References......Page 420
46.2 Measurement Principles of the Present Closed-Chamber Systems......Page 422
46.3 Calibration......Page 423
46.4 Update to the Guidelines of TEWL Measurement......Page 424
References......Page 425
47.2 Object and Methodological Principle......Page 426
47.4 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 428
47.5.2 Clinical Application......Page 429
47.5.3 Analysis of Dynamics of Change in TcPO2......Page 431
References......Page 432
48.3 Methodological Principle......Page 436
48.3.1 The Electrochemical Electrode......Page 437
48.5 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 438
References......Page 439
49.1 Introduction......Page 440
49.1.3 Histidine-to-Urocanic Acid Pathway......Page 441
49.3.1 Influence of External Environmental Factors......Page 442
49.3.6 Influence of Tape Stripping......Page 443
49.4.2 Changes in pH Could Influence Key SC Functions......Page 444
49.5.2 Ichthyosis......Page 445
References......Page 446
50.2 pH: Definition and Regulation......Page 450
50.4 The pH of the Skin......Page 451
50.4.2 pH-Dependent Enzymes......Page 452
References......Page 454
51.2.2 Agarose......Page 458
51.2.5 Image of Ion Gradation in the Epidermis......Page 459
References......Page 460
52.1 Introduction......Page 462
52.2.1.1 Induction......Page 463
52.2.1.2 Skin Chambers......Page 464
52.3 Sources of Error......Page 465
Acknowledgment......Page 468
References......Page 469
53.1 Introduction......Page 472
53.2.1 Recovery......Page 473
53.3.1 Microdialysis Probes......Page 474
53.4.3 Preparation for Human Experiments......Page 475
53.4.6 Ultrasound Scanning of Probe Depth and Skin Thickness......Page 476
53.5.1 Calculations of True Tissue Concentrations......Page 477
53.6.2 Inflammation, Allergology, and Physiology......Page 478
53.7 Advantages and Challenges of Microdialysis Methodology......Page 479
References......Page 480
54.2 Factors Affecting the Choice and Efficacy of Sampling Methods......Page 486
54.3 Methods Available......Page 487
54.3.1.3 Sellotape Stripping......Page 488
54.3.2 Swabbing Methods......Page 489
54.3.3.1 The Detergent Scrub Technique......Page 490
54.3.4.2 Cyanoacrylate Glue......Page 491
54.5 Recommendations......Page 492
References......Page 494
55.3 The Lipophilic Yeasts......Page 496
55.3.2 Techniques for Culture of P. ovale......Page 497
References......Page 498
56.1 Introduction......Page 502
56.4 Correlation between Ultrasonography and Histology......Page 504
56.6 Ultrasound Structure of Normal Skin......Page 505
56.7 Ultrasound Image Analysis......Page 506
56.8.1 Equipment, Laboratory Facility, and Examiner......Page 507
56.9 Biological Variables......Page 509
56.10.1 Inflammatory Skin Diseases......Page 510
56.10.2 Connective Tissue Diseases of the Skin......Page 512
56.10.3 Cutaneous Neoplasms......Page 514
56.10.5 The Nail......Page 515
References......Page 516
57.1 Introduction......Page 522
57.2.1 The Instrument......Page 523
57.3.1 The Software for Image Analysis......Page 524
57.3.2 Present Possibilities and Perspectives......Page 525
57.3.3 Evaluation of Normal Skin......Page 526
57.3.4 Evaluation of Allergic Patch Test Reactions......Page 528
57.3.5 Evaluation of Subclinical Allergic Patch Test Reactions......Page 529
57.3.7.1 Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate- Induced Irritation......Page 530
57.3.7.5 Indications for the Use of Units for Patch Tests to be Evaluated by Echography......Page 531
57.4 Conclusion......Page 532
References......Page 533
58.1 Measurement of Physiological Fluid Movement in the Skin......Page 536
58.2 Measurement of Dermal Edema......Page 537
References......Page 538
59.2 Methods......Page 540
59.3 Thickness and Echogenicity Variations of the Skin with Age......Page 541
References......Page 542
60.1 Introduction......Page 544
60.2 Technical Considerations and Instrumentation......Page 545
60.3 Optimal Recommendations for Performing High-Resolution Ultrasound in Subcutaneus Tissue and Adjacent Structures......Page 546
