Handbook of Green Chemistry, Volume 2: Heterogeneous Catalysis

Handbook of Green Chemistry, Volume 2: Heterogeneous Catalysis......Page 1
Contents......Page 2
1.1 Introduction......Page 3
The Environmental Benefits of Zeolite-enabled Processes......Page 4
1.2 General Process Considerations......Page 7
1.3 Zeolite Fundamentals......Page 8
Other Properties......Page 9
Hydrocarbon Cracking......Page 10
Oligomerization and Alkylation......Page 14
Isomerization......Page 16
Transalkylation of Aromatics......Page 17
Hydrogen Transfer or Conjunct Polymerization......Page 20
1.5 Mass Transport and Diffusion......Page 23
Mass Transport Discrimination of Product Molecules......Page 24
Molecular Orientation......Page 25
Transition State Stabilization......Page 27
Organic Reaction Centers......Page 28
References......Page 31
2.1 Introduction......Page 39
Cationic/Anionic Templates......Page 40
Organically Functionalized Silica......Page 41
Characterization......Page 42
Grafting Methods......Page 44
Direct Preparation Methods......Page 45
Acid Strength of Sulfonic Acid Catalysts......Page 46
PhenylVersus Propylsulfonic Acids......Page 47
Cooperative Effects......Page 48
Effect of Spectator Groups......Page 50
Condensation and Esterification......Page 51
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution......Page 53
Miscellaneous Reactions......Page 54
2.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 55
Abbreviations......Page 56
References......Page 57
3.1 Introduction......Page 61
3.2 Principles of Photocatalysis......Page 63
Water Splitting to Produce Pure Hydrogen as Clean Fuel......Page 64
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O (Artificial Photosynthesis)......Page 66
Direct Photocatalytic Decomposition of NO into N2 and O2......Page 69
Application to the Purification of Air Polluted with Various Organic Compounds......Page 72
Application to the Purification of Water Polluted with Toxic Compounds Such as Dioxins......Page 73
Superhydrophilic Properties of TiO2 Thin Films and Their Application in Self-cleaning\rMaterials......Page 74
Modification of the Electronic State of TiO2 by Applying an Advanced Metal Ion\rImplantation Method......Page 75
Design of Visible Light-responsive Ti/Zeolite Catalysts by Applying an Advanced Metal Ion Implantation Method......Page 77
Preparation of Visible Light-responsive TiO2 Thin-film Photocatalysts by an RF\rMagnetron Sputtering Deposition Method......Page 78
References......Page 81
4.2 Advanced Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles......Page 83
4.3 Nickel Nanoparticles: a Versatile Green Catalyst......Page 87
4.4 Copper Nanoparticles: an Efficient Catalyst......Page 89
4.5 Bimetallic Nanoparticles in a Variety of Reactions......Page 91
References......Page 93
5.1 Introduction......Page 95
5.2 \'Heterogreeneous Catalysis\'......Page 98
An Exemplarily Reaction – Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Biomass-Derived\rHydrocarbons......Page 99
Transportation Fuels from Biomass – Catalytic Processing of Biomass-derived Reactants......Page 102
Diesel Fuels from Biomass – Heterogreeneous Processes for Biodiesel Production......Page 105
Solid and Solid Acid Catalysts......Page 108
Recycling Catalysts......Page 109
5.3 Solvents for Green Catalysis......Page 110
Heterogreeneous Solvent Systems......Page 111
Solvent-free \'Heterogreeneous Chemistry\'......Page 114
5.4 Conclusion and Outlook......Page 115
References......Page 116
6.2 Generalities......Page 119
Hydrogenation......Page 121
Hydrosilylation......Page 125
Silica-supported Catalysts......Page 126
Alumina-supported Catalysts......Page 129
Direct Conversion of Ethene into Propene......Page 130
Alkyne Metathesis......Page 131
Dimerization and Trimerization of Alkynes......Page 132
Silica-supported Group 4 Metals......Page 133
Reduction of Ketones Through Hydrogen Transfer......Page 135
Silica-supported Group 3 Metals and Lanthanides......Page 136
Single-site Titanium Species......Page 137
Single-site Tantalum Species......Page 139
Single-site Group 6 Species......Page 140
Single-site Iron Species......Page 141
Alkane Hydrogenolysis......Page 143
Alkane Metathesis......Page 145
References......Page 148
7.1 Introduction......Page 155
7.2 Development of HPA Catalysts Possessing High Thermal Stability......Page 158
