Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology

Front Cover......Page 1
Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 Definition......Page 20
1.3 Mineralizers......Page 26
1.4 Surfactants......Page 28
1.5 Natural Hydrothermal Systems......Page 29
1.6.1 Water......Page 31
1.6.4 Phosphorus......Page 32
1.6.6 Crystallization Temperatures......Page 33
1.7 Submarine Hydrothermal Systems......Page 35
1.8 Hydrothermal Crystal Growth and Materials Processing......Page 41
1.9 Statistics of Publications and Research in Hydrothermal Technology......Page 47
1.10 Hydrothermal Materials Processing......Page 54
References......Page 58
2.1 Introduction......Page 68
References......Page 87
3.1 Introduction......Page 92
3.2 Selection of Autoclave and Autoclave Materials......Page 94
3.3 Liners......Page 98
3.4 Temperature and Pressure Measurements......Page 103
3.5 Autoclaves and Autoclave Designs......Page 106
Glass Vessels......Page 107
Flat-Plate Closure Autoclave......Page 110
Cone Closure......Page 111
Welded Closure......Page 114
Modified Bridgman Autoclave......Page 115
3.5.2 Novel Autoclaves......Page 119
Horizontal Autoclaves for Controlled Growth of Crystals......Page 120
Hydrothermal Reaction Cell for Kinetic Studies......Page 121
Apparatus for Solubility Determination......Page 122
Rocking Autoclaves......Page 125
Multichamber Autoclave......Page 126
Autoclaves for the Sampling of Hydrothermal Fluids......Page 129
Hydrothermal Autoclaves for Electrical Conductance Measurements of Electrolyte Solutions......Page 131
Hydrothermal–Electrochemical Method......Page 132
Autoclave for Ammonothermal Synthesis......Page 134
Microautoclave......Page 135
Hydrothermal Autoclaves for Visual Examination......Page 136
Hydrothermal Hot Pressing......Page 137
Flow Reactors......Page 139
Autoclaves for Accelerating the Kinetics of Hydrothermal Reactions......Page 142
3.6 Safety and Maintenance of Autoclaves......Page 145
References......Page 147
4.1.1 Physicochemical and Hydrodynamic Principles of the Hydrothermal Growth of Crystals......Page 156
4.2 Basic Principles of Phase Formation Under Hydrothermal Conditions......Page 160
4.3 Solutions, Solubility, and Kinetics of Crystallization......Page 163
4.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Solubility......Page 168
4.5 Kinetics of Crystallization Under Hydrothermal Conditions......Page 175
4.5.1 Experimental Investigations of Solubility......Page 178
Solubility of Zincite......Page 180
Solubility of Malachite......Page 181
4.6 Thermodyanmic Calculations for the Intelligent Engineering of Materials......Page 182
References......Page 186
5.1 Quartz......Page 194
5.2 Growth of High-Quality (and Dislocation-Free) Quartz Crystals......Page 200
5.2.1 Growth Rate......Page 201
5.2.2 Seed Effect......Page 202
5.2.3 Nutrient Effect......Page 204
5.2.4 Solubility......Page 205
5.2.5 Defects Observed in Synthetic α-Quartz Single Crystals......Page 208
5.2.6 Processing of α-Quartz for High-Frequency Devices......Page 210
5.3 Berlinite......Page 213
5.3.1 Crystal Chemical Significance of the Growth of AlPO4 Crystals......Page 214
5.3.2 Solubility of Berlinite......Page 215
5.3.3 Crystal Growth......Page 218
5.3.4 Morphology......Page 223
5.3.5 Thermal Behavior......Page 227
5.3.6 Piezoelectric Properties of Berlinite......Page 229
5.4 Gallium Phosphate......Page 231
5.4.1 Crystal Growth of Gallium Phosphate......Page 232
5.4.2 Morphology......Page 235
5.4.3 Dielectric Properties of Gallium Phosphate......Page 236
5.5 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate......Page 238
5.5.1 Crystal Growth of KTP......Page 240
5.5.2 Solubility of KTP......Page 244
5.5.3 Morphology......Page 248
5.6 Potassium Titanyl Arsenate......Page 249
5.7 Calcite......Page 252
5.7.1 Crystal Growth......Page 256
