Handbook of Indoor Air Quality

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Section Editors
About the Associate Editors
List of Reviewers
Contributors
Part I: Introduction to Indoor Air Quality
	1 History and Perspective on Indoor Air Quality Research
		Introduction
		Early Stage Development Before 1970s
		Modern Developments Since the 1970s
			Indoor Air Conferences
			The Academy of ISIAQ Fellows
			International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ)
			Indoor Air journal, the Official Journal of ISIAQ
			Representative Events or Works on Indoor Air Quality Field in the Modern Stage Since the 1970s
		Quantitative Analysis of the General Information in Web of Science
			The Number of Indoor Air Quality-Related Papers has Increased Rapidly Since 1990
			Number of Papers Related to Specific Indoor Air Pollutants Since 1990
			International Journals That Have Published the Most Indoor Air-Related Papers
			Institutions That Published the Most Indoor Air-Related Papers
			Averaged Citations Per Paper of the Ten Institutions Publishing the Most Indoor Air Quality Papers
		On the Research Advances Since 2001
		Perspectives on Indoor Air Quality Research Related to Chemicals
		Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
Part II: Indoor Air Chemicals
	2 Very Volatile Organic Compounds (VVOCs)
		Introduction
		Properties and Hazards of Formaldehyde
			Properties
			Hazards
		Usages and Pollution Levels of Formaldehyde
		Methods for the Determination of Formaldehyde
			Standard Test Methods
				Perforator Method
				Flask Method
				Desiccator Method
				Gas Analysis Method
			Analysis of Formaldehyde
				Spectrophotometric Method
				Chromatographic Method
				Sensors
		Emission Models of Formaldehyde
			Short-Term Emission Models
			Long-Term Emission Model
		Measurement of Key Emission Parameters of Formaldehyde
			Introduction of Measurement Methods for the Key Emission Parameters
			Introduction of the C-History Method
		Impact of Environmental Factors on Formaldehyde Emissions
		Impact of Temperature on C0
			Impact of Temperature on Dm
			Impact of Temperature on K
			Impact of Relative Humidity
			Combined Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Emission Rate
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
		Introduction
		Properties and Hazards of VOCs
			Classes of VOCs
			Properties of VOCs
			Hazards
		Typical Indoor VOCs
			Benzene
				General Description
				Indoor Sources
				Hazards
				Guidelines
			Toluene
				General Description
				Indoor Sources
				Hazards
				Guidelines
			Xylene
				General Description
				Indoor Sources
				Hazards
				Guidelines
		Measurement Methods
			Gas Chromatography
			High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
		Emission Models for VOCs
			Characteristic Emission Parameters
			Model for Prediction of Indoor VOC Concentration
				Statistical Models
					First-Order Decay Model
					Double Exponential Model
					Second-Order Decay Model
					The nth-Order Decay Model
				Mass Transfer Models
					Interfacial Mass Transfer Models
					Internal Diffusion Mass Transfer Models
					Other Mass Transfer Related Models
			Influential Factors of VOCs Emission
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	4 Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
		Introduction
		Phthalate Esters (PAEs) and Their Alternatives
		Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
			Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
			Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)
		Organophosphorus Flame Retardants (OPFRs)
		Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS)
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	5 Fragranced Consumer Products as Sources
		Introduction
		Measurement Methods and Techniques
			Measurement of VOCs Emitted from Consumer Products
				Overview
				Details of Headspace Analysis Techniques
			Measurement of VOCs in Chamber Studies
				Overview
				Details of Chamber Study Techniques
			Measurement of VOCs Within Indoor Environments
				Overview
				Details of VOC Sampling Techniques
					Large Population-Based IAQ Studies
					VOCs Within Indoor Environments
		Product Ingredients, Emissions, and Disclosure
			Volatile Ingredients and Disclosure
				Volatile Ingredients Emitted
				Relations Between Emissions and Listed Ingredients
			Emissions Evaluated in Chamber Studies
			VOCs from Product Use Indoors
				Population-Based Studies
				Indoor Air Environments at a University
		Improving Indoor Air Environments
			Fragrance-Free Policies and Practices
				Switching to Fragrance-Free Products
				Removing Fragranced Products
			Preferences for Fragrance-free Environments
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	6 Appliances for Cooking, Heating, and Other Energy Services
		Introduction
		Energy Sources and Energy Services
			Fuels
			Energy Services
			Energy and End Use Data
		Physical Appliances
			Cooking Appliances
			Space Heating Appliances
			Water Heating Appliances
			Lighting Appliances
			Other Appliances
		Appliance Performance Affecting Indoor Air
			Efficiency and Energy Intensity
			Emission Factors and Emission Rates
			Capture and Unintended Releases
		Characteristics of Emissions
			Emission Factors
			Particle Size Distributions
			Chemical Composition of Particles
		Prospects for Reducing Exposure
			Improved Combustion and Appliances
			Venting and Ventilation
			Fuel Processing
			Fuel Switching
			Alternative Service Provision
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	7 Vaping and Secondhand Exposure
		Introduction
		Particulate Matter in E-Cig Aerosols
			Particle Concentration and Size Distribution
			Factors Affecting Indoor E-Cig Particle Concentrations
				E-Cig
				Vaping
				Indoor Environment
		Effects of Proximity on SHV Aerosols
			Vaping in a Laboratory Room
			Vaping in Vape Shops
		Transport of SHV Aerosols in Multiunit Indoor Environment
			Laboratory Multiunit Setting
			Vape Shops and Neighboring Indoor Spaces
			Mitigation of SHV Aerosol Exposure in a Multiunit Setting
		Chemical Composition of E-Cig Aerosols
			Chemical Profiles of E-Cig Aerosols
			Factors Affecting Chemical Compositions
			Thirdhand Exposure
		Health Effects
			In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
			Human Studies: Active Exposure to E-Cig Aerosols
				Respiratory Effects
				Cardiovascular Effects
			Human Studies: Passive Exposure to SHV Aerosols
		Conclusions
		References
Part III: Indoor Air Particles
	8 Introduction to Particles in Indoor Air
		Introduction
		Sources
			Primary
				Cooking
				Heating
				Cleaning
				Lifestyle
				Infiltration of Ambient Aerosol
			Secondary
		Particle Compositions
			Nonvolatile Species
			Semi-Volatile Species
		Indoor Particle Dynamics
			Infiltration
			Deposition
			Resuspension
		Conclusions
		References
	9 Introduction to Aerosol Dynamics
		Introduction
		Basics of Gas Behavior
			Background
			Properties of Gases
			Kinetic Theory of Gases
				Pressure
				Mean Velocity
				Mean Free Path
				Diffusion
				Viscosity
			Macroscopic Properties of Gases
				Streamlines
				Boundary Layers
				Gas Flow Through a Tube
				Reynolds Number
				Laminar and Turbulent Flow
				Flow Stagnation
				Flow Separation
		Particle Motion in Air
			Background
			Drag
				Newtonian Drag
			Stokes Law
			Particle Mobility
			Slip Correction
			Particle Shape
			Tranquil and Stirred Settling
			Definition of Particle Diameter: Aerodynamic Diameter
			Particle Motion Under Acceleration
				Relaxation Time
				Stopping Distance
				Curvilinear Motion
			Brownian Motion
				Diffusion
				Mean Particle Velocity
				Mean Free Path
				Relative Deposition Velocities
		Conclusions
		Nomenclature (Note that in some cases a symbol may be used to denote different values in different contexts. All equations lis...
