Handbook of Invasive Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Novel Ingredients for Use in Pet, Aquaculture and Livestock Diets

Cover
Handbook of Invasive Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Abbreviations
	General abbreviations and symbols
	Abbreviations used for nematode morphometrics (measurements)
	Abbreviations used for nematode morphological characters
	International organizations and agencies
Authors Biography
Introduction
	I.1  Plant-parasitic Nematodes
	I.2  Agricultural Importance of Plant-parasitic Nematodes
	I.3  Nematode Diversity and Global Agricultural Trade
	I.4  Invasive Plant-parasitic Nematodes
	I.5  Assessing Criteria for a Nematode as an Invasive Species
		I.5.1  Adaptability to soil edaphic factors
		I.5.2  Distribution (native or non-native origin)
		I.5.3  Survival adaptation
		I.5.4  Wide host range
		I.5.5  Short life, high fecundity and multivoltine nature
		I.5.6  Dispersal rate and pathways of invasion
		I.5.7  Persistence and competition
	I.6  Invasiveness Rating
		I.6.1  Climate/host interaction rating (score)
		I.6.2  Host range rating (score)
		I.6.3  Nematode dispersal potential rating (score)
		I.6.4  Economic impact rating (score)
		I.6.5  Environmental impact rating (score)
		I.6.6  Post-entry distribution rating (score)
		I.6.7  Final rating (score)
1 Anguinidae: Anguina and Ditylenchus Species
	Anguina Spp.
	Systematic position of Anguina species
	1  Anguina tritici
		1.1  Common name
		1.2  Scientific name
		1.3  Synonyms
		1.4  EPPO code
		1.5  Diagnosis
			1.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			1.5.2  Biochemical and cytogenetic diagnosis
			1.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		1.6  Geographical distribution
		1.7  Hosts
		1.8  Symptoms
			1.8.1  Ear cockle
			1.8.2  Yellow ear rot (tundu disease)
		1.9  Biology and life cycle
		1.10  Movement and means of dispersal
			1.10.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			1.10.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		1.11  Economic importance
		1.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
			1.12.1  Climate/host interaction
			1.12.2  Host range
			1.12.3  Pest dispersal potential
			1.12.4  Economic impact
			1.12.5  Environmental impact
			1.12.6  Global trade and nematode interceptions
		1.13  Invasiveness rating
		1.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		1.15  Management measures
			1.15.1  Cultural methods
			1.15.2  Mechanical methods of separation of cockles
			1.15.3  Physical methods of separation of cockles
			1.15.4  Chemical control
			1.15.5  Phytosanitary measures
	2  Anguina agrostis
		2.1  Common name
		2.2  Scientific name
		2.3  Synonyms
		2.4  EPPO code
		2.5  Diagnosis
			2.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			2.5.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		2.6  Geographical distribution
		2.7  Host plants
		2.8  Symptoms
		2.9  Biology and life cycle
		2.10  Interactions with other pathogens
		2.11  Economic impact
		2.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			2.12.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			2.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		2.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		2.14  Invasiveness rating
		2.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		2.16  Management measures
			2.16.1  Mechanical control
			2.16.2  Hot-water treatment
			2.16.3  Chemical control
			2.16.4  Phytosanitary measures
	3  Anguina funesta
		3.1  Common name
		3.2  Scientific name
		3.3  Synonym
		3.4  EPPO code
		3.5  Diagnosis
			3.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			3.5.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		3.6  Geographical distribution
		3.7  Host plant
		3.8  Symptoms
		3.9  Biology and life cycle
		3.10  Interactions with other pathogens
		3.11  Economic impact
		3.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		3.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		3.14  Invasiveness rating
		3.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		3.16  Management measures
			Ditylenchus Spp.
			Systematic position of Ditylenchus species
	4  Ditylenchus africanus
		4.1  Common name
		4.2  Scientific name
		4.3  EPPO code
		4.4  Diagnosis
			4.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			4.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			4.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		4.5  Geographical distribution
		4.6  Hosts
		4.7  Symptoms
		4.8  Biology and life cycle
		4.9  Economic importance
		4.10  Similarities to other species/conditions
		4.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			4.11.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			4.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		4.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		4.13  Invasiveness rating
		4.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		4.15  Management measures
			4.15.1  Prevention and control
			4.15.2  Phytosanitary measures
	5  Ditylenchus angustus
		5.1  Common name
		5.2  Scientific name
		5.3  Synonyms
		5.4  EPPO code
		5.5  Diagnosis
			5.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			5.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			5.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		5.6  Geographical distribution
		5.7  Hosts
		5.8  Symptoms
		5.9  Biology and life cycle
		5.10  Economic importance
		5.11  Similarities to other species/conditions
		5.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			5.12.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			5.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		5.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		5.14  Invasiveness rating
		5.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		5.16  Management measures
			5.16.1  Seed treatment
			5.16.2  Cultural methods
			5.16.3  Host resistance
			5.16.4  Chemical control
			5.16.5  Phytosanitary measures
	6  Ditylenchus destructor
		6.1  Common names
		6.2  Scientific name
		6.3  EPPO code
		6.4  Diagnosis
			6.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			6.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			6.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		6.5 Geographical distribution
		6.6 Hosts
		6.7 Symptoms
			6.7.1 Potato
			6.7.2 Ornamental plants (iris, tulip, dahlia, etc.)
			6.7.3 Carrot
			6.7.4 Beetroot and sweet potato
		6.8  Biology and life cycle
		6.9  Economic importance
		6.10  Interaction with other pathogens
		6.11  Similarities to other species
		6.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			6.12.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			6.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		6.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		6.14  Invasiveness rating
		6.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		6.16  Management measures
			6.16.1  Prevention and control
			6.16.2  Phytosanitary measures
	7  Ditylenchus dipsaci
		7.1  Common name
		7.2  Scientific name
		7.3  Synonyms
		7.4  EPPO code
		7.5  Diagnosis
			7.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			7.5.2  Biochemical and karyological diagnosis
			7.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		7.6  Geographical distribution
		7.7  Hosts
		7.8  Symptoms
			7.8.1  Poaceae (=Gramineae)
			7.8.2  Amaryllidaceae
			7.8.3  Liliaceae
			7.8.4  Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
			7.8.5  Solanaceae
			7.8.6  Brassicaceae (=Cruciferae)
			7.8.7  Other hosts
		7.9  Biology and life cycle
		7.10  Economic importance
		7.11  Similarities to other species/conditions
		7.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			7.12.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			7.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		7.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		7.14  Invasiveness rating
		7.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		7.16  Management measures
			7.16.1  Prevention and control
			7.16.2  Phytosanitary measures
2
 Aphelenchidae: Aphelenchoides and Bursaphelenchus Species
	Aphelenchoides Spp.