60.4 Examination Technique of Patients......Page 547
60.5.1 Normal Anatomy......Page 549
60.6.1 Edema and Fluid Accumulation......Page 552
60.10 Joints and Tendons......Page 553
60.11.1 Cystic Lesions......Page 554
60.11.2 Vascular and Lymphatic......Page 555
60.11.5 Neurogenic Tumors......Page 556
60.13 Potential Pitfalls......Page 557
References......Page 558
61.2 Biochemical Background......Page 560
61.3 Object and Methods......Page 561
References......Page 563
62.1 Introduction......Page 566
62.1.2 MR Principle......Page 567
62.2.2 Spin-Echo Sequence......Page 568
62.2.3 Longitudinal Relaxation Time (T1)......Page 569
62.3.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma......Page 570
62.3.2 Nevocellular Nevus......Page 571
62.3.3 Malignant Melanoma......Page 572
62.4 Discussion......Page 573
REFERENCES......Page 577
63.2 Raman Spectroscopy: Appeal for Skin Characterization......Page 580
63.3 Implementation of Raman Spectroscopy to Skin Studies......Page 581
63.3.1 Interpretation of Raman Spectroscopic Data......Page 583
63.4 Case Studies......Page 585
63.4.1 Water in Skin......Page 587
63.5 The Future......Page 588
References......Page 589
64.1 Introduction......Page 594
64.2.2 Qualitative Correlates of Langer’s Lines......Page 595
64.3.2 Suction Chamber Methods......Page 596
References......Page 597
65.1 Introduction......Page 600
65.2 Equipment and Determination of Skin Mechanical Properties......Page 601
65.3 Variables, Prerequisites, and Practical Guidance to Measurements......Page 602
65.4 Mechanical Properties of Normal Skin......Page 603
65.5 Skin Mechanical Properties in Pathology......Page 604
References......Page 605
66.2 Measuring Principle......Page 608
66.3 Measuring Device and Practical Use......Page 609
66.3.1 Measuring Conditions and Preconditioning of Individuals......Page 610
References......Page 611
67.1 Introduction......Page 612
67.3.2 Description of the Measuring Modes......Page 613
67.3.4.1 Strain-Time Curves......Page 614
67.3.4.2 Stress-Strain Curves......Page 615
67.4.1 Single Stress-Time Curves......Page 616
67.5.3 Influence of the Orientation of the Probe......Page 617
References......Page 618
68.2 Basic Description of the DermaLab Suction Cup Hardware......Page 622
68.3 The DermaLab Suction Cup as a Noncomputerized Stand-Alone Device......Page 624
68.5 Validation Study of the Computerized DermaLab Suction Cup......Page 625
68.6 Effects of Repetitive Cycles......Page 626
68.7 Typical Results from Studies of Human Volunteers......Page 627
References......Page 628
69.1 Introduction......Page 630
69.2.2 Mechanical Testing......Page 631
69.2.3.1 Elasticity Parameters......Page 632
69.2.3.3 Skin Rheological Model......Page 633
69.3.1 Intrinsic Aging......Page 634
69.3.2 Actinic Aging......Page 636
69.4 Stratum Corneum and Skin Biomechanics......Page 637
69.5.2 Scleroderma......Page 638
References......Page 639
70.3 Methodological Principle......Page 642
70.5 Validation......Page 643
References......Page 644
71.2 Various Measuring Systems......Page 646
71.3 Indentometry Measurements Using Different Methods......Page 647
71.5 General Conclusions and Recommendations for Standardized Use of the Indentometry Method......Page 648
References......Page 649
72.1 Introduction......Page 650
72.2 Instrumental Application......Page 651
72.3 Instrumentation......Page 652
72.4 Data Reduction......Page 653
References......Page 654
73.1 Introduction......Page 656
73.2 Mechanics of Ballistometry......Page 657
73.3 Practical Ballistometry for Skin Studies......Page 659
References......Page 661
74.1 Introduction......Page 664
74.3.1 CIE Color System......Page 665
74.3.2 Technical Details of the Colorimeters......Page 666
74.5 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 668
74.6.1 Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Erythema Measurement......Page 670
74.6.3 Measurement of the Blanching Effect of Corticosteroids28......Page 671
74.6.5 Measurement of Ultraviolet-Induced Pigmentation......Page 672