		References
	10 Impact of Outdoor Particles on Indoor Air
		Introduction
		Penetration Factor
			Measurement
				Methods in Real Buildings
					Regression Approach
					Equilibrium Concentration Approach
					Error Analysis Approach
				Laboratory Methods
				Data Analysis
			Modeling
		Infiltration Factor
			Measurement Methods
				Regression Approach
				Equilibrium Approach
				Tracer Element Approach
			Modeling Methods
			Data Analysis
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	11 Deposition
		Introduction
		Bulk Airflow and Interaction with Surfaces
		Turbulent Nature of Indoor Air Flow
			Recent Advances in Understanding Turbulence
			Comparison of Brownian and Turbulent Diffusion by Means of Particle Approach
		Analytic Solution of the Turbulent Wall Deposition
		Improvements in the Wall Deposition Model
			Dimensional Analysis in Deposition Rate Formulas
			Fractal Nature of Turbulence
		Applications
			Boundary Layer Thickness
			Eddy Diffusivity
			Energy Dissipation
			Comparison of Measured Data
			Comparison of Experimental Configurations
		Challenges in Understanding Principles of Particle: Surface Interaction
			Fundamental Problems
			Technical Problems
			Advice
		Conclusions
		References
	12 Resuspension
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Bulk Aerosol Resuspension Measurement and Modeling
			Typical Bulk Aerosol Resuspension Experiments
			Two-Compartment Material Balance Model
			Resuspension Emission Rate Estimates
			Resuspension Fraction Estimates
			Particle Surface Loading
			Dust Components of Concern
			Human-Generated Particle Emissions
			Resuspension by Crawling Infants
			Uniform Mixing Assumption
		Single-Particle Resuspension Measurement and Modeling
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	13 Interaction Between Gas-Phase Pollutants and Particles
		Introduction
		Interaction Between Gas-Phase Pollutants and Airborne Particles
			Overview
			Equilibrium Models
				Adsorption-Based Approach for Predicting Kp
				Absorption-Based Approach for Predicting Kp
				Poly-Parameter Approach for Predicting Kp
				Problems
			Dynamic Models
				Diffusion-Based Model
				Simplified Model Based on Lumped Parameter Method
				Dynamic Model Involving Intraparticle Reaction of SVOCs
				Adsorption-Based Model
			Methods for Measuring/Estimating Key Parameters
				Particle-Gas Partition Coefficient (Kp)
				Mass Accommodation Coefficient of SVOCs on Particle Surface (α)
				Intraparticle Diffusion Coefficient of SVOCs (D)
				Deposition Loss Rate Coefficient of Airborne Particles (β)
		Interaction Between Gas-Phase Pollutants and Settled Dust
			Overall
			Equilibrium Model
			Dynamic Models
				Model Based on Aerosol Dynamics
				Diffusion-Based Model
				Dust-Gas Partition Coefficient (Kd)
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	14 Cooking Aerosol
		Introduction
			Methods
			Frying Process
			Hydrolysis
			Oxidation
			Thermal Alteration
			Contribution of Food in the Frying Chemistry
			Primary Organic Aerosol (POA)
			Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA)
			Controlled Studies
			Cooking Style/Method/Habit
			Energy Source
			Cooking Pan
			Cooking Oil
			Additives
			Food
			Temperature
			Surface Area of the Pan/Position of the Pan on a Stove
			Particle Loss (Coagulation, Ventilation, and Deposition)
			Particle Morphology
			Citizen Science
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Part IV: Measurement and Evaluation
	15 Sampling and Analysis of VVOCs and VOCs in Indoor Air
		Introduction
		Sampling and Analysis of VVOCs
			Sampling
			Sampling Treatment
			Sample Analysis
		Sampling and Analysis of VOCs
			Sampling
				Active Sampling
				Passive Sampling
				Whole-Air Sampling
				Solid-Phase Microextraction
			Sampling Treatment
			Sample Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	16 Sampling and Analysis of Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) in Indoor Environments
		Introduction
		Sampling
			Passive Air Sampling
			Active Air Sampling
			Dust and Surface Sampling
		Sample Pretreatment
			Solvent Extraction
				Soxhlet Extraction
				Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)
				Ultrasonication Extraction (USE)
				Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
			Cleanup
			Concentration
			Thermal Desorption (TD)
		Chemical Analysis
			Chromatography
			Mass Spectrometry (MS)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	17 Passive Samplers for Indoor Gaseous Pollutants
		Introduction
		Overview of Passive Samplers
			Representative Passive Samplers
			Passive Sampling Theory
		Optimal Design of Passive Samplers
			Method Principle
			Illustration of Optimization Outputs
			Application and Discussions
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	18 Real-Time Monitoring of Indoor Organic Compounds
		Introduction
		Real-Time Monitoring of Formaldehyde
			Formaldehyde Multimode Monitor
			MIRA Pico Formaldehyde Analyzer
		Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry and Other CIMS
			Basics of PTR-MS and Other CIMS
			Application on Real-Time Monitoring of Indoor Air
				Technical Considerations of CIMS Deployment in the Indoor Environment
				Data Analysis Providing New Scientific Understanding
		Automated GC
		Conclusions
		References
	19 Measuring Particle Concentrations and Composition in Indoor Air
		Introduction
		Particles Mass Measurements
			Measurement Methods
			Fixed Location Samplers
			Portable and/or Personal Samplers
		PM Composition Measurements
			Analytical Strategy
				Light Absorption
				Elemental Analyses
				Analysis of Water-Soluble Ions
				Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods
				Organic and Elemental Carbon
				Organic Compound Analysis
			PM Source Identification and Apportionment
		Continuous PM Monitors
			Particle Monitors
				Aerodynamic Particle Sizers
				Optical Particle Monitors
				Semicontinous Composition Measurements
				Low-Cost Monitors
		Ultrafine Particles
			Health Effects
			Measurement Methods
				Condensation Particle Counters
				Particle Size Distributions
				``1-nm´´ Instruments
			UFP Emission Sources
				Gas Burning Appliance Emissions
				Electric Stove Emissions
				Electric Motors
				Other Electric Appliances
				Candle Burning
				Source Identification and Apportionment
				Emission Rates
		Concluding Note
		Cross-References
		References
	20 Visualization and Measurement of Indoor Airflow by Color Sequence Enhanced Particle Streak Velocimetry
		Introduction
		Theory and Limitations of Traditional PSV
			Theory of Traditional PSV
			Limitations of Traditional PSV
		Theory and Implementation of CSPSV
			Color Sequence Illumination System
			Operational Procedure of CSPSV
			Quad-View CSPSV
		Image Processing and Stereo Correspondence Algorithm
			Digital Image Processing
			Rectification-Based Sparse Stereo Correspondence
		Accuracy Verification
			Experimental Setup of Rotating Board Test
			Accuracy Verification on Rotating Board
			Experimental Setup in the Wind Tunnel
			Verification with HWA
		Applications and Results
			Vortex Flow Test
			Airflow Pattern Induced by Ceiling Fan
				Chamber Setup
				Imaging Settings
				Results
			Airflow Pattern Induced by Mixing Ventilation and AFN
				Flow Pattern of MV
				Flow Pattern of Cases with AFN
		Conclusions
		References
	21 Measurements of Perceived Indoor Air Quality
		Introduction