	Systematic position of Aphelenchoides species
	8  Aphelenchoides arachidis
		8.1  Common name
		8.2  Scientific name
		8.3  EPPO code
		8.4  Diagnosis
			8.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			8.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			8.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		8.6  Geographical distribution
		8.7  Host plant
		8.8  Symptoms
		8.9  Biology and life cycle
		8.10  Similarities to other nematodes
		8.11  Economic importance
		8.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			8.12.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			8.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			8.12.3  Transport pathways for long-distance movement
		8.13  Pest risk analysis and the looming threat from the introduction
		8.14  Invasiveness rating
		8.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		8.16  Management measures
			8.16.1  Cultural method
			8.16.2  Seed treatment
			8.16.3  Phytosanitary measures
	9  Aphelenchoides besseyi
		9.1  Common names
		9.2  Scientific name
		9.3  Synonyms
		9.4  EPPO code
		9.5  Diagnosis
			9.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			9.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			9.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		9.6  Geographical distribution
		9.7  Host plant
		9.8  Mycophagous nature
		9.9  Pathotypes/physiological races
		9.10  Symptoms
		9.11  Biology and life cycle
		9.12  Economic importance
		9.13  Movement and means of dispersal
			9.13.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			9.13.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			9.13.3  Transport pathways for long-distance movement
		9.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		9.15  Invasiveness rating
		9.16  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		9.17  Management measures
			9.17.1  Cultural practices
			9.17.2  Resistant or tolerant cultivars
			9.17.3  Seed treatment
			9.17.4  Chemical control
			9.17.5  Biological control
			9.17.6  Phytosanitary measures
	10  Aphelenchoides fragariae
		10.1  Common names
		10.2  Scientific name:
		10.3  Synonyms:
		10.4  EPPO code
		10.5  Diagnosis
			10.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			10.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			10.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		10.6  Geographical distribution
		10.7  Host plants
		10.8  Symptoms
		10.9  Biology and ecology
		10.10  Interaction with other organisms
		10.11  Economic importance
		10.12  Similarities to other species/conditions
		10.13  Movement and means of dispersal
		10.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		10.15  Invasiveness rating
		10.16  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		10.17  Management measures
			10.17.1  Chemical control
			10.17.2  Physical control
			10.17.3  Cultural control
			10.17.4  Phytosanitary measures
	11  Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
		11.1  Common names
		11.2  Scientific name
		11.3  Synonyms
		11.4  EPPO code
		11.5  Diagnosis
			11.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			11.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			11.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		11.6  Geographical distribution
		11.7  Host plant
		11.8  Symptoms
		11.9  Biology and ecology
		11.10  Economic importance
		11.11  Similarities to other species/conditions
		11.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		11.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		11.14  Invasiveness rating
		11.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		11.16  Management measures
	Bursaphelenchus Spp.
	Systematic position of Bursaphelenchus species
	12  Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (= Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus)
		12.1  Common name
		12.2  Scientific name
		12.3  Synonyms
		12.4  EPPO code
		12.5  Diagnosis
			12.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			12.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			12.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		12.6  Geographical distribution
		12.7  Hosts and vector species
			12.7.1  Vectors
		12.8  Symptoms
			12.8.1  External symptoms
			12.8.2  Internal symptoms
		12.9  Biology and life cycle
		12.10  Similarities to other species
		12.11  Economic importance
		12.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			12.12.1  Pathway vectors
			12.12.2  Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport
		12.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		12.14  Invasiveness rating
		12.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		12.16  Management measures
			12.16.1  Prevention
			12.16.2  Chemical treatments
			12.16.3  Trapping
			12.16.4  Biological control
			12.16.5  Phytosanitary measures
	13  Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
		13.1  Common name
		13.2  Scientific name
		13.3  Synonyms
		13.4  EPPO code
		13.5  Diagnosis
			13.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			13.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			13.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		13.6  Geographical distribution
			13.6.1  Nematode
			13.6.2  Vector
		13.7  Hosts and vector species
		13.8  Symptoms
		13.9  Biology and life cycle
		13.10  Similarities to other species/groups
		13.11  Economic importance
		13.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			13.12.1  Pathway vectors
			13.12.2  Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport
			13.12.3  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		13.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
			13.13.1  Environmental impact
			13.13.2  Biodiversity impact
			13.13.3  Social impact
			13.13.4  Dispersal potential, global trade and nematode interceptions
		13.14  Invasiveness rating
		13.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		13.16  Management measures
			13.16.1  Prevention
			13.16.2  Cultural practices
			13.16.3  Heat treatment
			13.16.4  Chemical control
			13.16.5  Phytosanitary measures
3 Belonolaimidae: Belonolaimus Species
	Belonolaimus Spp.
	Systematic position of Belonolaimus species
	14  Belonolaimus longicaudatus
		14.1  Common name
		14.2  Scientific name
		14.3  EPPO code
		14.4  Diagnosis
			14.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			14.4.2  Biochemical and cytogenetic diagnosis
			14.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		14.5  Geographical Distribution
		14.6  Hosts
		14.7  Symptoms
		14.8  Biology and life cycle
		14.9  Ecology
		14.10  Physiological races
		14.11  Economic importance
		14.12  Economic threshold level
		14.13  Similarities to other species
		14.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat
		14.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		14.16  Invasiveness rating
		14.17  Movement and means of dispersal
			14.17.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			14.17.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		14.18  Management measures
			14.18.1  Cultural methods
			14.18.2  Chemical methods
			14.18.3  Biological methods
			14.18.4  Phytosanitary measures
4 Criconematidae: Criconemoides and Hemicriconemoides Species
	Criconemoides Spp.
	Systematic position of Criconemoides species
	15  Criconemaoides species
		15.1  Common name
		15.2  Scientific name
		15.3  Synonyms
		15.4  EPPO code
		15.5  Diagnosis
			15.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			15.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		15.6  Geographical distribution
		15.7  Hosts
		15.8  Symptoms
		15.9  Biology and life cycle
		15.10  Economic importance
		15.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			15.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the pest in trade/transport
			15.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		15.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		15.13  Invasiveness rating
		15.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		15.15  Management measures
			15.15.1  Cultural control
			15.15.2  Chemical control
			15.15.3  Phytosanitary measures
	Hemicriconemoides spp.
	Systematic position of Hemicriconemoides species
	16  Hemicriconemoides mangiferae
		16.1  Common name
		16.2  Scientific name
		16.3  Synonyms
		16.4  EPPO code
		16.5  Diagnosis
			16.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			16.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		16.6  Geographical distribution
		16.7  Hosts
		16.8  Symptoms
		16.9  Biology and life cycle
		16.10  Economic importance
		16.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		16.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		16.13  Invasiveness rating
		16.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		16.15  Management measures
5 Hemicycliophoridae: Hemicycliophora Species
	Hemicycliophora Spp.
	Systematic position of Hemicycliophora species
	17  Hemicycliophora arenaria
		17.1  Common name
		17.2  Scientific name
		17.3  EPPO code
		17.4  Diagnosis
			17.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			17.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		17.5  Geographical distribution
		17.6  Hosts
		17.7  Symptoms
		17.8  Biology and life cycle
		17.9  Similarities to other species
		17.10  Economic importance
		17.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			17.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the pest in trade/transport
			17.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		17.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		17.13  Invasiveness rating
		17.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		17.15  Management measures
6 Heterodoridae: Cactodera, Globodera, Heterodera and Punctodera Species
	Cactodera Spp.
	Systematic position of Cactodera species
	18  Cactodera cacti
		18.1  Common name
		18.2  Scientific name
		18.3  Synonym
		18.4  EPPO code
		18.5  Diagnosis
			18.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			18.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		18.6  Geographical distribution
		18.7  Hosts
		18.8  Symptoms
		18.9  Biology and life cycle
		18.10  Similarities to other species
		18.11  Economic importance
		18.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			18.12.1  Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport
			18.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		18.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		18.14  Invasiveness rating
		18.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		18.16  Management measures
	Globodera Spp.
	Systematic position of Globodera species
	19  Globodera pallida
		19.1  Common name
		19.2  Scientific name
		19.3  Synonyms
		19.4  EPPO code
		19.5  Diagnosis
			19.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			19.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			19.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		19.6  Geographical distribution
		19.7  Hosts
		19.8  Symptoms
		19.9  Biology and life cycle
		19.10  Host–parasite relationship
		19.11  Pathotypes
		19.12  Similarities to other species
		19.13  Interaction with other organisms and disease complex
		19.14  Economic importance
		19.15  Movement and means of dispersal
			19.15.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			19.15.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		19.16  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		19.17  Invasiveness rating
		19.18  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		19.19  Management measures
			19.19.1  Cultural practices
			19.19.2  Chemical control
			19.19.3  Biological control
			19.19.4  Integrated management
			19.19.5  Phytosanitary measures
	20  Globodera rostochiensis
		20.1  Common name
		20.2  Scientific name
		20.3  Synonyms
		20.4  EPPO code
		20.5  Diagnosis
			20.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			20.5.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		20.6  Geographical distribution
		20.7  Hosts
		20.8  Symptoms
		20.9  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		20.10  Management measures
	21  Globodera tabacum
		21.1  Common name
		21.2  Scientific name
		21.3  Synonym
		21.4  EPPO code
		21.5  Diagnosis
			21.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			21.5.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
			21.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		21.6  Geographical distribution
		21.7  Hosts
		21.8  Symptoms
		21.9  Biology, life cycle and ecology
		21.10  Interaction with other organisms
		21.11  Economic importance
		21.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		21.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		21.14  Invasiveness rating
		21.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		21.16  Management measures
			21.16.1  Prevention and control
			21.16.2  Phytosanitary measures
	Heterodera Spp.
