Handbook of Mind/Body Integration in Child and Adolescent Development

Foreword
Book Content Description
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Developmental Issues in the Embodiment of the Self in Children and Adolescents
	1: The Body and Mind of the Infant
		Introduction
		The Body of the Infant from an Intersubjective Perspective
		The Role of the Caregiver in the Embodiment of the Infant
		The Birth of a Baby Who Is Different from the Expected
		The First Encounter with Mariano and His Parents
		Getting to Know Mariano
		Embodiment Through Play
		The Body, Parenthood, and Electronic Devices
		References
	2: The Body and the Mind of the Preschool-Age Child
		The Body of the Preschool-Age Child
		The Mind of the Preschool-Age Child
		Inner Monologue and Language Abilities
		The Emotions of the Young Child
		Temperament
		Socialization and Its Vicissitudes
		Entering the Inner World of the Preschool Child
		Preschool Children’s Concept of Illness
		Parent–Child Interactions in the Preschool Age
		References
	3: The Body and Mind of the School-Age Child
		Introduction
		The Mind, Body, and Emotions of the School-Age Child
			The Body as a Motor and Sensory Entity
		The Body and Its Functions: Sleep, Eating, Elimination
		The Mind: Cognition and Schooling
			Cognition
		Language Development
		Learning Academic Skills
		Demands on Attention and Concentration
		Engagement in Social Play
		Social Media, Technology, and the Evolution of Play
		References
	4: The Body and Mind of the Adolescent
		Adolescence
		Puberty, a Metamorphosis
		Neurophysiological Development
		Cognition, Learning, and Sleep
		The Role of Parents During Adolescence
		Goodbye to Childhood. Mourning Processes
		Mourning the Body
		Mourning the Previous Identity
		Mourning for the Parents
		“Born Digital” Adolescents
		Tattoos, the Body as Self-Expression
		References
	5: Mindless Child Psychiatry and Psychosomatics
		Mindlessness
		The Body of the Child and Psychosomatics
		Mind–Body Problems in Children
		Functional or Somatoform Disturbances
		Cultural Dimension of Somatization
		Implications for Child Psychiatry: Diagnosis and Treatment
		The Heritage of Hysteria
		Epidemiological Considerations
		Psychosocial Factors
		References
Part II: Trauma and Mind Body Consequences in Children and Adolescents
	6: Embodiment of the Self in Conditions of Neglect and Antipathy During Childhood and Adolescence
		Epidemiological Issues
		Manifestations of Neglect, Antipathy and Emotional Abuse
		Manifestations of Antipathy and Neglect in the Caregiver–Child Relationship
			The Infant
		The Older Child
			Family Factors in Emotional Abuse
		The Psychological and Somatic Effects of Neglect and Antipathy/Emotional Abuse on Children and Adolescents
		Disruptive Behavior
		Depression and Invisibility
		Emotional “Freezing”
		Mirroring of the Caregiver
		Resentment and Self-Loathing
		Determining Factors for Neglect and Antipathy in the Caregiver–Child Interaction
		Social and Cultural Factors in Antipathy and Neglect
		Evaluation of Emotional Abuse
		Psychosocial Interventions and Treatment Strategies
		Interventions with the Family
		Interventions with the Child
		The Child Protective Systems
		Effect on Clinicians
			Burnout and Compassion Fatigue
		References
	7: Embodiment of the Self in Traumatic Situations: Unresolved and Traumatic Losses
		What Is Trauma? How Is Trauma Defined?