74.6.6 Measurement of Dose-Response Curves of Ultraviolet-Induced Erythema and Pigmentation52......Page 673
References......Page 674
75.2 Objective and Methodological Principle......Page 678
75.4 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 679
References......Page 680
76.1 The Importance of Color Calibration in Dermoscopy......Page 682
76.2.1 Analysis of the Video Camera’s Physical Properties......Page 683
76.2.2 Illumination and Border Defects Correction......Page 684
76.2.3 Assessment of g......Page 685
76.2.4 Conversion from the Instrument’s RGB to XYZ......Page 686
76.2.5 Conversion from XYZ to a Known and Standard Color Space......Page 687
76.3 An Example of Multi- Instrument Calibration......Page 688
76.4 Conclusions......Page 690
References......Page 692
77.2.1 Theoretical Aspect......Page 694
77.3 Sources of Error......Page 696
77.4 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 697
77.5 Clinical and Experimental Applications......Page 698
References......Page 699
78.2.1 Computerized Laser Capillary Microscopy......Page 702
78.3.1 Tetralogy of Fallot......Page 703
78.3.4 Arteriosclerosis......Page 704
References......Page 705
79.2 Capillaroscopy......Page 708
79.4 Videocapillaroscopy......Page 709
79.5 Capillaries Morphology......Page 710
79.7 Venous Insufficiency......Page 711
79.9 Pharmacological Inhibition of the Dermal Microcirculation......Page 712
79.10.3 Geometrical Capillary Network Analysis......Page 713
79.12 Conclusion......Page 714
References......Page 715
80.1 Introduction......Page 720
80.3 Methodological Principles: Technical Aspects......Page 721
80.4.2 Instrument-Related Variables......Page 722
80.5.2 Venous Occlusion Plethysmography......Page 723
References......Page 724
81.1 Physiology of Vasomotion......Page 726
81.2.1 Intravital Microscopy......Page 727
81.2.2 Laser Doppler Technique......Page 728
81.2.3.1 Fast Fourier Transform......Page 729
81.3.1 Increased Venous Pressure, Chronic Venous Insufficiency, and the Postthrombotic Syndrome......Page 731
81.3.3 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 732
References......Page 733
82.2 Theory of Laser Doppler Flowmetry......Page 738
82.4.1 The Zero LDF Calibration and the Biological Zero......Page 739
82.5.1 Depth of Measurements and Volume in the Skin......Page 740
82.6 Vasomotion......Page 741
82.8 Conclusions......Page 742
References......Page 743
83.2 Object......Page 746
83.3.2 Data Analysis......Page 747
83.3.3 Design of a Measurement Procedure......Page 748
83.4.2 Distance, Angular, and Reflection Errors......Page 749
References......Page 750
84.2 Object......Page 752
84.3.4 The Wash-In, Wash-Out Model......Page 753
84.3.6 Loss of Heat to the Surrounding Air and the Surrounding Tissue......Page 754
84.4 Sources of Error......Page 755
84.5 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 756
84.6.1 Experimental Studies......Page 757
84.6.2 Clinical Studies......Page 758
References......Page 759
85.3.1 Physical Principles......Page 762
85.3.3 Registration and Data Management......Page 763
85.3.4 The Washout Model......Page 764
85.3.6 Loss of 133Xe from the Skin Surface......Page 767
85.6 Recommendations......Page 768
References......Page 769
86.1 Introduction......Page 770
86.2.2.2 Lymph Transport Kinetics......Page 771
86.3.3 Analysis of Data......Page 772
86.3.4.2 Human Studies......Page 773
86.3.4.3 Studies in Pathological Skin......Page 774
86.4.3 Injection Trauma......Page 776
86.4.6 Extrinsic Forces......Page 777
References......Page 778
87.1 Introduction......Page 782
87.5.2 Thermometers......Page 783
87.6.2 Infrared Thermometers......Page 785
87.6.4 Infrared Radiometers......Page 786
87.6.5 Mechanical Scanning and Focal Plane Arrays......Page 787
87.7.1 Photon Detectors......Page 789
87.7.3 Photovoltaic Detectors......Page 790
87.7.5 Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors......Page 791
87.7.6 Thermal Detectors......Page 792
87.9 The Future......Page 793
Useful Terms......Page 794