	Systematic position of Heterodera species
	22  Heterodera avenae
		22.1  Common names
		22.2  Scientific name
		22.3  Synonyms
		22.4  EPPO code
		22.5  Diagnosis
			22.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			22.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			22.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		22.6  Geographical distribution
		22.7  Hosts
		22.8  Symptoms
		22.9  Biology and life cycle
		22.10  Host–parasite relationship
		22.11  Similarities to other species and pathotype
		22.12  Interaction with other microorganisms and antagonism
		22.13  Economic importance
		22.14  Movement and means of dispersal
			22.14.1  Plant parts liable to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			22.14.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		22.15  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		22.16  Invasiveness rating
		22.17  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		22.18  Management measures
			22.18.1  Cultural practices
			22.18.2  Chemical control
			22.18.3  Biological control
			22.18.4  Integrated nematode management
			22.18.5  Phytosanitary measures
	23  Heterodera cajani
		23.1  Common name
		23.2  Scientific name
		23.3  Synonym
		23.4  EPPO code
		23.5  Diagnosis
			23.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			23.5.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		23.6  Geographical distribution
		23.7  Hosts
		23.8  Symptoms
		23.9  Biology and life cycle
		23.10  Physiological races
		23.11  Similarities to other species
		23.12  Economic importance
		23.13  Movement and means of dispersal
		23.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		23.15  Invasiveness rating
		23.16  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		23.17  Management measures
			23.17.1  Cultural control
			23.17.2  Chemical control
			23.17.3  Phytosanitary measures
	24  Heterodera carotae
		24.1  Common name
		24.2  Scientific name
		24.3  EPPO code
		24.4  Diagnosis
			24.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			24.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		24.5  Geographical distribution
		24.6  Hosts
		24.7  Symptoms
		24.8  Biology and life cycle
		24.9  Economic importance
		24.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		24.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		24.12  Invasiveness rating
		24.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		24.14  Management measures
	25  Heterodera ciceri
		25.1  Common name
		25.2  Scientific name
		25.3  EPPO code
		25.4  Diagnosis
			25.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			25.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		25.5  Geographical distribution
		25.6  Hosts
		25.7  Symptoms
		25.8  Biology and life cycle
		25.9  Similarities to other species
		25.10  Economic importance
		25.11.  Movement and means of dispersal
		25.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		25.13  Invasiveness rating
		25.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		25.15  Management measures
	26  Heterodera glycines
		26.1  Common name
		26.2  Scientific name
		26.3  EPPO code
		26.4  Diagnosis
			26.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
		26.4.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		26.5  Geographical distribution
		26.6  Hosts
		26.7  Symptoms
		26.8  Biology and life cycle
		26.9  Interaction with other organisms
		26.10  Economic importance
		26.11.  Movement and means of dispersal
		26.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		26.13  Invasiveness rating
		26.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		26.15  Management measures
	27  Heterodera goettingiana
		27.1  Common name
		27.2  Scientific name
		27.3  EPPO code
		27.4  Diagnosis
			27.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			27.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		27.5  Geographical distribution
		27.6  Hosts
		27.7  Symptoms
		27.8  Biology and life cycle
		27.9  Similarities to other species
		27.10  Economic importance
		27.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		27.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		27.13  Invasiveness rating
		27.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		27.15  Management measures
	28  Heterodera humuli
		28.1  Common name
		28.2  Scientific name
		28.3  EPPO code
		28.4  Diagnosis
			28.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			28.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		28.5  Geographical distribution
		28.6  Hosts
		28.7  Symptoms
		28.8  Biology and life cycle
		28.9  Similarities to other species
		28.10  Economic importance
		28.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		28.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		28.13  Invasiveness rating
		28.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		28.15  Management measures
	29  Heterodera latipons
		29.1  Common name
		29.2  Scientific name
		29.3  EPPO code
		29.4  Diagnosis
			29.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			29.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		29.5  Geographical distribution
		29.6  Hosts
		29.7  Symptoms
		29.8  Biology and life cycle
		29.9  Similarities to other species
		29.10  Economic importance
		29.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		29.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		29.13  Invasiveness rating
		29.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		29.15  Management measures
	30  Heterodera sacchari
		30.1  Common name
		30.2  Scientific name
		30.3  EPPO code
		30.4  Diagnosis
			30.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			30.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		30.5  Geographical distribution
		30.6  Hosts
		30.7  Symptoms
		30.8  Biology and life cycle
		30.9  Similarities to other species
		30.10  Economic importance
		30.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		30.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		30.13  Invasiveness rating
		30.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		30.15  Management measures
	31  Heterodera schachtii
		31.1  Common name
		31.2  Scientific name
		31.3  Synonyms
		31.4  EPPO code
		31.5  Diagnosis
			31.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			31.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		31.6  Geographical distribution
		31.7  Hosts
		31.8  Symptoms
		31.9  Biology and life cycle
		31.10  Similarities to other species
		31.11  Economic importance
		31.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		31.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		31.14  Invasiveness rating
		31.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		31.16  Management measures
			31.16.1  Phytosanitary measures
	32  Heterodera zeae
		32.1  Common name
		32.2  Scientific name
		32.3  EPPO code
		32.4  Diagnosis
			32.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			32.4.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		32.5  Geographical distribution
		32.6  Hosts
		32.7  Symptoms
		32.8  Biology and life cycle
		32.9  Similarities to other species
		32.10  Economic importance
		32.11.  Movement and means of dispersal
		32.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		32.13  Invasiveness rating
		32.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		32.15  Management measures
			32.15.1  Cultural practices
			32.15.2  Biological control
			32.15.3  Chemical control
			32.15.4  Phytosanitary measures
	Punctodera Spp.
	Systematic position of Punctodera species
	33  Punctodera chalcoensis
		33.1  Common name
		33.2  Scientific name
		33.3  Synonym
		33.4  EPPO code
		33.5  Diagnosis
			33.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			33.5.2  Biochemical molecular diagnosis
		33.6  Geographical distribution
		33.7  Hosts
		33.8  Symptoms
		33.9  Biology and life cycle
		33.10  Similarities with other organisms
		33.11  Economic importance
		33.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		33.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		33.14  Invasiveness rating
		33.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		33.16  Management measures
			33.16.1  Prevention
			33.16.2  Cultural control
			33.16.3  Chemical control
			33.16.4  Phytosanitary measures
	34  Punctodera punctata
		34.1  Common name
		34.2  Scientific name
		34.3  Synonym
		34.4  EPPO code
		34.5  Diagnosis
			34.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			34.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			34.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		34.6  Geographical distribution
		34.7  Hosts
		34.8  Symptoms
		34.9  Biology and life cycle
		34.10  Similarities with other organisms
		34.11  Economic importance
		34.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		34.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		34.14  Invasiveness rating
		34.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		34.16  Management measures
7 Hoplolaimidae: Aphasmatylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus and Scutellonema Species
	Aphasmatylenchus Spp.