		Prevalence and Impact of Childhood Trauma
		Traumatic Stress and Related Disorders
		Trauma Measures and Instruments
		Trauma and Loss Reminders
		Age-Related Reactions to Traumatic Events
		Risk and Protective Factors
		Other Manifestations of Trauma in the Body
		Clinical Interventions
		References
	8: Embodiment of the Self in Physical and Sexual Abuse During Childhood and Adolescence
		Epidemiological Issues
		Definitions
		Clinical Presentations
			Physical Abuse
			Sexual Abuse
		Somatic and Clinical Reflections
		Trauma-Informed Care
		Pharmacological Component
		Concluding Thoughts
		References
	9: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Adverse and Painful Experiences During Very Early Childhood
		Early Pain Experiences
		Long-Term Emotional and Behavioral Consequences for the Child
			Aversions and Fear of Others
		Dissociation and Being in One’s Own World
		Acting “Without a Mind”
		Free Floating Anxiety
		Long-Term Effects on the Parents or Caregivers
		Posttraumatic Memories in Parents
		The Crystal Baby
		Alienation (Entfremdung) vis-à-vis the Child
		What Can Be Done?
		References
	10: Medical Child Abuse or Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
		Terminology
		Incidence/Prevalence
		Patient Demographics
		Caregiver Demographics
		Outcomes
		Clinical Presentations
			History Falsification
		Interference with Records or Tests
		Induction of Illness
		Over-Medicalization
		Caregiver Psychosocial Motivation
		Playing the Saint/Martyr
		Baffling the Expert
		Social Connection
		Marital Discord, the Child in the Middle
		Monetary Gain
		Goal of Isolation and Control
		Healthcare Factors and Dynamics
		The Diagnosis of Medical Child Abuse
		Differential Diagnosis
		Vulnerable Child Syndrome
		Outcomes of Medical Child Abuse
		Interventions
		References
Part III: Mind-Body Issues in Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disturbances in Children and Adolescents
	11: Alexithymia in Children/ Adolescents and Psychosomatic Families
		Mechanisms
		Psychosomatic and Medicalizing Families
		Medicalizing Families
		Interventions
		References
	12: Generalized Chronic Health Conditions with Mind Body Representations. Neurasthenia. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome & General Distress Syndrome
		Neurasthenia and Chronic Fatigue
		Definition
		Prevalence
		Clinical Presentation and Mind–Body Issues
		Differential Diagnosis
		Intervention Strategies
		Juvenile Fibromyalgia
		Pervasive Refusal Syndrome and Resignation Syndrome
		Psychodynamic Factors: Individual, Family, and Social Factors
		Resignation or Total Surrender Syndrome
		Intervention and Outcome
		Catatonia in Children and Adolescents
		References
	13: Hypochondria in Children and Adolescents
		Developmental Considerations
		Clinical Features
		Epidemiological Issues
		Determinants of Hypochondria
			Biological Factors
		Psychological and Interpersonal Factors
		Interpersonal Factors
		Social and Cultural Factors
		Common Scenarios of Hypochondria
			Hypochondria with Dermatological Manifestations
		Illness Anxiety and the Digestive System
			Orthorexia Nervosa
		Treatment
		References
	14: Functional or “Psychogenic” Neurological Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Paroxysmal Movements and Functional Movement Disorders
			Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
			Tics, Chorea, and Stereotypies
		Other Movement Disorders: Chorea, Tremors, Dystonia, Catatonia
		Astasia-Abasia and Other Gait Abnormalities
		“Functional” Weakness: Stroke-like Manifestations, Gait Failure, and Pseudoparalysis
		Sensory Disturbances and Other Neurologic Manifestations
		Diagnostic Challenges and Treatment Modalities
		Classic Diagnostic Technology
		Advent of Neurogenetics and Neuroimmunology
		Psychotherapy and Medication
		References
	15: Functional Ophthalmological Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
		Diagnosis
		Computer Vision Syndrome
		Medically Unexplained Visual Loss
		Coexisting Phenomena and Intervention
		Functional Diplopia or Amblyopia
		Intervention
		Scotomata
		Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
		Visual-Perceptual Alterations
		Abnormal Eye Movements and Functional Strabismus
		Treatment
		Functional Blepharospasm
		Diagnosis
		Intervention
		Conclusions
		References
	16: Functional Ear, Nose, and Throat Disturbances in Children and Adolescents
		Functional Hearing Loss: Pseudohypoacusis
		Hyperacusis and Phonophobia
		Unexplained Voice Disorder, Dysphonia, or Paradoxical Vocal Cord Motion
		Psychogenic Stuttering
		Foreign Accent Syndrome
		Foreign Language Syndrome
		Globus Hystericus
		Management
		Choking Phobia
		Psychogenic (Functional) Vertigo
		Functional Dizziness
		Diagnosis and Management
		References
	17: Functional Respiratory Conditions in Children and Adolescents
		Tussis Nervosa or Psychogenic Cough
		Interventions
		Sighing Dyspnea
		Hyperventilation Syndrome
		Functional or Unexplained Chest Pain
		Paroxysmal Sneezing
		Psychogenic Stridor or Vocal Cord Dysfunction
		General Interventions
		References
	18: Functional Gastrointestinal Conditions in Children and Adolescents (Gut–Brain Interaction Disturbances)
		Introduction
		Background
		What Are Functional Gastrointestinal Conditions?
		Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
			Differential Diagnosis
			Psychological Manifestations and Treatment
		Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)
			Psychological Manifestations and Treatment
		Aerophagia
			Differential Diagnosis
			Psychological Manifestations
				Treatment
		Reflux Hypersensitivity Syndrome
			Psychological Manifestations and Treatment
		Functional Dyspepsia
			Differential Diagnosis
			Psychological Manifestations
			Treatment
		Abdominal Migraine
			Psychological Manifestations and Treatment
		Unexplained Abdominal Pain, Functional Abdominal Pain, or Centrally Mediated Abdominal Pain Syndrome
			Differential Diagnosis
			Psychological Manifestations and Treatment:
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
			Psychological Manifestations
			Treatment
		Functional Constipation
		Functional Fecal Retention
		Functional Encopresis
			Psychological Manifestations and Treatment
		Burning Mouth Syndrome
		References
	19: Functional Dermatological Conditions in Children and Adolescents
		Functional Itch Disorder
		Chronic Pruritus
			Clinical Features
			Management
		Urticaria
		Erythrophobia
		Hyperhidrosis
		Goosebumps
		Alopecia Areata
		Trichotillomania
		Psychogenic Excoriations, “Skin-Picking Disorder” or Prurigo Nodularis
		Acne excoriée
		Onychophagia
		Gardner Diamond Syndrome, Painful Bruising Syndrome, or Psychogenic Purpura
		Dermatitis Artefacta or Dermatitis Factitia
		Morsicatio buccarum
		Some Delusional Disorders in Dermatology
		General Considerations
		References
	20: Psychosocial Factors in Cardiovascular Conditions in Children and Adolescents
		Psychogenic Syncope
		Manifestations of Anxiety in the Cardiovascular System
		Chronic Stress in Childhood and Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescence
		Cardiac-Focused Anxiety
		Chest Pain
		Blood/Injury Phobia
		Somatoform Autonomic Dysfunction
		Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Broken Heart Syndrome)
		General Principles of Intervention
		References
	21: Functional Symptoms in the Genitourinary System in Children and Adolescents
		Epidemiological Issues
		Urinary Frequency, Irritable Bladder, or Overactive Bladder
		Psychogenic Urinary Retention (Paruria)
		Intervention
		The Genital System and Its Discontents
		Dyspareunia and Vaginismus
		Unexplained Chronic Pelvic Pain
		Erectile Dysfunction
		Anorgasmia and Premature Ejaculation
		Excessive Sexual Desire – Excessive Masturbation
		References
	22: Pain in Children and Adolescents. Evaluation and Treatment
		What Is Pain?
