Handbook of Hydrogen Storage: New Materials for Future Energy Storage

Handbook of Hydrogen Storage: New Materials for Future Energy Storage......Page 5
Foreword......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
List of Contributors......Page 21
1.2 Thermodynamic State and Properties......Page 23
1.2.1 Variables of State......Page 24
1.2.2 T–s-Diagram......Page 26
1.2.3 Properties......Page 27
1.3 Gaseous Storage......Page 30
1.3.1 Compression and Expansion......Page 32
1.3.2 Tank Systems......Page 34
1.3.3 High Pressure Infrastructure......Page 35
1.4.1 Liquefaction......Page 37
1.4.2 Thermodynamic Analysis......Page 39
1.4.2.1 Pressure Build-Up......Page 43
1.4.2.2 Boil-Off......Page 45
1.4.2.3 Cooling and Filling......Page 46
1.4.2.4 Back-Gas......Page 49
1.4.3 Tank Systems......Page 50
1.5 Hybrid Storage......Page 52
1.5.1 Supercritical Storage......Page 53
1.6 Comparison of Energy Densities......Page 54
1.7 Conclusion......Page 57
References......Page 58
2.1 Introduction......Page 61
2.2 Carbon Materials......Page 66
2.3 Organic Polymers......Page 70
2.4 Zeolites......Page 72
2.5 Coordination Polymers......Page 73
2.6 Conclusions......Page 80
References......Page 81
3.1 Introduction......Page 85
3.2 Clathrate Hydrate Structures......Page 86
3.3 Hydrogen Clathrate Hydrate......Page 88
3.4 Kinetic Aspects of Hydrogen Clathrate Hydrate......Page 95
3.5 Modeling of Hydrogen Clathrate Hydrates......Page 96
3.6 Future of Hydrogen Storage......Page 98
References......Page 99
4.1 Introduction......Page 103
4.2.2 Covalent Hydrides......Page 104
4.3.1 Introduction......Page 105
4.3.2 Low Concentration......Page 107
4.3.3 High Concentration......Page 108
4.4.1 Thermodynamics......Page 110
4.4.1.1 Miedema\'s Model......Page 111
4.4.1.2 Semi-Empirical Band Structure Model......Page 113
4.4.2 Crystal Structure......Page 114
4.5 Practical Considerations......Page 116
4.5.2 Activation......Page 117
4.5.3 Hysteresis......Page 118
4.5.4 Plateau Slope......Page 119
4.5.6 Hydrogenation Kinetics......Page 120
4.5.8 Decrepitation......Page 121
4.6.1 AB5......Page 122
4.6.2 TiFe......Page 123
4.6.3 AB2 Laves Phases......Page 124
4.6.4 BCC Solid Solution......Page 125
4.7 Nanocrystalline Mg and Mg-Based Alloys......Page 126
4.7.1 Hydrogen Sorption Kinetics......Page 127
4.7.2 Reduction of the Heat of Formation......Page 129
4.7.3 Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques......Page 130
4.8.1 Alloys Development......Page 131
References......Page 132
5.1 Introduction......Page 139
5.2.2 Stability of Metal Borohydrides......Page 140
5.2.3 Decomposition of Complex Borohydrides......Page 141
5.2.4.2 Decomposition of LiBH4......Page 142
5.2.6 Potassium Borohydride KBH4......Page 144
5.2.8.2 Decomposition......Page 145
5.2.9.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 146
5.2.9.2 Decomposition......Page 147
5.2.12 NaBH4 as a Hydrogen Storage Material in Solution......Page 148
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 150
5.3.2.2 Decomposition of LiAlH4......Page 152
5.3.2.3 Role of Catalysts......Page 153
5.3.3.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 154
5.3.4.2 Decomposition and Thermodynamics of NaAlH4......Page 155
5.3.4.3 Role of Catalysts......Page 157
5.3.5.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 160
5.3.6.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 161
5.3.7.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 162
5.3.7.2 Decompositon......Page 163
5.3.8.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 164
5.3.8.2 Decomposition of Ca(AlH4)2......Page 165
5.3.9 Na2LiAlH6......Page 166
5.3.11 K2NaAlH6......Page 167
5.3.13 Sr2AlH7......Page 168
5.3.14.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure......Page 169
5.4.2 Properties......Page 170
5.4.3 Synthesis......Page 171
5.5 Summary......Page 172