	Systematic position of Aphasmatylenchus species
	35  Aphasmatylenchus straturatus
		35.1  Common name
		35.2  Scientific name
		35.3  EPPO code
		35.4  Diagnosis
			35.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			35.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		35.5  Geographical distribution
		35.6  Hosts
		35.7  Symptoms
		35.8  Biology and life cycle
		35.9  Similarities to other species and conditions
		35.10  Economic importance
		35.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			35.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			35.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		35.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		35.13  Invasiveness rating
		35.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		35.15  Management measures
			35.15.5  Phytosanitary measures
	Helicotylenchus Spp.
	Systematic position of Helicotylenchus species
	36  Helicotylenchus dihystera
		36.1  Common name
		36.2  Scientific name
		36.3  Synonyms
		36.4  EPPO code
		36.5  Diagnosis
			36.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			36.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		36.6  Geographical distribution
		36.7  Hosts
		36.8  Symptoms
		36.9  Biology and life cycle
		36.10  Economic importance
		36.11.  Movement and means of dispersal
		36.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		36.13  Invasiveness rating
		36.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		36.15  Management measures
			36.15.1  Cultural practices and soil amendments
			36.15.2  Biological control
			36.15.3  Host-plant resistance
			36.15.4  Chemical control
			36.15.5  Phytosanitary measures
	37  Helicotylenchus multicinctus
		37.1  Common name
		37.2  Scientific name
		37.3  Synonyms
		37.4  EPPO code
		37.5  Diagnosis
			37.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			37.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		37.6  Geographical distribution
		37.7  Hosts
		37.8  Symptoms
		37.9  Biology and life cycle
		37.10  Economic importance
		37.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		37.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		37.13  Invasiveness rating
		37.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		37.15  Management measures
	38  Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus
		38.1  Common name
		38.2  Scientific name
		38.3  Synonyms
		38.4  EPPO code
		38.5  Diagnosis
			38.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			38.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		38.6  Geographical distribution
		38.7  Hosts
		38.8  Symptoms
		38.9  Biology and life cycle
		38.10  Economic importance
		38.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		38.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		38.13  Invasiveness rating
		38.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		38.15  Management measures
	Hoplolaimus Spp.
	Systematic position of Hoplolaimus species
	39  Hoplolaimus columbus
		39.1  Common name
		39.2  Scientific name
		39.3.  Synonym
		39.4  EPPO code
		39.5  Diagnosis
			39.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			39.5.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		39.6  Geographical distribution
		39.7  Hosts
		39.8  Symptoms
		39.9  Biology and life cycle
		39.10  Similarities to other species
		39.11  Economic importance
		39.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		39.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		39.14  Invasiveness rating
		39.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		39.16  Management measures
	40  Hoplolaimus galeatus
		40.1  Common name
		40.2  Scientific name
		40.3  Synonyms
		40.4  EPPO code
		40.5  Diagnosis
			40.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			40.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		40.6  Geographical distribution
		40.7  Hosts
		40.8  Symptoms
		40.9  Biology and life cycle
		40.10  Economic importance
		40.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		40.12  Invasiveness rating
		40.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		40.14  Management measures
	41  Hoplolaimus indicus
		41.1  Common name
		41.2  Scientific name
		41.3  Synonyms
		41.4  EPPO code
		41.5  Diagnosis
			41.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			41.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		41.6  Geographical distribution
		41.7  Hosts
		41.8  Symptoms
		41.9  Biology and life cycle
		41.10  Economic importance
		41.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		41.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		41.13  Invasiveness rating
		41.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		41.15  Management measures
			41.15.1  Cultural methods
			41.15.2  Chemical control
			41.15.3  Integrated management
			41.15.4  Phytosanitary measures
	42  Hoplolaimus pararobustus
		42.1  Common name
		42.2  Scientific name
		42.3  Synonyms
		42.4  EPPO code
		42.5  Diagnosis
			42.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			42.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		42.6  Geographical distribution
		42.7  Hosts
		42.8  Symptoms
		42.9  Biology and life cycle
		42.10  Economic importance
		42.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		42.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		42.13  Invasiveness rating
		42.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		42.15  Management measures
	43  Hoplolaimus seinhorsti
		43.1  Common name
		43.2  Scientific name
		43.3  Synonyms
		43.4  EPPO code
		43.5  Diagnosis
			43.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			43.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		43.6  Geographical distribution
		43.7  Hosts
		43.8  Symptoms
		43.9  Biology and life cycle
		43.10  Economic importance
		43.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		43.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		43.13  Invasiveness rating
		43.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		43.15  Management measures
	Scutellonema Spp.
	Systematic position of Scutellonema species
	44  Scutellonema brachyurus
		44.1  Common name
		44.2  Scientific name
		44.3  Synonyms
		44.4  EPPO code
		44.5  Diagnosis
			44.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			44.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		44.6  Geographical distribution
		44.7  Hosts
		44.8  Symptoms
		44.9  Biology and life cycle
		44.10  Economic importance
		44.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		44.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		44.13  Invasiveness rating
		44.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		44.15  Management measures
			44.15.1  Cultural practices
			44.15.2  Chemical control
			44.15.3  Phytosanitary measures
	45  Scutellonema bradys
		45.1  Common name
		45.2  Scientific name
		45.3  Synonyms
		45.4  EPPO code
		45.5  Diagnosis
			45.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			45.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		45.6  Geographical distribution
		45.7  Hosts
		45.8  Symptoms
		45.9  Biology and life cycle
		45.10  Economic importance
		45.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		45.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		45.13  Invasiveness rating
		45.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		45.15  Management measures
			45.15.1  Prevention and control
			45.15.2  Phytosanitary measures
8 Longidoridae: Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema Species
	Longidorus and Paralongidorus Spp.
	Systematic position of Longidorus and Paralongidorus species
	46  Longidorus attenuatus
		46.1  Common name
		46.2  Scientific name
		46.3  EPPO code
		46.4  Diagnosis
			46.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			46.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		46.5  Geographical distribution
		46.6  Hosts
		46.7  Vector
		46.8  Symptoms
		46.9  Biology and life cycle
		46.10  Economic importance
		46.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			46.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the pest in trade/transport
			46.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		46.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		46.13  Invasiveness rating
		46.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		46.15  Management measures
			46.15.1  Prevention and control
			46.15.2  Phytosanitary measures
	47  Longidorus elongatus
		47.1  Common name
		47.2  Scientific name
		47.3  Synonyms
		47.4  EPPO code
		47.5  Diagnosis
			47.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			47.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		47.6  Geographical distribution
		47.7  Hosts
		47.8  Vector
		47.9  Symptoms
		47.10  Biology and life cycle
		47.11  Similarities with other organisms
		47.12  Economic importance
		47.13  Movement and means of dispersal
		47.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		47.15  Invasiveness rating
		47.16  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		47.17  Management measures
			47.17.1  Cultural control
			47.17.2  Chemical control
			47.17.3  Phytosanitary measures
	48  Longidorus macrosoma
		48.1  Common name
		48.2  Scientific name
		48.3  EPPO code
		48.4  Diagnosis
			48.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			48.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		48.5  Geographical distribution
		48.6  Hosts
		48.7  Vector
		48.8  Symptoms
		48.9  Biology and life cycle
		48.10  Economic importance
		48.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		48.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		48.13  Invasiveness rating
		48.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		48.15  Management measures
	49  Paralongidorus maximus
		49.1  Common name
		49.2  Scientific name
		49.3  EPPO code
		49.4  Diagnosis
			49.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			49.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		49.5  Geographical distribution
		49.6  Hosts
		49.7  Symptoms
		49.8  Biology and life cycle
		49.9  Economic importance
		49.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		49.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		49.12  Invasiveness rating
		49.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		49.14  Management measures
	Xiphinema spp.
