Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices (Wiley-Scrivener)

Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgement......Page 27
List of contributors......Page 29
Glossary of abbreviations......Page 31
Preface......Page 35
1.1 Introduction......Page 39
1.2 Creating a Culture of Safety......Page 40
1.3.1 General Information......Page 48
1.3.1.1 Establishing a Good Housekeeping Program......Page 49
1.3.1.2 Dust and Dirt Removal......Page 51
1.3.1.4 Surfaces......Page 52
1.3.1.8 Tools and Equipment......Page 53
1.3.1.11 Storage......Page 54
1.4 New Employee Orientation......Page 55
1.5 Worker Rights......Page 56
2.1.1 Introduction......Page 61
2.1.2 Methods of Sampling and Testing......Page 62
2.1.3.1 Diffusive : Samplers for Air Monitoring......Page 63
2.1.3.2 Color Diffusion Tubes......Page 64
2.1.3.3 Active Samplers......Page 65
2.1.3.4 Continuous Emissions Monitors......Page 67
2.1.3.4.1 Photoionization Meters......Page 68
2.1.3.4.3 Toxic Gas Meters......Page 69
2.1.3.4.4 Ozone Meter......Page 70
2.1.3.4.5 Mercury Analyzer-Gold Film Analyzer......Page 71
2.1.3.4.6 Direct-Reading Particle Monitors......Page 72
2.1.3.4.7 Combustible Gas Meters......Page 73
2.1.3.4.8 Oxygen Meters......Page 74
2.1.4 Batteries......Page 75
2.1.5 Adverse Conditions......Page 76
2.1.6 Annex–Instrument Chart......Page 77
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 78
2.2.2.1 Sound Level Meters......Page 80
2.2.3.1 Allowable Levels of Exposure......Page 81
2.2.3.2 Hearing Conservation Program......Page 82
2.2.3.3.4 Access to Records......Page 87
2.2.4 Bibliography......Page 88
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 90
2.3.4 Nonionizing Radiation......Page 91
2.3.5 Survey Meters for Radiation Detection......Page 92
2.3.5.1 Ion Chamber Counter......Page 93
2.3.5.3 Geiger-Müller (GM) Counter......Page 94
2.3.5.4 Comparison of Gas Filled Detectors......Page 95
2.3.6.1 Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter......Page 96
2.3.6.2 Digital Electronic Dosimeter......Page 97
2.3.8 Film Badges......Page 98
2.3.10 Annex – Guide to Meter Selection and Applications......Page 100
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 104
2.4.2.1 Basic Test Equipment......Page 105
2.4.2.4 Signal-generating devices......Page 106
2.4.3 General Information on Safe Use......Page 107
3.1.1 Introduction......Page 109
3.1.2.1.2 Component Data......Page 110
3.1.2.1.4 Physical Data......Page 112
3.1.2.1.6 Fire and Explosion Hazard Information......Page 114
3.1.2.1.7 Reactivity Information......Page 117
3.1.2.1.9 Toxicology and Health Information......Page 118
3.1.2.1.13 Definition of Terms......Page 120
3.1.2.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration......Page 149
3.1.2.3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health......Page 151
3.1.2.4 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists......Page 153
3.1.2.5 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry......Page 154
3.1.3 Safe Chemical Exposure Tables......Page 155
3.2.2 Responsibility and Tailgate Meetings......Page 156
3.2.3.1 Purpose of Hazards Assessment......Page 157
3.2.3.2 Instructions and Forms for Job Hazard Analysis Assessment for PPE......Page 159
3.2.3.3 General Provisions for Performing Safety Inspections......Page 164
3.2.3.5 Hazard Classification......Page 166
3.2.3.7 Inspection Process......Page 167
3.2.3.8 Closeout Review......Page 168
3.2.4 Hazard Assessment and PPE Checklists......Page 169
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 178
3.3.3 Requirements of a PPE Program......Page 179
3.3.5 Worker Training......Page 182
3.3.6.2 Eye Protection for Exposed Workers......Page 183
3.3.6.4 Welding Operations......Page 184
3.3.6.5 Laser Operations......Page 185
3.3.7 Head Protection......Page 186
3.3.8 Foot and Leg Protection......Page 187
3.3.9.2 Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves......Page 188