5.7.3 Growth of Related Carbonates......Page 261
5.8 Hydroxyapatite......Page 264
5.8.2 Phase Equilibria......Page 267
5.8.3 Crystal Growth......Page 270
References......Page 273
6.2 Mineralogy of Zeolites......Page 286
6.3 Crystal Chemistry of Zeolites......Page 288
6.4 Comparison Between Natural and Synthetic Zeolites......Page 295
6.5 Synthesis of Zeolites......Page 299
6.5.1 Molar Composition......Page 306
6.5.2 The Aging of Hydrogel......Page 307
6.5.3 Water in Zeolite Synthesis......Page 313
6.5.4 Temperature and Time......Page 314
6.5.5 Alkalinity (pH)......Page 315
6.5.6 Structure-Directing and Composition-Determining Species (Templating)......Page 316
6.5.7 Nucleation......Page 323
6.6 Crystal Growth......Page 328
6.7 Aluminophosphate Zeolites......Page 333
6.8 Growth of Zeolite Thin Films and Crystals at Inorganic–Organic Interfaces (Preparation of Zeolite-Based Composites)......Page 339
6.9 Applications of Zeolites......Page 342
6.10 Oxidative Catalysis on Zeolites......Page 350
References......Page 355
7.1 Introduction......Page 366
7.2 Crystal Chemical Background......Page 367
7.3 Rare Earth Silicates......Page 374
7.4 Phase Formation of Rare Earth Silicates (in Aqueous Solvents)......Page 375
7.5 Crystal Chemical Significance of Phase Formation......Page 382
7.5.2 Silicates......Page 397
7.5.3 Phase Formation in the Rare Earth Silicate Systems in the High Silica Region......Page 399
7.6 Degree of Silification......Page 402
7.7 Properties of Rare Earth Silicates......Page 403
7.8 Sodium Zirconium Silicates......Page 405
7.9 Growth of Selected Silicates......Page 409
7.9.1 Bismuth Silicate......Page 412
7.9.2 Beryl, Be3Al2(SiO3)6......Page 416
7.9.3 Tourmaline......Page 421
7.9.4 Nepheline......Page 422
7.9.5 Zincosilicates......Page 423
7.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Silicates......Page 430
7.11 Hydrothermal Growth of Germanates......Page 432
7.11.1 Rare Earth Germanates......Page 434
7.11.2 Zirconium Germanates......Page 440
7.12 Properties of Germanates......Page 450
7.13 Hydrothermal Growth of Phosphates......Page 453
7.13.1 Structural Chemistry of Rare Earth Phosphates......Page 455
7.13.2 Hydrothermal Growth of Rare Earth Phosphates......Page 456
7.13.3 Structure Types of Rare Earth Phosphates......Page 462
7.14 Hydrothermal Growth of Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates......Page 468
7.15 Properties of Rare Earth and Mixed Valent Metal Phosphates......Page 481
7.16.1 Growth of R=MVO4 (R=Nd, Eu; M=Y, Gd)......Page 485
7.16.2 Growth of Mixed Valent Vanadates......Page 492
7.17 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Borates......Page 493
7.17.1 Hydrothermal Growth of Selected Borates......Page 496
References......Page 509
8.2 Fluorides......Page 526
8.2.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare Earth Fluorides......Page 527
8.2.2 Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earth Fluorides......Page 530
8.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Transition Metal Fluorides......Page 532
8.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fluorocarbonates and Fluorophosphates......Page 535
8.5 Oxyfluorinated Compounds......Page 537
8.6 Physical Properties of Transition Metal Fluorides and Fluorocarbonates/Fluorophosphates/Oxyfluorides......Page 538
8.7 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tungstates......Page 541
8.8 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Molybdates......Page 550
8.9 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titanates......Page 553
8.9.1 Crystal Chemistry of Titanates......Page 554
8.9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selected Titanates......Page 558
8.10 Hydrothermal Growth of Lithium Metagallate Crystals......Page 563
8.11 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sulfides......Page 564