	Systematic position of Xiphinema species
	50  Xiphinema americanum
		50.1  Common name
		50.2  Scientific name
		50.3  Synonyms
		50.3  EPPO code
		50.4  Diagnosis
			50.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			50.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		50.5  Geographical distribution
		50.6  Hosts
		50.7  Vector
		50.8  Symptoms
		50.9  Biology and life cycle
		50.10  Vector transmission
		50.11  Economic importance
		50.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		50.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		50.14  Invasiveness rating
		50.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		50.16  Management measures
			50.16.1  Cultural control
			50.16.2  Host resistance
			50.16.3  Biological control
			50.16.4  Chemical control
			50.16.5  Phytosanitary measures
	51  Xiphinema diversicaudatum
		51.1  Common name
		51.2  Scientific name
		51.3  Synonyms
		51.4  EPPO code
		51.5  Diagnosis
			51.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			51.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			51.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		51.6  Geographical distribution
		51.7  Hosts
		51.8  Vector
		51.9  Symptoms
		51.10  Biology and life cycle
		51.11  Similarities to other species/conditions
		51.12  Economic importance
		51.13  Movement and means of dispersal
		51.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		51.15  Invasiveness rating
		51.16  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		51.17  Management measures
			51.17.1  Chemical control
		51.17.2  Phytosanitary measures
	52  Xiphinema ifacolum
		52.1  Common name
		52.2  Scientific name
		52.3  EPPO code
		52.4  Diagnosis
			52.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			52.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		52.5  Geographical distribution
		52.6  Hosts
		52.7  Vector
		52.8  Symptoms
		52.9  Biology and life cycle
		52.10  Economic importance
		52.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		52.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		52.13  Invasiveness rating
		52.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		52.15  Management measures
	53  Xiphinema index
		53.1  Common name
		53.2  Scientific name
		53.3.  Synonym
		53.4  EPPO code
		53.5  Diagnosis
			53.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			53.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		53.6  Geographical distribution
		53.7  Hosts
		53.8  Vector role
		53.9  Symptoms
		53.10  Biology and life cycle
		53.11  Economic importance
		53.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		53.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		53.14  Invasiveness rating
		53.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		53.16  Management measures
			53.16.1  Cultural practices
			53.16.2  Host-plant resistance
			53.16.3  Chemical control
			53.16.4  Phytosanitary measures
	54  Xiphinema italiae
		54.1  Common name
		54.2  Scientific name
		54.3  EPPO code
		54.4  Diagnosis
			54.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			54.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		54.5  Geographical distribution
		54.6  Hosts
		54.7  Vector
		54.8  Symptoms
		54.9  Biology and life cycle
		54.10  Economic importance
		54.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		54.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		54.13  Invasiveness rating
		54.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		54.15  Management measures
	55  Xiphinema rivesi
		55.1  Common name
		55.2  Scientific name
		55.3  EPPO code
		55.4  Diagnosis
			55.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			55.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
			55.5  Geographical distribution
		55.6  Hosts
		55.7  Vector
		55.8  Symptoms
		55.9  Biology and life cycle
		55.10  Economic importance
		55.11  Similarities with other species
		55.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		55.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		55.14  Invasiveness rating
		55.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		55.16  Management measures
9 Meloidogynidae: Meloidogyne Species
	Meloidogyne Spp.
	Systematic position of Meloidogyne species
	56  General Characteristics of Meloidogyne Species
		56.1  Diagnosis
			56.1.1  Morphological diagnosis
			56.1.2  Cytogenetic diagnosis
			56.1.3  Biochemical diagnosis
			56.1.4  Molecular diagnosis
		56.2  Biology, life cycle and ecology
		56.3  Host–parasite relationship
		56.4  Symptoms
		56.5  Host races concept of root-knot nematodes
		56.6  Interaction with other organisms
		56.7  Management measures
			56.7.1  Chemical control
			56.7.2  Non-chemical control
			56.7.3  Phytosanitary measures
	57  Meloidogyne acronea
		57.1  Common name
		57.2  Scientific name
		57.3  Synonyms
		57.4  EPPO code
		57.5  Diagnosis
			57.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
		57.6  Geographical distribution
		57.7  Hosts
		57.8  Symptoms
		57.9  Biology and life cycle
		57.10  Economic importance
		57.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			57.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the pest in trade/transport
			57.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		57.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		57.13  Invasiveness rating
		57.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		57.15  Management measures
	58  Meloidogyne arenaria
		58.1  Common name
		58.2  Scientific name
		58.3  Synonyms
		58.4  EPPO code
		58.5  Diagnosis
			58.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			58.5.2  Cytogenetic diagnosis
			58.5.3  Biochemical diagnosis
			58.5.4  Molecular diagnosis
		58.6  Geographical distribution
		58.7  Hosts
		58.8  Symptoms
		58.9  Biology and life cycle
		58.10  Economic importance
		58.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		58.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		58.13  Invasiveness rating
		58.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		58.15  Management measures
	59  Meloidogyne artiellia
		59.1  Common name
		59.2  Scientific name
		59.3  EPPO code
		59.4  Diagnosis
			59.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			59.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			59.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		59.5  Geographical distribution
		59.6  Hosts
		59.7  Symptoms
		59.8  Biology and life cycle
		59.9  Economic importance
		59.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		59.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		59.12  Invasiveness rating
		59.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		59.14  Management measures
	60  Meloidogyne brevicauda
		60.1  Common name
		60.2  Scientific name
		60.3  EPPO code
		60.4  Diagnosis
			60.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
		60.5  Geographical distribution
		60.6  Hosts
		60.7  Symptoms
		60.8  Biology and life cycle
		60.9  Economic importance
		60.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		60.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		60.12  Invasiveness rating
		60.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		60.14  Management measures
	61  Meloidogyne chitwoodi
		61.1  Common name
		61.2  Scientific name
		61.3  EPPO code
		61.4  Diagnosis
			61.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			61.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			61.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		61.5  Geographical distribution
		61.6  Hosts
		61.7  Symptoms
		61.8  Biology and life cycle
		61.9  Economic importance
		61.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		61.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		61.12  Invasiveness rating
		61.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		61.14  Management measures
	62  Meloidogyne citri, M. donghaiensis, M. fujianensis, M. indica, M. jianyangensis, M. kongi and M. mingnanica
		62.1  Common name
		62.2  Scientific names
		62.3  EPPO codes:
		62.4  Diagnosis
			62.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			62.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		62.5  Geographical distribution
		62.6  Hosts
		62.7  Symptoms
		62.8  Biology and life cycle
		62.9  Economic importance
		62.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		62.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		62.12  Invasiveness rating
		62.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		62.14  Management measures
	63  Meloidogyne coffeicola
		63.1  Common name
		63.2  Scientific name
		63.3  EPPO code
		63.4  Diagnosis
			63.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			63.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			63.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		63.5  Geographical distribution
		63.6  Hosts
		63.7  Symptoms
		63.8  Biology and life cycle
		63.9  Economic importance
		63.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		63.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		63.12  Invasiveness rating
		63.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		63.14  Management measures
	64  Meloidogyne decalineata
		64.1  Common name
		64.2  Scientific name
		64.3  Synonyms
		64.4  EPPO code
		64.5  Diagnosis
			64.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			64.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			64.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		64.6  Geographical distribution
		64.7  Hosts
		64.8  Symptoms
		64.9  Biology and life cycle
		64.10  Economic importance
		64.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		64.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		64.13  Invasiveness rating
		64.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		64.15  Management measures
	65  Meloidogyne enterolobii
		65.1  Common name
		65.2  Scientific name
		65.3  Synonym
		65.4  EPPO code
		65.5  Diagnosis
			65.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			65.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			65.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		65.6  Geographical distribution
		65.7  Hosts
		65.8  Symptoms
		65.9  Biology and life cycle
		65.10  Economic importance
		65.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		65.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		65.13  Invasiveness rating
		65.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		65.15  Management measures
	66  Meloidogyne ethiopica
		66.1  Common name
		66.2  Scientific name