3.3.9.3 Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves......Page 189
3.3.10 Protective Equipment for the Body......Page 194
3.3.12 Respiratory Protection......Page 195
3.3.12.1 Definitions......Page 196
3.3.12.2 Establishing a Respiratory Protection Program......Page 199
3.3.12.3 Levels of Protection......Page 207
3.3.12.4 Rules for Breathing Air Quality and Use......Page 211
3.3.13 Bibliography......Page 212
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 213
3.4.3 Elements of a First Aid Training Program......Page 215
3.4.4 Periodic Program Updates......Page 219
3.4.6 First Aid Training and Certification......Page 220
3.4.7 First Aid for Electric Shock......Page 221
3.4.9 First Aid Supplies......Page 223
3.5.1.1 General Information......Page 224
3.5.1.2 Flammability Designation......Page 229
3.5.2 Ignition Temperature......Page 232
3.5.3 Flammability Limits......Page 234
3.5.4 Vapor Density......Page 236
3.5.6 Water Solubility......Page 238
3.5.7 Responding to Fires......Page 239
3.5.8.1 Water......Page 243
3.5.8.2 Foam......Page 246
3.5.8.4 High Expansion Foams......Page 248
3.5.9 Electrical Fire Prevention......Page 249
3.5.10.2 Firefighting Agents and Extinguishers......Page 252
3.5.10.4 Firefighting Gear......Page 256
3.5.11 Specialized Rescue Procedures......Page 259
3.5.12 First Responder to Electrical Fire Incidents......Page 260
3.5.13.1 Designated Roles and Responsibilities......Page 263
3.5.13.3 Evacuation Procedure......Page 264
3.5.13.4 General......Page 265
3.5.13.5 Template for Emergency Evacuation Plan......Page 266
3.6.1 Introduction......Page 269
3.6.2 Recommended Practices......Page 270
3.6.3 Safety Guidelines......Page 272
3.6.4.1 Introductory Notes......Page 273
3.6.4.3 Training and Duties of Program Participants......Page 274
3.6.4.5 Training and Duties of the Project Manager......Page 275
3.6.4.7 Specific Excavation Requirements......Page 276
3.6.4.9 Protection of Workers in Excavations......Page 277
3.6.4.10 Personal Protective Equipment......Page 280
3.6.4.12 Protection from Hazards Associated with Water Accumulation......Page 281
3.6.4.13 Stability of Adjacent Structures......Page 282
3.6.4.15 Inspection by the project manager......Page 283
3.6.4.16 Pre-Entry Checklist......Page 284
3.6.5.1 Protection of Employees in Excavations......Page 288
3.6.5.3 Installation and Removal of Support......Page 289
3.6.5.6 Shield Systems......Page 290
3.6.6 Definitions......Page 291
3.7.1 Identifying Confined Spaces......Page 294
3.7.2 Identifying Confined Space Hazards......Page 296
3.7.2.2 Flammable Atmospheres......Page 297
3.7.2.4 Mechanical and Physical Hazards......Page 298
3.7.3.3 The Permit System......Page 299
3.7.3.4 Planning the Entry......Page 300
3.7.3.5 Conducting Pre-Entry Training......Page 302
3.7.3.6 Preparing the Confined Space for Entry......Page 304
3.7.3.7 Utilizing Safety Equipment......Page 305
3.7.3.10 Rescue Procedures......Page 306
3.7.4.1 Responsibilities of the Director of Environmental Health & Safety......Page 307
3.7.4.3 Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Entry Supervisors......Page 308
3.7.4.4 Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Authorized Entrants......Page 309
3.7.4.5 Responsibilities and Training Requirements of Attendants......Page 310
3.7.5 Definitions......Page 311
3.7.6 Bibliography......Page 314
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 315
4.1.2 What are the Hazards of Hand Tools?......Page 316
4.1.3 What are the Dangers of Power Tools?......Page 317
4.1.5 Operating Controls and Switches......Page 318
4.1.6 Electric Tools......Page 319
4.1.7 Portable Abrasive Wheel Tools......Page 320
4.1.8 Pneumatic Tools......Page 321
4.1.9 Liquid Fuel Tools......Page 322
4.1.10 Powder-Actuated Tools......Page 323
4.1.11 Hydraulic Power Tools......Page 324
4.1.12 General Requirements of Safety in Workshops Policy......Page 325
4.1.14 Machine Controls......Page 326
4.1.16 Service Installations......Page 327