		Measurements of Perceived Air Quality (PAQ)
			Untrained Panels and Acceptability Scale
			Trained Panels and Decipol Scale
			Comparison of Assessments Made by Trained and Untrained Panels
			Applications - Estimation of Sensory Pollution Load
		Measurements of Odor Intensity
			Applications - Odor Persistency
		Procedural Aspects of Sensory Measurements of Perceived Air Quality
			Selection of Human Observers (Panelists) for Sensory Measurements
			Adaptation
			Impact of Temperature and Relative Humidity
		Quantification of Odor Pollution Sources in Buildings
			Nonsensory Analysis of Odorant Concentration in the Air
			Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry-Mass Spectrometry (GC-O-MS)
			Olfactometry
			Olfactometry Analysis for Determining the Odorant Detection Threshold (Test D)
			Dynamic Olfactometry -  Analysis of Odor Concentration
			Calibration of an Olfactometer
			Selection of Panelists for Performing Measurements Using Dynamic Olfactometry
			Indirect Olfactometry
			Direct Olfactometry
		Conclusions
		References
Part V: Source/Sink Characteristics
	22 Source/Sink Characteristics of VVOCs and VOCs
		Introduction
		Model Development for Describing Source/Sink Processes
			Empirical Models
			Mass-Transfer Models
				Source/Sink Models for Dry Building Materials
				Source/Sink Models for Wet Coating Materials
		Measurement Methods for VVOC/VOC Characteristic Parameters
			Experimental Techniques for Measuring Model Parameters
				The Initial Emittable Concentration, C0
				The Diffusion Coefficient, D
				The Partition Coefficient, K
				Rapid and Accurate Measurement Method
			Correlations Between Model Parameters and Physical/Chemical Properties
				The Initial Emittable Concentration, C0
				The Diffusion Coefficient, D
				The Partition Coefficient, K
			Dimensionless Analysis of Characteristic Parameters
			Source Control to Reduce the VVOC/VOC Emissions
		Influencing Factors on VVOC/VOC Characteristic Parameters
			The Initial Emittable Concentration, C0
			The Diffusion Coefficient, D
			The Partition Coefficient, K
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	23 Source/Sink Characteristics of SVOCs
		Introduction
		SVOC Emissions from Source Materials
			Emission Model
			Existing Methods for Measuring Key Emission Parameter (y0)
				CLIMPAQ and FLEC Chamber Methods
				Sandwich-like Chamber Method
				Passive Flux Sampler (PFS) Method
				SPME-Based Sealed Chamber Method
				Other Methods
			Equilibrium Relationship Between Source Materials and Air
				Relationship Between y0 and Temperature
				Relationship Between y0, SVOC Weight Fraction, and Vapor Pressure
		Sorption by Sink Materials
			Sorption Processes and Models
				Impermeable Surfaces
				Permeable Surfaces
			Existing Methods for Measuring Key Sorption Parameters (Ks and D)
				Ventilated Chamber Method
				Sealed Chamber Method
			Prediction of the Key Sorption Parameters
				Gas/Surface Partition Coefficient (Ks)
				Diffusion Coefficient (D)
				Relationship Between Ks and Temperature, Surface Roughness, Vapor Pressure, and Other Potential Impact Factors
		Sorption to Particles/Dust
			Interaction Between Gas-Phase SVOCs and Suspended Particles
				The Equilibrium Model
				The Dynamic Model
				Role of Aerosols in Enhancing SVOC Flux Between Air and Indoor Surfaces
			Existing Methods for Measuring Key Sorption Parameter (Kp)
				Existing Methods Used in Atmospheric Field (Equilibrium Model)
				Sandwich-like Chamber Method
				Tube Chamber
			Prediction of the Key Sorption Parameter (Kp)
				Junge-Pankow Method: Kp-Ps Relationship and Kp-KOA Relationship
				Pp-LFER Method
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	24 Reference Materials for Building Product Emission Characterization
		Introduction
			Why Test Material Emissions?
			What Chemicals are Analyzed in Emission Testing?
			How Does Emission Testing  Work?
				Dynamic Emission Test System Components
				Dynamic Emission Testing Variability
		Reference Materials
			Definitions
				Types of Reference Materials
				True Values, Traceability and Consensus Approaches
				Types of Emission Testing Reference Materials
			Building Product Reference Materials Used in Emission Testing
			Designed Reference Materials Used in Emission Testing
				Drying or Curing Reference Material
				Film Reference Material
				TPU Reference Material
				LiFE Reference Material
				Temperature-Controlled Diffusive Evaporator
			Inter-laboratory Proficiency Testing Studies of Reference Materials
				Reference Material Studies
				Inter-laboratory Summary
		Uncertainties in Emission Testing When Using Reference Materials
			Reference Material Variability
				Producibility
				Homogeneity
				Stability
			Emission Test System Variability
				Temperature
				Relative Humidity
				Air Change Rate
				Chamber Impacts
				Summary
			Analytical Measurement Variability
				Analytical Equipment
				Sampling Uncertainty
				Standards Bias
			Inter-laboratory Study Procedure Variability
		Conclusions
		References
	25 Predicting VOC and SVOC Concentrations in Complex Indoor Environments
		Introduction
		Predicting VOC Concentrations in Real Indoor Environments
			VOC Emission/Sorption from Multiple Sources/Sinks in Different Indoor Settings
				Sink-Diffusion Model in Multi-Sink Residential Rooms
				Physics-Based Emission Model in Multi-Source In-Cabin Environments
			VOC Emission from Occupants Due to the Use of Personal Care Products
				Background
				Model for Predicting cVMS Emissions
				Determination of Key Parameters in the Model
				Validation of the Physics-Based Model
			Reactions of Ozone with Squalene in Realistic Indoor Environments
				Background
				Models for Predicting Ozone/Squalene Reactions
				Validation of the Chemical-Physical Model with Test Data in a House
		Predicting SVOC Concentrations in Complex Indoor Environments
			Two Types of Models for Predicting the Fate and Transport of SVOCs in Real Indoor Environments
			Estimating Partition Coefficients of SVOCs Between the Gas Phase, Airborne Particles, Settled Dust, and Surfaces
			Challenge to Accurate Prediction of Indoor SVOC Concentration in Complex Indoor Environment
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
Part VI: Indoor Chemistry
	26 Framing Indoor Chemistry Topics
		Introduction
		Comparing Chemistry Occurring Indoors and Outdoors
		Indoor Gas-Phase Chemistry
		Indoor Photochemistry
		Indoor Surface Chemistry
		Occupant Emissions and Chemistry
		Analytical Tools in Indoor Chemistry
		Indoor Chemistry Modeling of Gas-, Particle-, and Surface-Phase Processes
		Conclusion
	27 Indoor Air Quality Through the Lens of Outdoor Atmospheric Chemistry
		Introduction
		Primary Chemical Sources
		Reactivity
		Partitioning
		Impact of Dynamics on Chemistry
		Working Toward Solutions
		Cross-References
		References
	28 Indoor Gas-Phase Chemistry
		Introduction
		Gas-Phase Chemistry
			Reactions of Ozone
			Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radical
			Reactions of the Nitrate Radical
			Reactions of the Chlorine Radical
			Comparing Indoor Oxidants
			Role of Gas-Phase Chemistry in Particle Formation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	29 Indoor Photochemistry
		Introduction to Photochemistry
			Absorption Cross Section and Photolysis Quantum Yield
			Photon Flux
			Different Considerations for Condensed Phase and Heterogeneous Photochemistry