		66.3  EPPO code
		66.4  Diagnosis
			66.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			66.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			66.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		66.5  Geographical distribution
		66.6  Hosts
		66.7  Symptoms
		66.8  Biology and life cycle
		66.9  Economic importance
		66.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		66.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		66.12  Invasiveness rating
		66.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		66.14  Management measures
	67  Meloidogyne exigua
		67.1  Common name
		67.2  Scientific name
		67.3  Synonym
		67.4  EPPO code:
		67.5  Diagnosis
			67.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			67.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			67.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		67.6  Geographical distribution
		67.7  Hosts
		67.8  Symptoms
		67.9  Biology and life cycle
		67.10  Economic importance
		67.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		67.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		67.13  Invasiveness rating
		67.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		67.15  Management measures
	68  Meloidogyne fallax
		68.1  Common name
		68.2  Scientific name
		68.3  Synonym
		68.4  EPPO code
		68.5  Diagnosis
			68.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			68.5.2 Biochemical diagnosis
			68.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		68.6  Geographical distribution
		68.7  Hosts
		68.8  Symptoms
		68.9  Biology and life cycle
		68.10  Economic importance
		68.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		68.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		68.13  Invasiveness rating
		68.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		68.15  Management measures
	69  Meloidogyne graminicola
		69.1  Common name
		69.2  Scientific name
		69.3  EPPO code
		69.4  Diagnosis
			69.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			69.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			69.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		69.5  Geographical distribution
		69.6  Hosts
		69.7  Symptoms
		69.8  Biology and life cycle
		69.9  Economic importance
		69.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		69.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		69.12  Invasiveness rating
		69.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		69.14  Management measures
	70  Meloidogyne hapla
		70.1  Common name
		70.2  Scientific name
		70.3  EPPO code
		70.4  Diagnosis
			70.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			70.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			70.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		70.5  Geographical distribution
		70.6  Hosts
		70.7  Symptoms
		70.8  Biology and life cycle
		70.9  Economic importance
		70.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		70.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		70.12  Invasiveness rating
		70.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		70.14  Management measures
	71  Meloidogyne incognita
		71.1  Common name
		71.2  Scientific name
		71.3  Synonyms
		71.4  EPPO code
		71.5  Diagnosis
			71.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			71.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			71.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		71.6  Geographical distribution
		71.7  Hosts
		71.8  Symptoms
		71.9  Biology and life cycle
		71.10  Economic importance
		71.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		71.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		71.13  Invasiveness rating
		71.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		71.15  Management measures
	72  Meloidogyne javanica
		72.1  Common name
		72.2  Scientific name
		72.3  Synonyms
		72.4  EPPO code
		72.5  Diagnosis
			72.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			72.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			72.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		72.6  Geographical distribution
		72.7  Hosts
		72.8  Symptoms
		72.9  Biology and life cycle
		72.10  Economic importance
		72.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		72.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		72.13  Invasiveness rating
		72.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		72.15  Management measures
	73  Meloidogyne mali
		73.1  Common name
		73.2  Scientific name
		73.3  Synonym
		73.4  EPPO code
		73.5  Diagnosis
			73.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			73.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			73.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		73.6  Geographical distribution
		73.7  Hosts
		73.8  Symptoms
		73.9  Biology and life cycle
		73.10  Economic importance
		73.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		73.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		73.13  Invasiveness rating
		73.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		73.15  Management measures
	74  Meloidogyne naasi
		74.1  Common name
		74.2  Scientific name
		74.3  EPPO code
		74.4  Diagnosis
			74.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			74.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			74.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		74.5  Geographical distribution
		74.6  Hosts
		74.7  Symptoms
		74.8  Biology and life cycle
		74.9  Economic importance
		74.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		74.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		74.12  Invasiveness rating
		74.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		74.14  Management measures
	75  Meloidogyne paranaensis
		75.1  Common name
		75.2  Scientific name
		75.3  EPPO code
		75.4  Diagnosis
			75.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			75.4.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			75.4.3  Molecular diagnosis
		75.5  Geographical distribution
		75.6  Hosts
		75.7  Symptoms
		75.8  Biology and life cycle
		75.9  Economic importance
		75.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		75.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		75.12  Invasiveness rating
		75.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		75.14  Management measures
10 Pratylenchidae: Achlysiella, Hirschmanniella, Nacobbus, Pratylenchus, Radopholus and Zygotylenchus Species
	Achlysiella Spp.
	Systematic position of Achlysiella species
	76  Achlysiella williamsi
		76.1  Common name
		76.2  Scientific name
		76.3  Synonyms
		76.4  EPPO code:
		76.5  Diagnosis
			76.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
		76.6  Geographical distribution
		76.7  Hosts
		76.8  Symptoms
		76.9  Biology and life cycle
		76.10  Economic importance
		76.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			76.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the pest in trade/transport
			76.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		76.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		76.13  Invasiveness rating
		76.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		76.15  Management measures
		76.16  Phytosanitary measures
	 Hirschmanniella Spp.
	Systematic position of Hirschmanniella species
	77  Hirschmanniella diversa
		77.1  Common name
		77.2  Scientific name
		77.3  EPPO code
		77.4  Diagnosis
			77.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			77.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		77.5  Geographical distribution
		77.6  Hosts
		77.7  Symptoms
		77.8  Biology and life cycle
		77.9  Economic importance
		77.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		77.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		77.12  Invasiveness rating
		77.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		77.14  Management measures
	78  Hirschmanniella miticausa
		78.1  Common name
		78.2  Scientific name
		78.3  EPPO code
		78.4  Diagnosis
			78.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			78.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		78.5  Geographical distribution
		78.6  Hosts
		78.7  Symptoms
		78.8  Biology and life cycle
		78.9  Economic importance
		78.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		78.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		78.12  Invasiveness rating
		78.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		78.14  Management measures
	79  Hirschmanniella oryzae
		79.1  Common name
		79.2  Scientific name
		79.3  Synonyms
		79.4  EPPO code
		79.5  Diagnosis
			79.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			79.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		79.6  Geographical distribution
		79.7  Hosts
		79.8  Symptoms
		79.9  Biology and life cycle
		79.10  Economic importance
		79.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		79.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		79.13  Invasiveness rating
		79.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		79.15  Management measures
			79.15.1  Cultural methods
			79.15.2  Host resistance
			79.15.3  Chemical controls
			79.15.4  Phytosanitary measures
	80  Hirschmanniella spinicaudata
		80.1  Common name
		80.2  Scientific name
		80.3  Synonyms
		80.4  EPPO code:
		80.5  Diagnosis
			80.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			80.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		80.6  Geographical distribution
		80.7  Hosts
		80.8  Symptoms
		80.9  Biology and life cycle
		80.10  Economic importance
		80.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		80.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		80.13  Invasiveness rating
		80.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		80.15  Management measures
	 Nacobbus Spp.
	 Systematic position of Nacobbus species
	81  Nacobbus aberrans
		81.1  Common name
		81.2  Scientific name
		81.3  Synonyms
		81.4  EPPO code
		81.5  Diagnosis
			81.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			81.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		81.6  Geographical distribution
		81.7  Pathotype
		81.8  Hosts
		81.9  Symptoms
		81.10  Biology and life cycle
		81.11  Economic importance
		81.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		81.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		81.14  Invasiveness rating
		81.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		81.16  Management measures
			81.16.1  Cultural control
			81.16.2  Biological control
			81.16.3  Chemical control
			81.16.4  Phytosanitary measures
	 Pratylenchus Spp.