4.1.17 Grinding and Polishing Machines......Page 328
4.1.19 Metal-Cutting Guillotines......Page 329
4.1.21 Solvent Degreasing......Page 330
4.2.2 General Requirements......Page 331
4.2.2.1 Rules for All Ladder Types......Page 332
4.2.2.2 Rules for Specific Types of Ladder......Page 334
4.2.3 Ladder Hazards /Prevention Tips......Page 339
4.2.5 Ladder Maintenance......Page 340
4.2.5.1 Using Extension Ladders......Page 341
4.2.5.3 Climbing a Fixed Ladder......Page 342
4.2.6 Ladder Inspections......Page 343
4.3.2 Pre-Qualifications for Forklift Operators......Page 344
4.3.3 Safe Operating Procedures......Page 345
4.3.5 Operations......Page 346
4.3.6 Traveling......Page 347
4.3.7 Loading......Page 348
4.3.9 Maintenance......Page 349
4.3.10 Training......Page 350
4.3.11 Refresher Training and Evaluation......Page 351
4.4.1 Lifting Principles......Page 352
4.4.2 Operational Considerations......Page 354
4.4.3 Construction Requirements......Page 355
4.4.4 Inspection Guidelines......Page 356
4.4.4.2 Crane Setup......Page 357
4.4.4.5 Safe Operating Precautions......Page 358
4.4.4.6 Inspection Types......Page 359
4.4.4.7 Starting the Inspection......Page 363
4.4.4.8 Specific Inspection Items and References......Page 364
4.4.5 Definitions......Page 374
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 377
4.5.2.1 General Safety Guidelines......Page 378
4.5.2.2 Safe Usage of Non-mobile Welded Frame Scaffolding......Page 379
4.5.2.3 Maximum Weight......Page 380
4.5.2.5 Don'ts for Safe Scaffold Use......Page 381
4.5.2.7 Scaffold Safety Checklist......Page 382
4.5.2.8 Fall Protection......Page 389
4.6.1 Introduction......Page 390
4.6.2 Identification......Page 391
4.6.3 Handling & Use......Page 392
4.6.4 Transportation of Cylinders......Page 395
4.7.1 Introduction......Page 396
4.7.2 Types of Drums......Page 397
4.7.2.1 Determine Drum Type......Page 398
4.7.3 Drum Inspection, Handling, and Staging Inspection......Page 399
4.7.4.1 Bung wrench......Page 401
4.7.4.3 Hazards Associated with Handling Drums......Page 402
4.7.5 Preventing Back Injuries......Page 403
4.8.2 Definitions......Page 404
4.8.3.2 Types of Welding......Page 405
4.8.3.4 Safe Work Practice......Page 406
4.8.3.6 Fire and Explosions......Page 407
4.8.4 Inspections......Page 408
4.8.5 Ventilation Guidelines for Welding Operations......Page 409
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 411
5.1.3 GFCIs......Page 412
5.1.4 Electrical Shock......Page 413
5.1.5 Feedback Electrical Energy......Page 415
5.1.8 Protective Equipment and Work Practices......Page 416
5.1.9 Detection of Low Voltage......Page 417
5.1.10 Lockout/Tagout......Page 418
5.1.12 Specific Procedures for Logout/Tagout......Page 420
5.1.13 Bibliography......Page 423
5.2.2 Scope......Page 424
5.2.3 Shock Hazard Analysis......Page 425
5.2.6 Test Equipment Industry Recognized Good Practices......Page 426
5.2.7 Flash Hazard Analysis......Page 427
5.2.8 Blast Hazard Analysis......Page 428
5.2.9 Selection of Electrical Protective Equipment......Page 429
5.2.10.2 Body Belts and Safety Straps......Page 430
5.2.10.3 Rubber Protective Equipment......Page 431
5.2.10.5 Climbers......Page 433
5.2.10.6 Hot-Line Tools......Page 434
5.2.11.1 Excavation......Page 435
5.2.11.4 Poles......Page 436
5.2.11.5 Climbing......Page 437
5.2.12.1.2 Checking Energized Conductors......Page 438
5.2.12.1.3 Insulation......Page 439
5.2.12.1.4 High Voltage......Page 441
5.2.12.3.1 De-energized......Page 442
5.2.12.3.4 Overload......Page 443
5.2.13 Transformers and Circuit Breakers......Page 444
5.2.16 Bibliography......Page 446
5.3.2 Training......Page 447
5.3.4.1 Lock-out/Tag-out and Safety Related Work Practices......Page 448
5.3.4.2 Portable Equipment......Page 449
5.3.4.4 Conductive Materials and Equipment......Page 450
5.3.4.7 Illumination......Page 451
5.3.4.11 Electrical Equipment/Machinery......Page 452
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 453