			Concentration and Steady-State Concentration
		Outdoor Photochemistry
		Overview of Indoor Photochemistry
		Important Gas Phase Photochemical Reactions Indoors
		Factors Controlling Gas Phase Indoor Photochemistry
			Solar Photon Flux
			Photon Flux from Light Bulbs
		Indoor Reactant Concentrations and Oxidant Steady-State Concentrations
		Condensed Phase and Heterogeneous Indoor Photochemistry
			Photochemical Formation of Oxidants on Painted Surfaces
			Photochemistry in Dust and on Indoor Surface Films
			Photochemistry in Indoor Aqueous Phases
		Current Research
			Measurements of Photochemically Generated Species
			Photon Flux Measurements and Predictions
			Models
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
	30 Indoor Surface Chemistry
		Introduction
		Surfaces and Chemical Transformations
			Indoor Surfaces
			Ozone Initiated Chemistry
			Nitrogen Oxides
			Chlorine Chemistry
			Acid-Base Chemistry
			Hydrolysis
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	31 Occupant Emissions and Chemistry
		Introduction
		Primary Emissions from Humans
			Breath Emissions
			Skin Emissions
		Occupant-Related Chemical Transformations
		Secondary Organic Aerosols
		Modifying Factors
		Role of Microbial Population
		Effects on Perceived Air Quality
		Health Effects of Human Emissions
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	32 Analytical Tools in Indoor Chemistry
		Introduction
		Measurement Principles
			Instrumental Analysis
			Measurement Strategies
				Bulk Versus Compound-Specific Measurement
				Off-Line Versus On-Line Measurements
				Chemical Versus Physical Analysis
				Low Cost Sensors Versus Research Instrumentation
				Analytical Chemistry Approaches
		On-Line Measurement of Gases
			Inert Gases
			Reactive Gases
			Oxidants
			Inorganic Trace Gases
			Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
		On-Line Measurement of Particles
			Particle Size Distributions
			Chemical Measurement Techniques
			Bulk Aerosol Composition Measurements
			Speciated Aerosol Composition Measurements
			Black Carbon
			Other Particle Measurements
		New Frontiers
		Conclusion
		References
	33 Indoor Chemistry Modeling of Gas-, Particle-, and Surface-Phase Processes
		Introduction
		Box Model for Indoor Air Pollutants
		Modeling Gas-Phase Chemistry
			General Gas-Phase Chemistry Concentration Balance
			Simulating Important Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions
		Modeling Indoor Particulate Matter Concentrations
			General Particulate Matter Concentration Balance
			Simulating Indoor Secondary Organic Aerosol
			Simulating Indoor Organic Aerosol
			Simulating Indoor Inorganic Aerosol
		Surface Chemistry Modeling
			Simulating Surface Chemistry Byproduct Formation
			Modeling Transport Within Boundary Layer
			Modeling Surface Processes
			Modeling Skin Chemistry Example
		References
Part VII: Human Exposure to Indoor Pollutants
	34 Fundamentals of Exposure Science
		Introduction
			What Is Exposure Science?
		Link Between Exposure Science and Indoor Air Quality, Toxicology, and Epidemiology
			Exposure Definitions
			Basic Exposure Model
		Direct Versus Indirect Exposure Assessment
			Direct Exposure Assessment (Measurement)
				Contributions from Indoor Sources
					Contribution from Ambient Pollution
				Direct Measurement Campaigns
					Field Campaigns
					Sensor Networks
					Personal (Breathing Zone)
			Indirect Exposure Assessment (Modeling)
				Contribution of Ambient Pollution to Indoor Concentrations
					Land-Use Regression Modeling
					Air Quality Modeling
					Statistical Modeling
		Intake Fraction
		Conclusions
		References
	35 Exposure Routes and Types of Exposure
		Introduction
		Sources of Indoor Air Exposure
		Routes of Exposure
		Inhalation Exposure
		Dermal Exposure
		Non-dietary and Indirect Ingestion Exposure
		Biological Agents
		Examples of Common Toxicants in Indoor Air
		Penetrations of Vapors from Outside
		Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
		Formaldehyde
		Radon
		Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
		Role of House Dust
		Indoor Chemistry
		Consumer Goods and Personal Exposures
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	36 Role of Clothing in Exposure to Indoor Pollutants
		Introduction
		Exposures to Chemicals
			Evidence of Clothing-Associated Exposure to Chemicals
				Clothing-Associated Chemicals in Skin, Blood, and Urine
				Influence of Clothing on Dermal Uptake of Airborne Chemicals
				Health Effects as Evidence of Exposure
			Occurrence, Persistence, and Accumulation of Chemicals in Clothing
				Chemicals Present at Time of Purchase
				Chemicals Acquired Post-Purchase
			Mechanisms, Quantification, and Prediction of Exposure and Transfer of Chemicals
				Dermal Transfer and Absorption
				Inhalation
				Ingestion
		Exposures to Particles
			Clothing-Associated Exposures to Biotic and Abiotic Particles
				Allergens
				Pathogenic Microbes
				Nanomaterials Associated with Clothing Additives
				Para-occupational Exposures
				Personal Cloud
			Toward Quantifying Clothing-Mediated Particle Exposures
			Factors Affecting Clothing-Mediated Particle Exposures
		Conclusions
		References
	37 Time-Activity Patterns
		Introduction
		Survey Method
			Questionnaire Method
			Global Positioning System Method
			Videotaping Method
			Sensors Method
			Mobile Phone Method
		Time-Activity Patterns Survey
			China
				Adults
				Children
			USA
				California Activity Pattern Survey (1987-1988)
					Indoor Activity Time of Various Microenvironments
					Smoking and Secondhand Smoke Contact Time
					Kitchen Smoke Contact Time
					Other Smoke Contact Time
					Heating Time
				California Children´s Activity Patterns Survey (1989-1990)
				The National Human Activity Pattern Survey
			Canada
			Korea
				The Time Use Survey
				Children´s Time-Activity Patterns Survey
			Europe
			Africa
		Conclusion
		References
	38 A Modular Mechanistic Framework for Assessing Human Exposure to Indoor Chemicals
		Introduction
		A Modular Mechanistic Framework for Rapid Modeling of Indoor Exposure
			General Description of the Framework
			Assumptions
			Modeling and Parameterization
			Example 1: Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DnBP) in Vinyl Flooring
				Extension of Example 1: Considering the Impact of Clothing
			Example 2: Tris(2-Chloroethyl) Phosphate (TCEP) in Smartphone Casing
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
Part VIII: Health Effects and Health Risk Assessment
	39 The Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
		Introduction
		Indoor Exposures
			Secondhand Smoke Exposure
				Introduction
				Sources and Exposure
				Risk
					Infant and Childhood Adverse Health Effects Causally Linked to SHS Exposure
					Adult Adverse Health Effects Causally Linked to SHS Exposure
				Mitigation/Management
			Carbon Monoxide
				Introduction
				Sources and Exposures
				Risks
				Mitigation/Management
			Household Air Pollution
				Introduction
				Sources and Exposure
				Risk
					Health Effects Related to HAP
				Mitigation/Management
			Radon
				Introduction
				Sources and Exposure
				Risks
				Management
			Volatile and Semi-Volatile Compounds
				Introduction
				Sources and Exposure
				Risks
			Bioaerosols
				Introduction
				Sources and Exposure
				Risk
				Mitigation/Management
			Respiratory Infections
				Introduction