	 Systematic position of Pratylenchus species
	82  General Characteristics of Pratylenchus species
		82.1  Diagnosis
			82.1.1  Morphological diagnosis
			82.1.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			82.1.3  Molecular diagnosis
		82.2  Biology, life cycle and ecology
		82.3  Host–parasite relationship
		82.4  Symptoms
		82.5  Management measures
			82.5.1  Cultural practices
			82.5.2  Host resistance
			82.5.3  Biological control
			82.5.4  Chemical control
			82.5.5  Phytosanitary measures
	83  Pratylenchus brachyurus
		83.1  Common name
		83.2  Scientific name
		83.3  Synonyms
		83.4  EPPO code
		83.5  Diagnosis
			83.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			83.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		83.6  Geographical distribution
		83.7  Hosts
		83.8  Symptoms
		83.9  Biology and life cycle
		83.10  Economic importance
		83.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		83.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		83.13  Invasiveness rating
		83.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		83.15  Management measures
	84  Pratylenchus coffeae
		84.1  Common name
		84.2  Scientific name
		84.3  Synonyms
		84.4  EPPO code
		84.5  Diagnosis
			84.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			84.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		84.6  Geographical distribution
		84.7  Hosts
		84.8  Symptoms
		84.9  Biology and life cycle
		84.10  Economic importance
		84.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		84.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		84.13  Invasiveness rating
		84.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		84.15  Management measures
	85  Pratylenchus crenatus
		85.1  Common name
		85.2  Scientific name
		85.3  EPPO code
		85.4  Diagnosis
			85.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			85.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		85.5  Geographical distribution
		85.6  Hosts
		85.7  Symptoms
		85.8  Biology and life cycle
		85.9  Economic importance
		85.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		85.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		85.12  Invasiveness rating
		85.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		85.14  Management measures
	86  Pratylenchus goodeyi
		86.1  Common name
		86.2  Scientific name
		86.3  Synonyms
		86.4  EPPO code
		86.5  Diagnosis
			86.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			86.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		86.6  Geographical distribution
		86.7  Hosts
		86.8  Symptoms
		86.9  Biology and life cycle
		86.10  Economic importance
		86.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		86.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		86.13  Invasiveness rating
		86.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		86.15  Management measures
	87  Pratylenchus loosi
		87.1  Common name
		87.2  Scientific name
		87.3  EPPO code
		87.4  Diagnosis
			87.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			87.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		87.5  Geographical distribution
		87.6  Hosts
		87.7  Symptoms
		87.8  Biology and life cycle
		87.9  Economic importance
		87.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		87.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		87.12  Invasiveness rating
		87.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		87.14  Management measures
	88  Pratylenchus neglectus
		88.1  Common name
		88.2  Scientific name
		88.3  Synonym
		88.4  EPPO code
		88.5  Diagnosis
			88.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			88.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		88.6  Geographical distribution
		88.7  Hosts
		88.8  Symptoms
		88.9  Biology and life cycle
		88.10  Economic importance
		88.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		88.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		88.13  Invasiveness rating
		88.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		88.15  Management measures
	89  Pratylenchus penetrans
		89.1  Common name
		89.2  Scientific name
		89.3  Synonyms
		89.4  EPPO code
		89.5  Diagnosis
			89.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			89.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		89.6  Geographical distribution
		89.7  Hosts
		89.8  Symptoms
		89.9  Biology and life cycle
		89.10  Economic importance
		89.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		89.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		89.13  Invasiveness rating
		89.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		89.15  Management measures
	90  Pratylenchus scribneri
		90.1  Common name
		90.2  Scientific name
		90.3  Synonyms
		90.4  EPPO code
		90.5  Diagnosis
			90.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			90.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		90.6  Geographical distribution
		90.7  Hosts
		90.8  Symptoms
		90.9  Biology and life cycle
		90.10  Economic importance
		90.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		90.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		90.13  Invasiveness rating
		90.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		90.15  Management measures
	91  Pratylenchus thornei
		91.1  Common name
		91.2  Scientific name
		91.3  EPPO code
		91.4  Diagnosis
			91.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			91.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		91.5  Geographical distribution
		91.6  Hosts
		91.7  Symptoms
		91.8  Biology and life cycle
		91.9  Economic importance
		91.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		91.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		91.12  Invasiveness rating
		9.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		91.14  Management measures
	92  Pratylenchus vulnus
		92.1  Common name
		92.2  Scientific name
		92.3  EPPO code
		92.4  Diagnosis
			92.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			92.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		92.5  Geographical distribution
		92.6  Hosts
		92.7  Symptoms
		92.8  Biology and life cycle
		92.9  Economic importance
		92.10  Movement and means of dispersal
		92.11  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		92.12  Invasiveness rating
		92.13  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		92.14  Management measures
	93  Pratylenchus zeae
		93.1  Common name
		93.2  Scientific name
		93.3  Synonym
		93.4  EPPO code
		93.5  Diagnosis
			93.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			93.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		93.6  Geographical distribution
		93.7  Hosts
		93.8  Symptoms
		93.9  Biology and life cycle
		93.10  Economic importance
		93.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		93.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		93.13  Invasiveness rating
		93.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		93.15  Management measures
	 Radopholus Spp.
	 Systematic position of Radopholus species
	94  Radopholus citri
		94.1  Common name
		94.2  Scientific name
		94.3  EPPO code
		94.4  Diagnosis
			94.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			94.4.2  Biochemical and molecular diagnosis
		94.5  Geographical distribution
		94.6  Hosts
		94.7  Symptoms
		94.8  Biology and life cycle
		94.9  Similarities to other species/conditions
		94.10  Economic importance
		94.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		94.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		94.13  Invasiveness rating
		94.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		94.15  Management measures
	95  Radopholus similis
		95.1  Common name
		95.2  Scientific name
		95.3  Synonyms
		95.4  EPPO code
		95.5  Diagnosis
			95.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			95.5.2  Cytogenetic diagnosis
			95.5.3  Biochemical diagnosis
			95.5.4  Molecular diagnosis
		95.6  Geographical distribution
		95.7  Hosts
		95.8  Symptoms
		95.9  Biology and life cycle
		95.10  Economic importance
		95.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		95.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		95.13  Invasiveness rating
		95.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		95.15  Management measures
			95.15.1  Phytosanitary measures
	 Zygotylechus Spp.
	Systematic position of Zygotylenchus species
	96  Zygotylenchus guevarai
		96.1  Common name
		96.2  Scientific name
		96.3  Synonyms
		96.4  EPPO code
		96.5  Diagnosis
			96.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			96.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		96.6  Geographical distribution
		96.7  Hosts
		96.8  Symptoms
		96.9  Biology and life cycle
		96.10  Economic importance
		96.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		96.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		96.13  Invasiveness rating
		96.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		96.15  Management measures
11 Rotylenchulidae: Rotylenchulus Species
	Rotylenchulus Spp.
	Systematic position of Rotylenchulus species
	97  Rotylenchulus macrodoratus
		97.1  Common name
		97.2  Scientific name
		97.3  EPPO code
		97.4  Diagnosis
			97.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			97.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		97.5  Geographical distribution
		97.6  Hosts
		97.7  Symptoms
		97.8  Biology and life cycle
		97.9  Similarities to other species/conditions
		97.10  Economic importance
		97.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			97.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			97.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		97.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		97.13  Invasiveness rating
		97.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		97.15  Management measures
	98  Rotylenchulus parvus
		98.1  Common name
		98.2  Scientific name
		98.3  Synonym
		98.4  EPPO code
		98.5  Diagnosis
			98.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			98.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		98.6  Geographical distribution
		98.7  Hosts
		98.8  Symptoms
		98.9  Biology and life cycle
		98.10  Similarities to other species/conditions
		98.11  Economic importance
		98.12  Movement and means of dispersal
		98.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		98.14  Invasiveness rating
		98.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		98.16  Management measures
	99  Rotylenchulus reniformis
		99.1  Common name
		99.2  Scientific name
		99.3  Synonyms
		99.4  EPPO code
		99.5  Diagnosis
			99.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			99.5.2  Biochemical diagnosis
			99.5.3  Molecular diagnosis
		99.6  Geographical distribution
		99.7  Hosts
		99.8  Symptoms
		99.9  Biology and life cycle
		99.10  Economic importance
		99.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		99.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		99.13  Invasiveness rating
		99.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		99.15  Management measures
			99.15.1  Cultural management
			99.15.2  Resistance
			99.15.3  Biological control
			99.15.4  Chemical control
			99.15.5  Phytosanitary measures
12 Telotylenchidae: Tylenchorhynchus Species
	Tylenchorhynchus Spp.