5.4.2 Electrical Safety Facts......Page 454
5.4.3 Vehicular and Mechanical Equipment......Page 456
5.4.4 Use of Equipment......Page 457
5.4.6 Bibliography......Page 459
5.5.2 Plan Ahead......Page 460
5.5.3.2 Safe Operations of Cranes......Page 461
5.5.3.4 Recommended Practices......Page 464
5.5.3.6 Electrical Emergencies......Page 467
5.5.4 Bibliography......Page 468
5.6.1 Introduction......Page 469
5.6.2 Structure of Electric Power Systems......Page 470
5.6.3 Hazards in Electric Power Systems......Page 471
5.6.3.1 Hazards In Substations......Page 472
5.6.3.2 Security......Page 473
5.6.5 Recommended References......Page 475
6.1.1 Responding to Emergency Events......Page 477
6.1.3 Critical Incident Stress Debriefing......Page 478
6.2 Toxic Industrial Chemicals......Page 479
6.3.2 Manufacture and Markings......Page 484
6.3.3 Electrical Requirements......Page 485
6.3.4 Workmanship and Finish......Page 486
6.3.5 In-Service Care and Use......Page 487
6.4 Hand Protection......Page 491
6.5.1 General Guidance......Page 492
6.5.2 Head Protection......Page 497
6.5.4 Hand Protection......Page 498
6.5.5 Cleaning and Maintenance......Page 499
6.6.2 Housekeeping......Page 500
6.6.4.1 Potable Water......Page 501
6.6.5 Toilet Facilities......Page 502
6.6.7 Washing Facilities......Page 503
6.6.11 Consumption of Food and Beverages......Page 504
6.7 Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards......Page 505
6.8.2 Classification of Signs......Page 506
6.8.3.3 Sign Wordings......Page 507
6.8.5 Accident Prevention Tags......Page 508
6.9.1 Definitions......Page 510
6.9.2 General Comments and Requirements......Page 514
6.9.3 Oxygen Content, Flammable Gases and Vapors, and Potential Toxic Air Contaminants......Page 515
6.9.4.1 General Details......Page 518
6.9.4.2 Attendant......Page 520
6.9.4.3 The Permit System......Page 521
6.9.4.4 Entry Permit......Page 522
6.9.4.5 Training......Page 523
6.9.4.7 Duties of Attendants......Page 524
6.9.4.9 Rescue and Emergency Services......Page 526
6.9.4.11.2 Duration of Testing......Page 529
6.10.1 General Information......Page 530
6.10.2 Definitions......Page 531
6.10.4 Full Employee Protection......Page 533
6.10.6 Protective Materials and Hardware......Page 534
6.10.7 Inspection......Page 535
6.10.8 Training and Communication......Page 536
6.10.9 Energy Isolation......Page 537
6.10.10 Group Lockout or Tagout......Page 539
6.11 Medical Services and First Aid......Page 540
6.12.1 Fire Brigades......Page 541
6.12.2 Fire Fighting Equipment......Page 544
6.13 Handling Materials......Page 548
6.14 Slings......Page 549
6.15 Bibliography......Page 555
7.1 Introduction......Page 557
7.2.1 Illnesses......Page 558
7.2.2 Injuries......Page 559
7.2.5 How to Analyze Injury and Illness Records......Page 560
7.2.6 Ensuring Accuracy in Recordkeeping......Page 561
7.3.1 Type of Training......Page 562
7.4 OHSAS 18001 (Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series)......Page 567
7.5. Bibliography......Page 570
8.1.1 General......Page 571
8.1.2 Steps to Risk Assessment......Page 572
8.1.2.2 Step 2: Decide Who Might Be Harmed and How......Page 573
8.1.2.3 Step 3: Evaluate the Risks and Decide on Precautions......Page 574
8.1.2.4 Step 4: Record Your Findings and Implement Them......Page 575
8.1.2.5 Step 5: Review Your Risk Assessment and Update If Necessary......Page 576
8.1.2.6 Sensible Risk Management Tips......Page 577
8.1.3 Safety Risk Management Committees......Page 580
8.2 Crisis Management......Page 581
8.3 Vulnerability Assessments......Page 584
8.3.1 Network Architecture......Page 587
8.3.3 Penetration Testing......Page 588
8.3.4 Physical Security......Page 589
8.3.5 Physical Asset Analysis......Page 591
8.3.7 Policies and Procedures......Page 592
8.3.8 Impact Analysis......Page 593
8.3.10 Risk Characterization......Page 594
8.3.11 Post-Assessment......Page 595
Appendix A Chemical Exposure Tables......Page 597
Appendix B Forms......Page 747
Index......Page 753