References......Page 796
88.1 Historical Background......Page 798
88.2 Human Body Temperature and the Skin......Page 799
88.2.1 Mean Skin Temperature......Page 800
88.3.5 Skin Temperature Measured by Conduction......Page 801
88.3.5.3 Active Contact Thermometry......Page 802
88.3.5.4 Liquid Crystal Contact Temperature Measurement......Page 803
88.4.1 Skin Emissivity......Page 804
88.4.4.1 Image Capture......Page 806
88.5.2 Increased Skin Temperature......Page 807
88.5.4.1 Raynaud’s Phenomenon......Page 809
88.5.4.2 Neurological Dysfunction......Page 810
References......Page 811
Assessment of Cutaneous Pain......Page 816
89.1 The Ideal Cutaneous Stimulator......Page 817
89.2.1 Electrical Stimulation......Page 819
89.2.2.3 Pressure......Page 820
89.2.5.1 Heat-Responding Cutaneous Nociceptors......Page 821
89.2.5.4 Lasers......Page 822
89.3 Assessment of Cutaneous Pain......Page 823
89.3.2.2 Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex......Page 824
89.4.1.5 Mechanical Trauma......Page 825
References......Page 826
90.1 Introduction......Page 834
90.3.2 Molding Methods......Page 835
90.4 Sources of Error......Page 836
References......Page 837
91.2 SkinChip Images......Page 840
91.3 Hydration of the Stratum Corneum......Page 841
91.4 Measurement of Sweating......Page 842
91.5 Hydration and Sweating......Page 843
91.6 Conclusion......Page 844
References......Page 845
92.2.2 Stimulation of Sweat Production......Page 846
92.2.5 Problems with Iontophoresis......Page 847
References......Page 848
93.2.2 Harvesting Apocrine Secretions......Page 850
References......Page 851
94.2 Method for Performing the Follicular Biopsy......Page 854
94.5 In Vitro Assay for Comedolytic Potential......Page 855
94.11 Ultraviolet Examination......Page 856
References......Page 857
95.2 Methodological Principle......Page 860
95.3 Correlation with Other Methods......Page 861
95.4.3 Sebum Excretion Rate......Page 862
References......Page 863
96.1 Summary......Page 864
96.3.1 Image Analytical Evaluation......Page 865
96.4 Clinical Evaluation of Sebum Production......Page 866
96.5.2 Illumination, Filtering of Images, Interactive Analysis......Page 867
96.5.3 The So-Called Reservoir Effect......Page 868
References......Page 869
97.1 Introduction and Background......Page 870
97.3 Measuring Device and Practical Use......Page 871
97.4 Casual Lipid Level and Sebum Excretion Rate......Page 872
97.6 Study of Normal Skin......Page 873
References......Page 874
98.2 Practical Details......Page 876
98.3 Factors Affecting the Measurement of SER......Page 879
References......Page 880
99.2 Fluorescence Evaluation of Follicles......Page 882
99.3 Origin of Fluorescence in Sebaceous Follicles......Page 883
99.4 Sample and HPLC Preparations and Results......Page 884
99.5 The SAFIR Fluorescence Imaging System......Page 885
99.6 Image Analysis and Neural Algorithms......Page 886
99.7 Results on Comedogenic and Antibacterial Actions......Page 887
99.8 Recommendations......Page 888
References......Page 889
100.1 Introduction......Page 890
100.2 In Vivo Method for Assessment of Active and Inactive Follicles......Page 891
100.3 In Vivo Method for Assessment of Follicular Transport......Page 893
References......Page 894
101.2.2 Scoring Systems for Body Hair Growth......Page 898
101.3.1 Presampling Considerations......Page 899
101.3.6 Problems with Anagen, Catagen, and Telogen Classifications......Page 900
101.3.7 Determination of Hair Diameter......Page 901
References......Page 902
102.1 Introduction......Page 904
102.3.1 Methodological Principles......Page 905
102.3.3 Types of Hair Roots......Page 906
102.4 Criteria for Standardizing the Trichogram Procedure and Eliminating Sources of Error......Page 907
102.5 Comparison with Other Techniques......Page 908
References......Page 909
103.2 Basics about Hair Structure and Function......Page 912
103.3.1 Search for Golden Standards......Page 913
103.3.2 Improving Hair Photography for Computerized Measurements......Page 916