		Physiology of Pain
		Acute Pain
		Chronic Pain
		How Children and Adolescents Process and Interpret Pain
		Functional or Unexplained Pain
		Diagnosis and Management of Primary Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents
		References
	23: Chronic Medical Conditions Strongly Influenced by Emotional States: Eczema. Asthma, Headaches and Gut Inflammation
		Dermatological Conditions
		Atopic Dermatitis. Eczema
		Asthma
		Relaxation Therapy, Biofeedback, and Psychosocial Interventions
		Headaches, Tension, and Migraine
		Epidemiology
		Phenomenology
		Tension-Type Headaches
		Migraine Headaches
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology
		Intervention
		References
	24: Mind–Body Issues in the Consultation-Liaison Service in Pediatric Hospitals
		Different Types of Intervention in Consultation-Liaison
		The Impact of the Age and Developmental Stage of the Child
		Child-Centered Consultation
		Consultee-Centered Consultation
		Systemic Consultation
		Trends in Different Services
		Psychosomatic Unit or Mind–Body Center
		Long-Term Collaboration with Medical Teams and Educational Role
		References
	25: Mind–Body Issues in Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities
		Introduction
		Historical Perspectives on Typical Child Development
		Brief Historical Perspective on Atypical Neurodevelopment
		Framework of Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
		The Clinical Evaluation of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disability
		Diagnosis and Etiology
		Prognosis and Intervention
		Mind–Body–Society Issues for the Child
			Identity, Autonomy, and Independence
		Internal and External Influences on Mind–Body Issues
		Motor Disability
		Cognitive Disability
		Neurobehavioral Disability
		Mind–Body–Society Issues for the Family
		The Parental Experience
		The Sibling Experience
		Mind–Body–Society Issues for the Healthcare System
		References
	26: Mind–Body Issues in Children with Complex Medical Conditions and Complex Care Needs: Effects and Manifestations in the Child
		What Is Complex Pediatric Care?
		Who Are the Children/Adolescents with Complex Care Needs?
		The Mind and the Body of the Child with Complex Medical Needs
		Changes in the Demeanor or Mood of the Child
		Boredom and Need for Agency
		Non-adherence to Required Treatments or Procedures
		Connecting with Others Through Transgressions
		Attachment to Illnesses, Procedures and Devices
		Sexuality and the Adolescent with Complex Pediatric Problems
		Admission Criteria in Mental Health Clinics
		Psychotherapy
		References
	27: Mind–Body Issues in the Treatment of Children with Complex Care Needs: Issues for the Family and the Health Care System. Intervention Strategies
		Emotional Needs, Struggles, and Stressors in Caregivers
		Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Parents
		Family Resilience
		Patient and Family-Centered Care for Children with Medical Complexity
		Collaboration During Hospitalizations
		Assisting Families
		Resources
		The Medical and Nursing Staff. Challenges and Opportunities
		Frustration and Fatigue
		Sadness and Grief
		Tensions or Conflict Between Clinicians
		Balint Groups
		References
	28: Mind–Body Issues for Children in Palliative and End-of-Life Care
		Suffering and the Mind–Body Experience
		Total Pain
		Communication Regarding Distressing Symptoms
		Common Symptoms in Pediatric Palliative Care
			Physical Pain
		Dyspnea
		Anxiety and Dyspnea
		Delirium
		Depression
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Complementary and Alternative Medical Interventions and Strategies
	29: Multimodal Psychological Interventions for Children and Families with Mind–Body Problems
		Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
		The Neurobiology of Psychotherapy
		What Is Psychodynamic Psychotherapy?
		Play Therapy
		Use of Puppets, Miniature Toys/Families, and Doll House
		Family Therapy
		References
	30: Yoga and its Use in Children and Adolescents with Mind Body Problems
		Introduction
		Methods
		Results
		Healthy Populations
			Children and Adolescents
		Psychiatric Populations
			Mood Disorders
			Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Common Comorbidities
			Autism Spectrum Disorder
			Trauma
			Eating Disorders
		Yoga Therapy
		Discussion
		Summary
		References
	31: Meditation and Its Applications in Mind–Body Problems in Children and Adolescents
		Meditation as a Treatment Modality for Mood Disorders in Adolescents
		Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and the Role of Meditation
		Meditation for Pain
		Insomnia and the Benefits of Meditation
		Neurological Changes and Proposed Mechanisms of Action in Meditation
		Summary
		References
	32: Mindfulness and its Application for Mind–Body Challenges in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Mindfulness in Context
		Mechanisms Underlying Mindfulness-Based Interventions
		Development and Implementation of Mindfulness-Based Interventions
		Mindfulness and the Mind
		Cognitive and Socioemotional Skills
		Mood Disorders
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Mindfulness and the Body
		Chronic Disease
		Research Considerations
		What About Us?