8.11.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sulfides of Univalent Metals......Page 565
8.11.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Divalent Metal Sulfides......Page 566
8.11.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Complex Sulfides......Page 570
8.11.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Chalcohalides......Page 571
8.12 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Selenides, Tellurides, Niobates, and Tantalates......Page 572
8.13 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Arsenates......Page 577
References......Page 578
9.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Native Elements......Page 586
9.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydroxides......Page 593
9.4.1 Cu2O (Cuprite)......Page 595
9.4.3 Zinc Oxide......Page 596
9.4.4 Hydrothermal Growth of Corundum......Page 600
TiO2......Page 604
ZrO2 (Baddeleyite)......Page 605
HfO2......Page 606
TeO2......Page 607
Iron Oxides......Page 609
9.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mixed Oxides......Page 612
9.5.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Aluminates......Page 613
9.5.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Antimonites and Antimonates......Page 615
9.5.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Garnets......Page 617
9.5.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ferrites......Page 619
9.5.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Complex Oxides......Page 621
References......Page 624
10.1 Introduction......Page 632
10.2 Current Trends in Hydrothermal Technology......Page 633
10.3 New Concepts in Hydrothermal Technology......Page 634
10.4 Hydrothermal Processing of Fine Particles......Page 640
10.5 Hydrothermal Technology for Nanotechnology......Page 641
10.6.1 Processing of Native Metals......Page 644
10.6.2 Hydrothermal Processing of Carbon Nanoforms......Page 647
10.6.3 Hydrothermal Processing of Advanced Ceramics......Page 656
10.6.4 Hydrothermal Preparation of Simple Oxide Ceramics......Page 660
10.6.5 Hydrothermal Processing of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles......Page 667
Solvents......Page 669
Doping......Page 670
10.6.6 Other Metal Oxides......Page 672
10.6.7 Hydrothermal Processing of Mixed Oxides......Page 679
10.6.8 Hydrothermal Preparation of Perovskite Type of Mixed Oxide Ceramics......Page 681
10.6.9 Synthesis of II–VI Semiconductor Nanoparticles......Page 689
10.6.10 Synthesis of Phosphor Nanoparticles......Page 693
10.6.11 Rare Earth Vanadates......Page 694
10.6.12 Rare Earth Phosphates......Page 695
10.6.13 Rare Earth Garnets......Page 696
10.7 Hydrothermal Processing of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles......Page 698
10.7.1 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles......Page 699
10.7.2 Supercritical Hydrothermal Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles......Page 700
10.7.4 Self-Assembly of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles......Page 701
10.8 Hydrothermal Processing of Bioceramics......Page 703
10.8.1 Hydrothermal Preparation of Thin Films......Page 708
10.8.2 Hydrothermal Processing of Composites......Page 712
10.8.3 Hydrothermal Processing of HAp Coatings and HAp-Based Composites......Page 715
10.8.4 Hydrothermal Processing of Whisker Crystals......Page 721
HHP and HIP......Page 731
Hydrothermal Reaction Sintering of Processing Materials......Page 733
Multienergy Hydrothermal Processing of Advanced Materials......Page 735
Hydrothermal Treatment/Recycling/Alteration......Page 741
10.9 Hydrothermal Technology for the Twenty-First Century......Page 743
10.9.1 Thermodynamic Principles of Advanced Materials Processing......Page 745
10.10 Future Trends in Hydrothermal Research......Page 753
References......Page 754
Index......Page 780