103.3.3.1 Categorical Classification Systems......Page 917
103.3.3.3 Global Photographs......Page 918
103.3.4.1 Phototrichogram: From Conventional PTGs to Contrast-Enhanced PTGs......Page 919
103.3.4.3 Future Trends in Computerized Methods......Page 920
103.4 Conclusion......Page 921
References......Page 922
104.1.1 Stress-Strain Curves......Page 924
104.1.4 The Series Zone Model and the Postyield Region......Page 925
104.2.3 Chemical Relaxation Methods......Page 926
104.4.1 Variability in Hair......Page 927
104.5.3 Gripping the Hair......Page 928
References......Page 929
105.2.1 Preparation of the Sample......Page 932
105.3.1 Cyclic Tester......Page 933
105.4.3 Calculating Characteristic Life Values from Experimental Data......Page 934
105.4.4 Survival Probability Curves......Page 935
References......Page 936
106.2 Photography......Page 940
106.3 Photodermatoscopy and Dermatoscopy......Page 941
106.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 942
106.10 Scoring Systems......Page 943
106.12 Measuring Nail Strength......Page 944
References......Page 945
107.2 Historical Overview......Page 948
107.3.1 Fixed Landmarks......Page 949
References......Page 950
108.2 Methods......Page 952
References......Page 953
109.2.2 Herringbone Nail......Page 954
109.3.3 Nail Microindentation......Page 955
References......Page 956
Clinical Experimentation, Evaluation, and Quantification......Page 958
110.1 Introduction......Page 960
110.2 Validity......Page 961
110.4 Sensitivity and Responsiveness......Page 962
110.5.3 Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form (SF-36)......Page 963
110.8.1 Atopic Dermatitis......Page 964
110.9.1 Atopic Eczema......Page 965
110.11 Conclusion......Page 967
References......Page 969
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Testing: ESCD Application and Reading Standards......Page 972
111.2.3 Clinical Effects......Page 973
111.3.1.3 Evaporation and Temperature of the Solution......Page 974
111.3.4 Immersion Tests......Page 975
111.4.1.1 Age......Page 976
111.4.1.7 Prior Exposure to Irritants......Page 977
111.5.1 Test Individuals, Reactivity, and Location......Page 978
111.5.3 Specific Test Procedures......Page 979
111.5.4 Individual Pilot Study......Page 980
111.5.5 Interpretation of SLS Exposure/Results from Noninvasive Evaluation Methods......Page 981
References......Page 982
112.1 Introduction......Page 986
112.2 Computer Image Analysis Using a Digital Camera (CIAD)......Page 987
112.4 Computer Image Analysis with Analog Camera......Page 988
112.5.1 Validity of the Rule of Nines......Page 989
112.5.2 Assessment of Involved Area in Atopic Dermatitis (Computer Image Analysis with CIAD and CIAT)......Page 990
112.5.3 Assessment of Involved Area in Psoriasis (Computer Image Analysis with Analog Camera)......Page 992
112.6 Future, Potential Limitations, and Pitfalls......Page 993
References......Page 994
113.1 Introduction......Page 996
113.2 Clinical Approach and Skin Color......Page 997
113.3 Optical Laser Doppler Methods......Page 998
113.4 Ultrasound Echographic Methods......Page 999
References......Page 1000
114.2 Transepidermal Water Loss......Page 1002
114.4 Colorimetric Methods......Page 1003
114.5 Cutaneous Blood Flow Measurement......Page 1004
114.6 Ultrasound......Page 1005
References......Page 1006
115.2 UV Sources......Page 1010
115.3 Sunlight......Page 1011
115.4 Dosimetry......Page 1013
115.7 Photodynamic Therapy......Page 1014
References......Page 1017
116.2 Light Source......Page 1020
116.4.1 UVA Irradiation......Page 1021
116.4.3 Visible Light Irradiation......Page 1022
116.5.5 Light Shielding......Page 1023
116.6 Drug Phototesting......Page 1024
References......Page 1025
A......Page 1026
B......Page 1027
C......Page 1028
D......Page 1031
E......Page 1033
F......Page 1034
H......Page 1036
I......Page 1038
L......Page 1040
M......Page 1041
N......Page 1044
P......Page 1045
R......Page 1048
S......Page 1049
T......Page 1055
U......Page 1056
V......Page 1057
Z......Page 1058