		References
	33: Hypnosis with Children and Adolescents with Mind-Body Problems
		Hypnosis: What It Is and Is Not
		The Origins of Hypnosis
		Hypnosis in Childhood and Adolescence
		The Neurobiology of Hypnosis or the Hypnotic Brain
		Common Induction Techniques
		Favorite Place (Multisensory Induction)
		Applications of Hypnosis
		Hypnosis and Posttraumatic Phenomena
		Dissociative Experiences
		Psychogenic Amnesia
		Hypnosis and Gastrointestinal Conditions
		Asthma and Other Respiratory Symptoms Associated with Anxiety
		Other Psychosomatic Conditions
		Pain Control
		Hypnosis as One of the Interventions in Multi-modal Psychotherapy
		Hypnosis with Child and Parent
		References
	34: Eye Movement, Desensitization, and Reprocessing for Children and Adolescents
		Neurophysiological Aspects of EMDR
		Modifications of EMDR Applications for Children
			Preparatory Phase
			Assessment and Installation Phases
			Body Scan Phase
		EMDR as a Part of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy
		EMDR Uses with Families
		EMDR in Groups of Children
		References
	35: Ayurvedic Medicine in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Ayurvedic Philosophies
			The Tridosha (Three Humors) Theory
			Saririk (Body) Doshas
			Manasik (Mental) Doshas
		Ayurvedic Concepts of Mental Health
			The Mind
			Mind–Body Connections
		Etiology and Pathogenesis of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances
			Predisposing Factors
			Precipitating Factors
		Symptoms of Mental Illness (Unmada)
			Endogenous Unmada
			Exogenous Unmada
		Assessment
		Treatment of Emotional Disturbances
			Rational Therapy (Yukti Vyapashraya Chikitsa)
			Ayurveda and Anxiety Disorders
			Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
			Depressive Disorders
		Safety of Ayurvedic Medicines
		Summary
		Resources
		References
	36: Acupuncture. Its Uses for Mind-Body Problems in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Evidence Base for Acupuncture
		General Mental Health
		Mood Disorders
		Insomnia and Depression
		Depression in Pregnancy
		Bipolar Disorder
		Self-Injurious Behaviors
		Eating Disorders
		Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
		Anxiety Disorders
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Symptom Categories (Based on Scales)
		Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
		Limitations of Acupuncture Studies
		Risks of Treatment/Side Effects
		Conclusions
		Resources
		Table of Clinical Assessments
		References
	37: Biofeedback and its Uses in Mind Body Problems in Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Heart Rate Variability: A Primary Marker of Nervous System Regulation
		Basic Physiology of HRV
		Physiologic Factors that Produce Heart Rate Variability
		Biofeedback Modalities
		Clinical Biofeedback Challenges and Tools Specific to Pediatric Populations
		Neuro-Biofeedback
		Operant Conditioning and Neuro-Feedback
		ADHD and Neuro-Biofeedback
		Stress and Anxiety – Neuro-Biofeedback
		Depression and Neuro-Biofeedback
		Sleep and Neurofeedback
		Neuro-Biofeedback and Performance (Musical, Athletic, and Otherwise)
		Biofeedback and Mental Health
		Biofeedback, Stress and Anxiety Disorders
		Biofeedback and Depression
		Biofeedback and Other Mental Health Disorders
		Biofeedback and Mental Health – Discussion
		Biofeedback for Physical Health and Well-Being
		Biofeedback and the Genitoruinary System
		Biofeedback and the Gastrointestinal System
		Biofeedback and Pain
		Biofeedback and the Nervous System
		Biofeedback and the Cardiovascular System
		Biofeedback and the Respiratory System
		Biofeedback and the Musculoskeletal System
		Biofeedback and the Immune System
		A Concluding Thought
		References
Index