	Systematic position of Tylenchorhynchus species
	100  Tylenchorhynchus claytoni
		100.1  Common name
		100.2  Scientific name
		100.3  Synonyms
		100.4  EPPO code
		100.5  Diagnosis
			100.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			100.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		100.6  Geographical distribution
		100.7  Hosts
		100.8  Symptoms
		100.9  Biology and life cycle
		100.10  Economic importance
		100.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			100.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			100.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		100.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		100.13  Invasiveness rating
		100.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		100.15  Management measures
		100.16  Phytosanitary measures
13 Trichodoridae: Nanidorus, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus Species
	Nanidorus, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus Spp.
	Systematic position of Nanidorus, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species
	101  Nanidorus minor (= Paratrichodorus minor)
		101.1  Common name
		101.2  Scientific name
		101.3  Synonyms
		101.4  EPPO code
		101.5  Diagnosis
			101.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			101.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		101.6  Geographical distribution
		101.7  Hosts
		101.8  Vector
		101.9  Symptoms
		101.10  Biology and life cycle
		101.11  Economic importance
		101.12  Movement and means of dispersal
			101.12.1  Plant parts known to carry the pest in trade/transport
			101.12.2  Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
		101.13  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		101.14  Invasiveness rating
		101.15  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		101.16  Management measures
			101.16.1  Cultural control
			101.16.2  Chemical control
			101.16.3  Phytosanitary measures
	102  Paratrichodorus porosus
		102.1  Common name
		102.2  Scientific name
		102.3  Synonyms
		102.4  EPPO code
		102.5  Diagnosis
			102.5.1  Morphological diagnosis
			102.5.2  Molecular diagnosis
		102.6  Geographical distribution
		102.7  Hosts
		102.8  Vector
		102.9  Symptoms
		102.10  Biology and life cycle
		102.11  Similarities with other species
		102.12  Economic importance
		102.13  Movement and means of dispersal
		102.14  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		102.15  Invasiveness rating
		102.16  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		102.17  Management measures
	103  Trichodorus viruliferus
		103.1  Common name
		103.2  Scientific name
		103.3  EPPO code
		103.4  Diagnosis
			103.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			103.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		103.5  Geographical distribution
		103.6  Hosts
		103.7  Vector
		103.8  Symptoms
		103.9  Biology and life cycle
		103.10  Economic importance
		103.11  Movement and means of dispersal
		103.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		103.13  Invasiveness rating
		103.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		103.15  Management measures
14 Tylenchulidae: Tylenchulus Species
	Tylenchulus Spp.
	Systematic position of Tylenchulus species
	104  Tylenchulus semipenetrans
		104.1  Common name
		104.2  Scientific name
		104.3  EPPO code
		104.4  Diagnosis
			104.4.1  Morphological diagnosis
			104.4.2  Molecular diagnosis
		104.5  Geographical distribution
		104.6  Hosts
		104.7  Symptoms
		104.8  Biology and life cycle
		104.9  Similarities to other species/conditions
		104.10  Economic importance
		104.11  Movement and means of dispersal
			104.11.1  Plant parts known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
			104.11.2  Plant parts not known to carry the nematode in trade/transport
		104.12  Pest risk analysis and looming threat from introduction
		104.13  Invasiveness rating
		104.14  Region-wise status of invasiveness
		104.15  Management measures
			104.15.1  Prevention and exclusion
			104.15.2  Cultural control
			104.15.3  Resistant rootstocks
			104.15.4  Biological control
			104.15.5  Chemical control
			104.15.6  Phytosanitary measures
15 Techniques and Tools
	105  Sampling
		105.1  Soil sampling technique
			105.1.1  Sampling pattern
		105.2  Storage of samples
			105.2.1  Soil samples
			105.2.2  Plant material
	106  Detection and Isolation
		106.1  Extraction of nematodes from soil
			106.1.1  Extraction of vermiform nematodes
			106.1.2  Extraction of cysts of Heterodera and Globodera
		106.2  Extraction of nematodes from plant material
			106.2.1  Direct examination of plant material
			106.2.2  Baermann funnel technique
			106.2.3  Maceration-filtration technique
			106.2.4  Root/shoot incubation technique
	107  Processing of Nematodes
		107.1  Nematode counting
		107.2  Picking of vermiform nematodes
		107.3  Anaesthetizing or killing the nematode
			107.3.1  Direct flame method
			107.3.2  Hot plate method
			107.3.3  Hot water method
			107.3.4  Hot fixative method
		107.4  Fixing the nematode
			107.4.1  Formalin–glycerol
			107.4.2  Formalin–acetic (FA) or formalin–propionic (FP)
			107.4.3  Formalin–aceto-alcohol (FAA)
			107.4.4  Triethanol amine formalin (TAF)
		107.5  Processing of nematodes for mounting
			107.5.1  Rapid lactophenol method
			107.5.2  Slow glycerol method
		107.6  Mounting of nematodes
			107.6.1  Temporary mounts
			107.6.2  Permanent mounting
		107.7  Preparation of en face view, perineal pattern and vulval cone
			107.7.1  Perineal pattern of Meloidogyne species
			107.7.2  Vulval cone of Heterodera species
		107.8  Staining of nematode in plant tissue
			107.8.1  Cotton blue or acid fuchsin in lactophenol
	108  Morphological Examinations
		108.1  Morphometry
			108.1.1  Measurement of straight specimens
			108.1.2  Measurement of curled specimen
		108.2  Camera lucida drawings
	 Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis
	109  Biochemical Techniques
		109.1  Protein (isozymes) electrophoresis
			109.1.1  Sample preparation
			109.1.2  Gel casting
			109.1.3  Running electrophoresis
			109.1.4  Gel staining
	110  Molecular Techniques
		110.1  DNA-based techniques
			110.1.1  DNA isolation from vermiform or saccate nematodes
			110.1.2  Isolation of DNA from cyst nematodes (Cactodera, Globodera, Heterodera and Punctodera)
			110.1.3  Isolation of DNA from live planting material (for Anguina, Aphelenchoides, Bursaphelenchus and Ditylenchus species)
		110.2  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
			110.2.1  PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP)
			110.2.2  Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
			110.2.3  Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
			110.2.4  Multiplex PCR
			110.2.5  Real-time PCR
			110.2.6  DNA microarrays
			110.2.7  Other methods
		110.3  DNA sequencing
		110.4  Phylogenetic analysis
16 International Regulations
	111  International Plant Protection Convention (IPCC)
	112  Regional Plant Protection Organizations (RPPOs)
		112.1  Members countries (IPPC, 2021)
	113  National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs)
	114  International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs)
	115  ISPMs Applicable for Plant-parasitic Nematodes
		115.1  Pest risk analysis
		115.2  Pest surveillance (survey and monitoring)
		115.3  Diagnostic protocols
		115.4  Pest (nematode)-free areas, pest-free places of production and production sites and areas of low pest prevalence
		115.5  Regulatory system
		115.6  Inspection methodology and sampling
		115.7  Post-entry quarantine
		115.8  Pest reporting and eradication
		115.9  Pest management
		115.10  Phytosanitary treatments
		115.11  Phytosanitary certification system
	116  Incursion Management
		116.1  Prevention
		116.2  Early detection
		116.3  Eradication
		116.4  Control
		116.5  Integrated Nematode Management
References
Index
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