				Risks
				Management
		Specific Diseases Associated with Indoor Air Quality
			Overview
			Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
				Introduction
				Etiology
				Clinical and Epidemiological Picture
				Management
			Sick Building Syndrome
				Introduction
				Etiology
				Clinical Picture
				Management
				Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
		Conclusions
		References
	40 Epidemiology for Indoor Air Quality Problems
		Introduction
		Conventional Outcome Measures in Epidemiological Studies of Indoor Air Pollution
			Mortality, Morbidity, and Prevalence
			Subclinical Outcome Measures
				Outcome Measures for Respiratory System
				Outcome Measures for Cardiovascular Health
				Outcome Measures for Other Health Issues
		Classification of Adverse Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
			Short-Term Health Effects
				Effects on Respiratory System
				Effects on the Cardiovascular System
				Effects on Other Systems
			Long-Term Health Effects
				Effects on the Respiratory System
				Effects on the Cardiovascular System
				Effects on Other Systems
		Specific Examples
			Environmental Tobacco Smoke
				Chemical Composition and Exposure Evaluation
				Health Effects
					Lung cancer
					Other Cancers
					Non-cancer Respiratory Health Effects
					Cardiovascular Effects
					Other Health Effects
				Guidelines
			Radon
				Health Effects
					Lung Cancer
					Other Diseases
				Guidelines
			Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
				Health Effects
				Guidelines
			Formaldehyde and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
				Health Effects
					Cancer
					Respiratory Health
				Guidelines
		Conclusions and Outlook
		References
	41 Animal Tests to Determine the Health Risks of Indoor Air Pollutants
		Introduction
			Definition of Animal Test
			A Brief History of Animal Test
			Controversy and Principles
		Indoor Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Pollution
			Formaldehyde and Toxic Effects
				Health Impacts on the Respiratory System
				Health Impacts on the Nervous System
				Health Impacts on the Hematopoietic System
				Health Impacts on the Reproductive System
				Health Impact on Intestinal Microorganisms
			Benzene and Toxic Effects
		Indoor Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC) Pollution
			Effects of PAEs on the Immune System
			Effects of PAEs on the Nervous System
			Effects of PAEs on the Reproductive System
			Effects of PAEs on Diabetes
		Radon and its Toxic Effects
			The Effects of Radon on the Respiratory System
			Other Health Effects of Radon
		Indoor Particulate Matter Pollution
			The Effect of PM2.5 on the Respiratory System
			Effect of PM2.5 on the Immune System
			Effects of PM2.5 on the Cardiovascular System
			Effects of PM2.5 on the Reproductive System
			Other Toxic Effects of PM2.5
		Limitations of and Alternatives to Animal Testing
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	42 Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risk of Indoor Air Pollutants
		Introduction
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Respiratory System
			The Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
			Indoor Air Pollution Affects Respiratory Health
			Biomarkers of Respiratory Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
				Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO)
				Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC)
					Malondialdehyde in Exhaled Breath Condensate
					The Sum of EBC Nitrite and Nitrate (EBCNN)
				Lung Function Parameters
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Cardiovascular System
			The Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
			Indoor Air Pollution Affects Cardiovascular Health
			Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
				Cardiac Autonomic Function
				Vascular Function
					Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)
					Microvascular Function (MVF)
					Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)
					Augmentation Index (AI)
				Blood Pressure
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Hematologic System
			The Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
			Indoor Air Pollution Affects Hematologic Health
			Biomarkers of Hematologic Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
				Blood-Related Parameters
					Hemoglobin (Hb)
					Red Blood Cells (RBC)
					White Blood Cells (WBC)
					Platelet Count
				Blood Coagulation Biomarkers
					Fibrinogen
					Soluble P-Selectin (sP-Selectin)
					Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
					Soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L)
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
			Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation of Indoor Air Pollution
				C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity CRP (hsCRP)
				Inflammatory Cytokines
				Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
				Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1)
			Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Relation to Indoor Air Pollution
				Iso-Prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α)
				Malondialdehyde (MDA)
				Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)
				Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPx1)
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Immune System
			Composition and Function of the Immune System
			Health Effect on the Immune System of Indoor Air Pollution
			Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Immune System
				Immune Cells
					Lymphocytes
					Dendritic Cells
				Immunoglobulin
				Cytokines
				DNA Methylation as Epigenetic Biomarkers
				MicroRNA
				Salivary Lysozyme
				Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Reproductive System
			The Structure and Function of the Reproductive System
			Health Effect on the Reproductive System of Indoor Air Pollution
			Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of the Reproductive System
				Semen Parameter
				Oocyte
				Reproductive Hormones
				DNA Damage
				DNA Methylation
		Application of Biomarkers in Assessing Health Risks of Other Physiologic Systems
			Kidneys
			Thyroid
			Metabolic System
			Cognitive Function
		Conclusion
		References
	43 The Full Chain Model: Linking Chemical Exposure from Indoor Sources to Human Health Effects
		Introduction
		The Full Chain Model
		The SELMA Study
			Chemical Exposure
			Airway Outcomes
		Applying SELMA Data to the Full Chain Model
			Environmental Exposure
			Human Exposure
				Phthalate Metabolites in Urine
				Phthalate Metabolites in Urine and PVC Flooring
				Phthalates in Urine and Dust
				Total Daily External Phthalate Exposure (Intake)
				Intake from Dust and Contribution to Total Intake
			Health Effects
				Prenatal Phthalate Exposure
				Phthalates in Dust
		Relevance of the Results
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	44 Disease Burden of Indoor Air Pollution
		Introduction
			Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD)
			Risk Assessment (RA)
			Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD)
			Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
		Methods
			Population Attributable Fraction (PAF)
			Linking with Toxicological Databases
		Current Estimates of Indoor Air Burden of Disease
			European EBoDE Study
				Stressor Selection