References......Page 173
6.1 Introduction......Page 181
6.2.1 Li–N–H System......Page 182
6.2.2 Li–Mg–N-H Systems......Page 183
6.2.3 Other Metal–N–H Systems......Page 187
6.3 Structural Properties of Amide and Imide......Page 189
6.3.1 Lithium Amide and Imide......Page 190
6.3.3 Magnesium Amide and Imide......Page 193
6.3.4 Other Amides and Imides......Page 194
6.4.1 Kinetic Analysis and Improvement......Page 195
6.4.2 NH3 Amount Desorbed from Metal–N–H Systems......Page 198
6.4.3 Practical Properties......Page 199
6.5.1 Ammonia-Mediated Model for Hydrogen Desorption......Page 200
6.5.2 Direct Solid–Solid Reaction Model for Hydrogen Desorption......Page 202
6.5.3 Hydrogenating Mechanism of the Li-Mg-N-H System......Page 203
References......Page 204
7.1 Introduction......Page 209
7.2 Thermodynamic Limitations of Lightweight Hydrides......Page 211
7.3.1 Thermodynamic Tuning of Single Phase Hydrides by Substitution on the Metal Site......Page 213
7.3.1.1 Lightweight Hydrides Forming Stable Compounds in the Dehydrogenated State......Page 215
7.3.1.2 Lightweight Hydrides with Positive Heat of Mixing in the Dehydrogenated State......Page 218
7.3.2 Thermodynamic Tuning of Single Phase Hydrides by Substitution on the Hydrogen Sites: Functional Anion Concept......Page 221
7.3.3.1 Mixtures of Hydrides and Reactive Additives......Page 225
7.3.3.2 Mixed Hydrides/Reactive Hydride Composites......Page 229
7.4 Summary and Conclusion......Page 232
References......Page 233
8.1 Introduction......Page 237
8.2 Materials Description and Characterization......Page 238
8.3 Production......Page 241
8.4.1 Pyrolysis......Page 243
8.4.2 Decomposition in Organic Solvents......Page 249
8.4.3 Decomposition of Ammonia Borane in Heterogeneous Systems......Page 254
8.5 Hydrolysis of AB......Page 255
8.6 Substituted Ammonia Boranes......Page 257
8.7 Recycling Strategies......Page 260
8.7.1 Recycling from B-O-Containing Materials......Page 261
8.7.2 Recycling of BNHx-Waste Products......Page 262
8.8 Summary......Page 265
References......Page 266
9.1 Introduction......Page 271
9.2 Hydrogen Solubility and Diffusivity in Aluminum......Page 272
9.3 Formation and Thermodynamics of Different Phases of Alane......Page 274
9.4 Stability and Formation of Adduct Organo-Aluminum Hydride Compounds......Page 282
9.5 Phases and Structures of Aluminum Hydride......Page 288
9.6 Novel Attempts and Methods for Forming Alane Reversibly......Page 291
References......Page 297
10.1 Introduction......Page 301
10.2.1 Thermodynamics......Page 303
10.2.2 Kinetics......Page 309
10.3 Non-Supported Clusters, Particles and Nanostructures......Page 312
10.3.1 Transition Metal Clusters......Page 313
10.3.2 Interstitial Hydrides, Focussing on Palladium Hydride......Page 315
10.3.3 Ionic Hydrides, Focussing on Magnesium Hydride......Page 318
10.4 Support Effects......Page 323
10.4.1 Stabilization of Small Particle Sizes......Page 324
10.4.2 Limiting Phase Segregation in Complex Systems......Page 325
10.4.3 Metal–Substrate Interaction......Page 327
10.4.4 Physical Confinement and Clamping......Page 329
10.4.6 Mechanical Stability and Pressure Drop......Page 331
10.5.1 Support Materials......Page 333
10.5.1.1 Silica......Page 334
10.5.1.2 Carbon......Page 336
10.5.1.3 Other Support Materials......Page 338
10.5.2 Preparation Strategies......Page 339
10.5.2.1 Solution Impregnation......Page 340
10.5.2.2 Melt Infiltration......Page 342
10.6 Experimental Results on 3D-Supported Nanomaterials......Page 344
10.6.1 Ammonia Borane (NH3BH3)......Page 345
10.6.2 Sodium Alanate, (NaAlH4)......Page 347
10.6.3 Magnesium Hydride (MgH2)......Page 351
10.6.4 Lithium Borohydride (LiBH4)......Page 353
10.6.5 Palladium......Page 355
10.7 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 356
References......Page 358
Index......Page 363