				Exposure Assessment
				Exposure-Response Relationship Modelling
			Indoor Specific Follow-Up in the HealthVent Study
			Indoor Air Pollution and Associated Socio-economic Costs in France
				Pollutants Considered for the Evaluation
				Evaluation of Yearly Mortality
				Evaluation of Yearly Morbidity
				Socio-economic Cost Evaluation
				Limitations and Conclusions
			Disease Burden of Indoor Air Pollutants in China
				Indoor Exposure Assessment
				Associations Between IAPs and Health Outcomes
				Disease Burden Attributable to Indoor Air Pollutants in China
				Estimation of IAP-BD in China
				Comparison of IAP-BD Among Countries
				Limitations and Future Study
		Discussion
		Summary
		References
Part IX: Indoor Air Quality and Cognitive Performance
	45 Metrics and Methods (Performance Indicators, Methods, and Measurement)
		Introduction
		The Metrics That Might Predict Productivity
			Health
			Comfort
			Self-Estimated Productivity
			Component Skills
			Field Validation
		Research Strategy for Cost-Benefit Analysis of IEQ
			Experimental Strategy
		Strategy When Selecting Sample Size
			Significance of an Experiment
			Validity of an Experiment
		Interpretation in Terms of an Environmental Halo Effect
		The Ethics of Experimental Research on Human Subjects
			Health Risk, Pain, and Discomfort
			Invasion of Privacy
			Social Pressure to Participate
			Experiments That Do Not Require ERB Approval
			Documenting the Argument
		Strategy for Dealing with Missing Data
			Independent-Measures Designs
			Repeated-Measures Designs
		Experimental Protocols
			Protocol
		Conclusion
		References
	46 Postulated Pathways Between Environmental Exposures and Cognitive Performance
		Introduction
			Sensory Responses as Initiators of Pathways
			Physiological and Neurological Pathways
			Psychological Pathways
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross References
		References
	47 Effects from Exposures to Human Bioeffluents and Carbon Dioxide
		Introduction
		Effect of Human Bioeffluents (with Carbon Dioxide) on Cognitive Performance
		Effect of (Pure) Carbon Dioxide on Cognitive Performance
			Effects at Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Typically Occurring Indoors (CO2 < 5000 ppm)
			Effects at Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Higher than PEL (CO2 > 5000 ppm)
			Long-Term Exposures (>1 Day)
		Exploring the Possibility of Underlying Physiological Mechanisms
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	48 Effects of IAQ on Office Work Performance
		Introduction
		Studies Examining the Effects of IAQ on Work Performance
			Studies Where Pollution Levels Were Altered by Modifying the Concentration of Specific Pollutants
				The Effects of CO2 on Work Performance, Simulated Work Performance, and/or Cognitive Abilities
				The Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) on Cognitive Abilities
			Studies Where Pollution Levels Were Altered by Modifying Ventilation Rates
				Office-Like Controlled Environments
				Call-Centers
				Relationships Between Ventilation and Cognitive Performance
			Studies Where Pollution Levels Were Altered by Adding or Removing a Pollution Source and/or Sink
		Limitations and Future Work
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	49 Effects of Classroom Air Quality on Learning in Schools
		Introduction
		The Effects on the Performance of Schoolwork and Absence Rates
			The Effects on Psychological and Neurobehavioral Tests
			The Effects on Typical School Tasks
			The Effects on National and Aptitude Tests and Examination Results
			The Effects on Absence Rates
		Sleep and Learning
		The Relationships Between Learning and IAQ
		Conclusions
		References
	50 Sleep and Indoor Air Quality
		Introduction
		The Importance of Good Sleep
			Measurement of Sleep Quality
			Sleep Functions
		IAQ in the Bedroom
			CO2 Levels in Bedroom
			Other Pollutants in Bedroom
		Air Pollution Exposure and Sleep
			Ambient Exposure and Sleep
				Particulate Matter and Sleep
				Multiple Air Pollutants and Sleep
			IAQ and Sleep
				Ventilation and Sleep
				Other Indoor Pollutants and Sleep
			Possible Mechanisms
			Interactions with Temperature
			Aromatherapy and Sleep
		Possible Solutions to Improve IAQ in Bedrooms
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	51 Economic Consequences
		The Costs and Benefits Related to IAQ
		Health Costs
		The Costs of Reduced Work Performance
		The Costs of Reduced Learning
		Other Costs
		Green Buildings
		Working from Home
		An Example of a Model Used to Estimate the Costs
		Conclusion
		References
Part X: Standards and Guidelines
	52 WHO Health Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality and National Recommendations/Standards
		Introduction
		WHO Indoor Air Quality Guidelines
			WHO Guidelines Related to Indoor Environment: Background
			Criteria for Inclusion and Exclusion of the Specific Pollutants
				Organic Indoor Air Pollutants
				Inorganic Indoor Gaseous Pollutants: CO and NO2 and Radon
				Particulate Matter: PM2.5 and PM10
			Summary of the IAQ Numerical Guideline Values
		National Standards
		Summary
		References
	53 ASTM and ASHRAE Standards for the Assessment of Indoor Air Quality
		Introduction
		IAQ Test Standards
			Overview
			ASTM Methods Developed by Subcommittee on Indoor Air
			ASTM Methods Developed by Other Subcommittees
			ISO Methods Developed by ISO TC 146/SC 6 Indoor Air Subcommittee
			US EPA Methods
			Government Regulations
			Other Frequently Used Standards
		ASTM Test Standards
		ASHRAE Standards
			ASHRAE 62.1
			ASHRAE 62.2
			Applications
		Priority Areas for Future Standardization Related to IAQ Testing
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	54 IEC/ISO Standards of Air Cleaners
		Introduction
		IEC Standards of Air Cleaners
			IEC Profile (https://www.iec.ch/who-we-are)
				Membership
				Structure
				Technical Committees
				Participation
			IEC/TC 61 and Air Cleaner Safety Standards
				IEC/TC 61 (https://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:7:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:1236)
				IEC 60335-2-65
			IEC/TC 59 and Air Cleaner Performance Standards
				IEC/TC 59 (https://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:14:13818013144838::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:19691,25)
				IEC 63086 Series
					Background
					Summary of Development Process or Plans
					Joint Work Together with ISO/TC 142
					Information of IEC 63086-1:2020
					Work Plan and Progress of SWGs on Microbe Reduction and Fresh-Air Air Cleaners
						SWG 3 on Microbe Reduction
						SWG 6 on Fresh-Air Air Cleaners
		ISO Standards of Air Cleaners
			ISO Profile (https://www.iso.org/about-us.html)
				Membership
				Structure
				Technical Committees
				Participation
			ISO/TC 142 (https://www.iso.org/committee/52624.html)
			Standards of ISO/TC 142 (https://www.iso.org/committee/52624.html)
		Conclusion
		References
	55 IAQ Requirements in Green Building Labeling Systems and Healthy Building Labeling Systems
		Introduction
		Green and Health Building Labeling Systems
			China Assessment Standard for Green Building (CASGB)
			LEED
			BREEAM
			China Assessment Standard for Healthy Building (CASHB)
			WELL
		Environmental Index
			Environmental Index in CASGB
			Environmental Index in LEED
			Environmental Index in BREEAM
			Environmental Index in CASHB
			Environmental Index in WELL
		Formaldehyde, VOC, and SVOC Control in Labeling Systems
			CASGB
			LEED
			BREEAM
			CASHB
			WELL
		Particulate Matter (PM) Control in Labeling Systems
			CASGB
				Design
				Monitoring
			LEED
				Design
				Monitoring
			BREEAM
			CASHB
				Design
				Monitoring
			WELL
				Design
				Monitoring
		Conclusion
		References
Part XI: Indoor Air Quality Control
	56 Testing and Reducing VOC Emissions from Building Materials and Furniture
		Introduction
		Standard Environmental Chamber Testing Methods and Procedure
			Overview
			Principles
				Determination of Emission Factor
				Material Emission Characteristics
				Variables Affecting Emission Rates
				Effect of Product Age
				Estimation of the Contribution of the Materials to the VOC Concentrations in Buildings
				Other Important Considerations
			Air Sampling and Chemical Analysis
				Sampling Methods
				Sampling Volume and Flow Rates
				Chemical Analysis Systems
			Test Procedure
				Chamber Operation
				Measurement of Background VOC Concentrations
				Unpackaging and Transfer of Test Piece to Chamber
				Place Test Specimen in Chamber
				Record Time Zero
				Collect Air Samples
				Perform Chemical Analysis
				Unloading and Background Verification
			Data Analysis and Interpretation
				Chamber Concentration
				Chamber Source Emission Rate
				Chamber Emission Factor
				Calculation of Power-Law Model Coefficients
				Determinations of Compliance
		Establishing the Link Between Chamber Testing and Real Applications
			Overview of the Process
			Standard Methods, Evaluation Criteria, and Labeling Schemes
			Product Labeling Programs
			Application in Building Rating Systems
			Whole Building Approach for Modeling the Impact of Product Emission on IAQ
		Application Examples
			ANSI/BIFMA e3 Furniture Sustainability Standard and ANSI/BIFMA M7.1 and X7.1
			CDPH Standard Method v1.2
			EN 16516 Test Method with EU-LCI Values or German AgBB Evaluation Scheme
			VOC Emission Testing and Labeling Systems in China
			Eco Mark Labeling System in Japan
		Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
		References
	57 Influence of Ventilation on Indoor Air Quality
		Introduction
		Residential Building
			Natural Ventilation
			Mechanical Ventilation
			Hybrid Ventilation
		Office Building
			Natural Ventilation
			Mechanical Ventilation
				Mixing Ventilation
				Displacement Ventilation
				Stratum Ventilation
				Personalized Ventilation
		Transportation Vehicle Cabin
			Mixing Ventilation
			Displacement Ventilation
			Personalized Ventilation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	58 Evaluating Ventilation Performance
		Introduction
			Terminology
			Reasons for Evaluating Ventilation
			Building and System Impacts on Ventilation Evaluation
		Performance Issues and Parameters
		Building and System Design Information
		Measurement Methods
			System Status
			Envelope Air Leakage
			Ventilation System Airflow
			Outdoor Air Change Rate
			Interzone Airflow
			Air Distribution
			Other Considerations
				Variation in Ventilation
			Deviations from Design Intent
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	59 Control of Airborne Particles: Filtration
		Introduction
		Filtration Theory
			Single Fiber Collection Efficiency
			Overall Filter Efficiency
		Selecting Filters: Test Methods and Rating Systems
		Filter Applications in Buildings
			Portable and Room-Level Systems
				Clean Air Delivery Rate
				Practical Considerations for Portable and Room-Level Filtration Systems
			In-Duct Filters
				Residential In-Duct Air Filters
				Commercial and Institutional In-Duct Air Filters
		Impacts of Filters in Real Buildings
		Conclusions
		References
	60 PCO and TCO in Air Cleaning
		Introduction
		Photocatalytic Oxidation
			Principal
			Enhancement of the Removal Effectiveness
				The Number of the Mass Transfer Unit, NTUm
				Discussion on A*
				Discussion on Stm
				Discussion on η
				Determination of A*, Stm, η, and βa for a Given PCO Reactor
				Illustrative Examples: Honeycomb-Type Reactors
			Identification of PCO By-Products
				By-Products Detected via GC-MS
				Possible PCO Pathways of Toluene
		Thermal Catalytic Oxidation
			Formaldehyde Removal by TCO
			Kinetic Reaction Model
		Conclusions
		References
	61 Managing IAQ at Multiple Scales: From Urban to Personal Microenvironments
		Introduction
			Motivation and Challenge
			Multi-scale Nature of the Built Environmental System
			Multitudes of Pollutants Indoors and Their Sources
			IAQ Control Principles and Strategies
			A 3-D View of IAQ Engineering
		Approach and Model for Assessing the Effectiveness of IAQ Control Strategies
			Overview
			A Simplified Multi-scale IAQ Model
			Definition of Baseline Cases
			Assessment Procedure
		Potentials and Limits of Source Control, Ventilation and Air Purification at Different Scales
			Urban Scale
			Building Scale
			Room Scale
			Personal Microenvironments
			Integration of IAQ Strategies
		Case Study: IAQ Design and Control Strategies for a LEED Platinum Building: SyracuseCOE Headquarters
		Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	62 Simulations for Indoor Air Quality Control Planning
		Introduction
		Principle of the Performance-Based Approach
			Identification of Purpose
			Model Assumptions
			Governing Equations
			Determination of Model Inputs
			Specification of Model Outputs
			Simulation Case Design
			Simulation Running
			Analysis of Simulation Results
		Single-Zone Modeling and Simulation
			Purpose Identification and Model Selection
			Model Assumptions and Governing Equations
			Model Input Parameters and Their Determination
				Emission Source
					Dry Material
					``Wet´´ Material
					Assembled Material
				Adsorption Sink
					Adsorbed Material
					Air Cleaner
				Ventilation
			Model Output and Analysis of Cases
			Example Software Tools
				MEDB-IAQ
				IA-Quest
		Multi-Zone Modeling and Simulation
			Purpose Identification and Model Selection
			Model Assumptions and Governing Equations
			Model Input Parameters and their Determination
			Model Output and Analysis of Typical Cases
			Example Software Tools
				Champs
				Pact-IAQ
		Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling and Simulation
			Purpose Identification and Model Selection
			Governing Equations and Solving Methods
			Model Inputs and their Determinations
			Model Output and Analysis of Typical Cases
			Example Software Tools
				Fluent
				Phonics
				CFX
		Data-Driven Models
		Conclusions and Future Perspectives
			Conclusions
			Future Perspectives
				Various Source Emission Models
				Health Effect
				Occupant Behavior
				Smart Sensors and Big Data
				Various Control Strategies
				Combined IAQ and Energy Modeling and Simulations
		References
Part XII: Air Quality in Various Indoor Environments
	63 Indoor Air Quality in Day-Care Centers
		Introduction
			Building Typologies
			Occupancy
			Function/Uses of Space in Day-Care Centers
		Air Temperature and Relative Humidity
		Ventilation
		Air Cleaning
		Indoor Air Pollutants
			NO2
			Carbon Monoxide (CO)
			Ozone (O3)
			Allergens
			Particulate Matter
				PM10
				PM2.5
				Ultra-Fine Particulates (UFPs)
			Infectious Diseases
			Dampness and Mold
			VOCs
			Radon
			Emerging Hazards
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	64 Indoor Air Quality in Schools
		Introduction
			What Is Unique About Schools?
			Review of the School Building Archetypal Forms
		Classroom IAQ
			IAQ Variables
			Empirical Evidence and Key Monitoring Studies
			Health Outcomes and Limits
		Ventilation Rates
			Effect on Health and Academic Performance
			Ventilation Rates Requirements and Limits
			Ventilation Rates: Levels
		The Assessment of IAQ
		Carbon Dioxide
			Effects of CO2 on Health and Cognitive/Academic Performance
			Limits for CO2 and Required Ventilation Rates in Schools
			CO2 Levels from Existing Studies
			Influencing Factors and Correlations
		Nitrogen Dioxide
			NO2 Limits, Link to Health
			NO2 Levels from Existing Studies
			Influencing Factors
		Particulate Matter (PM)
			PMx Limits, Link to Health
			PMx Levels from Existing Studies
			Influencing Factors
		VOCs
			VOC Limits, Link to Health
			VOC Levels from Existing Studies
			Influencing Factors
		Summary and Conclusions
			The Evidence Gap
			Influencing Factors and Correlations
			Ventilation Strategy
			Air Exchange Rates
			Building Envelope Airtightness
			Classroom Occupancy
			Seasonal Effects
			Building Better Schools
		Cross-References
		References
	65 Indoor Air Quality in Offices
		Introduction
			Background
			Problem Statement: IAQ in Office Buildings
			Strategic Considerations
		Indoor Air Pollutants of Concern for Offices
			Sources and Determinants of IAPs in Offices
		Assessment Methods and Strategies for IAQ in Offices
			IAQ Monitoring Approaches
			IAQ Perception and Health Symptoms
			IAQ and Health Outcomes in Office Workers
		IAQ Management and Risk Mitigation Measures in Offices
		Conclusions
		References
	66 Indoor Air Quality in Elderly Care Centers
		Introduction
		A Paradigm Shift to Address Indoor Air Quality
		Major Chemical Pollutants, Source Signatures, and Health Relevance
			Particulate Matter
			Volatile Organic Compounds
			Nitrogen Dioxide
			Ozone
			Carbon Dioxide
		Indoor Air Quality Health-Based Guidelines
			Current Guidelines
			Future Perspectives
		The Challenges of Making Indoors Healthy
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	67 Inhalation and Skin Exposure to Chemicals in Hospital Settings
		Introduction
		Exposure and Health Hazards in Hospital Settings
			Exposure to Chemicals Used for Cleaning, Disinfection, Sterilization, and Skin Antiseptics
				Cleaning and Disinfecting Environmental Surfaces
				Cleaning and Disinfecting Products for Environmental Surfaces
				Ingredients of Cleaning and Disinfecting Products for Environmental Surfaces
				Exposure to Cleaning and Disinfecting Chemicals
				Skin Exposure to Disinfectants and Antiseptics
				Exposure to High-Level Disinfectants and Sterilizing Chemicals
				Health Effects Associated with Cleaning, Disinfecting, and Sterilizing Chemicals
			Exposure to Other Hospital Products and Chemicals
				Exposures to Chemical Hazards in Operating Rooms (OR)/Surgical Units and Orthopedics
				Exposure to Chemicals and Dust in Dental Clinics and Laboratories
				Exposures to Chemicals in Other Hospital Occupations and Departments
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	68 Exposure to Air Pollutants in Ground Transport Microenvironments
		Introduction
		Most Important In-Cabin Pollutants
		Methods to Assess the Exposure During Commuting
			Measuring
				Fix Monitoring Stations
				Portable Devices and Low-Cost Sensors
				Exposure Modelling Techniques
		Factors Affecting the Personal Exposure During Commuting
			Transport Characteristics
				Type of Fuel, Vehicle Category, and Emission Standards
				Ventilation Settings
				Interior Materials
			Road and Traffic Conditions
			Meteorological Variables
			Individual Behavior
		Impacts on Health
		Measures to Reduce Exposure During Commuting
			Optimizing Driving Behavior
			Transition to Active Transportation
			Healthier Routes Planning
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	69 Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Air Transportation
		Introduction
		Air Supply in Means of Air Transportation: The Environmental Control System (ECS)
			Commercial Aircraft
			Business Jets and Helicopters
		Requirements
			Regulations
			Mandatory Standards
			Voluntary Guidelines
		Outside Air Supply Rate
		Relative Humidity
		Selected Pollutants in the Aircraft Cabin
			Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
			Carbon Monoxide (CO)
			Ozone (O3)
			Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
			Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC)
			Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
			Particles
		Selected Sources of Some Typical Cabin Air Contaminants
			Engine Oils
			Hydraulic Fluids
			Exhaust
			Deicing Liquids
		Possible Unlikely Failure Cases That May Compromise Cabin Air Quality
		Pathogens
		Physiological Response
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	70 Indoor Air Quality in Industrial Buildings
		Introduction
		Industrial Pollutants
			High-Temperature Particles
				Emission Characteristics of High-Temperature Particles
				Migration Characteristics of High-Temperature Particles
			Droplets
			Gaseous Pollutants
		Industrial Ventilation
			General Ventilation with Zoning Environmental Control Strategy
				Natural Zoning
				Physical Partition
				Airflow Partition
			Local Exhaust Ventilation Technology
				Adjustable Exhaust Hoods
				Movable Exhaust Hoods
				Parallel-Flow Push-Pull Ventilation
				Vortex Ventilation Hoods
		Assessment of Industrial Building Environment with High-Pollution Sources
			Divisional Principles for Environmental Assessment
			Environmental Parameters
				Common Parameters
				Specific Parameters
			Prediction Methods of Environmental Parameter Values
				Analogy Method
				Model Experiment
				Numerical Simulation
		Conclusions
		References
	71 Household Air Pollution in Rural Area
		Introduction
			Household Air Pollution (HAP) Definition
			Household Air Pollution (HAP) Sources
		Indoor Combustion Emissions and Air Quality
			Indoor Combustion Emissions
			Indoor Fugitive Emission
			Household Air Pollution
			Indoor-Outdoor Ratio
		Exposure and Influencing Factors
			Quantification of Exposure
			Contribution of Indoor Exposure
			Influencing Factors
		Health Risks Associated with HAP
			Estimates of HAP-Related Health Impacts
			Amplified Contribution and Clean Household Energy Transition
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	72 Indoor Air Quality in the Context of Climate Change
		Introduction
		Key Aspects of the Changing Climate
		Impacts of CC on the Indoor Environment
		Changes in Activity Patterns Due to and in Parallel with Climate Change
		Vulnerability
		Implications for IAQ of Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Actions
		Conclusions
		References
Index