7.3 Modification of HPA Catalysts to Enhance Coke Combustion......Page 159
Propene Oligomerization......Page 160
Friedel–Crafts Acylation......Page 161
7.4 Inhibition of Coke Formation on HPA Catalysts......Page 163
7.5 Reactions in Supercritical Fluids......Page 165
7.6 Cascade Reactions Using Multifunctional HPA Catalysts......Page 167
Synthesis of MIBK......Page 168
Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Propanediol......Page 169
Synthesis of Menthol from Citronellal......Page 172
References......Page 174
8.1 Introduction......Page 177
8.2 History......Page 178
8.3 DSSC Design......Page 179
8.4 Function of the DSSC......Page 180
8.5 Performance of a DSSC......Page 181
8.6 Kinetics Processes......Page 182
8.7 Charge Injection......Page 183
8.8 Recombination to the Dye......Page 186
8.9 Regeneration......Page 189
8.10 Conclusion......Page 192
References......Page 194
9.1 Introduction......Page 199
Pollution Abatement Reactions for Gasoline-Fueled Engines......Page 200
Catalyst Materials......Page 201
Carriers......Page 203
Three-Way Catalysis......Page 204
Oxygen Storage Component......Page 205
Further Improvements in TWC......Page 206
Controlling Diesel Emissions......Page 208
Diesel Emissions......Page 209
Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOCs): the Past......Page 210
Catalytic Solutions for the Existing Diesel IC Engine......Page 212
The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine (HCCI) and Advanced Engine Technology......Page 215
The Fuel Cell......Page 219
Fuel Cells for Transportation......Page 220
The Hydrogen Service Station......Page 221
References......Page 222
10.1 Introduction......Page 225
Renewable Energy......Page 226
Hydrogen......Page 227
Hydrogen from Ethanol Decomposition......Page 228
Steam Reforming......Page 230
Water Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR)......Page 231
Thermodynamics......Page 232
10.2 Catalysis......Page 233
The Noble Metals Pd and Rh......Page 234
Structure and Properties of Cerium Dioxide......Page 235
Noble Metal/Ceria Catalysts......Page 237
Adsorption of Water......Page 238
Hydrides......Page 239
Ethanol on Metal Oxides......Page 240
Ethanol on a Noble Metal/Ceria Surface......Page 241
Catalytic Oxidation of Ethanol......Page 244
Catalytic Reforming of Ethanol......Page 245
10.4 Conclusions......Page 246
References......Page 247
Introduction to High-Throughput Heterogeneous Catalysis......Page 249
The Hierarchical Workflow in Heterogeneous Catalysis......Page 250
Applications to Green Chemistry......Page 251
Overview of Hardware and Methodologies for Combinatorial Heterogeneous Catalysis......Page 252
Experimental High-Throughput Workflow for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation and VOC Combustion......Page 261
Secondary Synthesis Methods......Page 262
IR Thermography Reactor......Page 263
Primary Screening Methods......Page 265
Data Analysis for NOx Abatement from SMS......Page 266
11.3 Low-Temperature CO Oxidation and VOC Combustion......Page 267
11.4 NOx Abatement......Page 275
Application of High-Throughput Screening to Emissions Control......Page 279
References......Page 280
Heterogeneous Catalysis in Hydrothermal Medium at the Origin of Life?......Page 283
Biomethane – a Green and Sustainable Fuel......Page 284
Energetic Potentials......Page 285
Nutrient Cycles......Page 286
Anaerobic Digestion......Page 287
Thermal Processes......Page 288
12.3 Water as Solvent and Reactant......Page 290
Solubility of Organic compounds and Gases......Page 291
Experimental Methods......Page 292
Thermodynamic Stability of Methane under Hydrothermal Conditions......Page 293
Main Reactions of Biomass Gasification......Page 295
Homogeneous, Non-catalyzed Pathways in Hot Compressed Water......Page 296
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Pathways in Hot Compressed Water......Page 299
Active Metals Suited to Hydrothermal Conditions......Page 300
Methanation and Steam Reforming Catalysts......Page 301
Nickel......Page 304
Ruthenium......Page 307
Catalyst Supports Suited to Hydrothermal Conditions......Page 308
Coke Formation......Page 314
Poisoning......Page 316
PSI\'s Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification Process......Page 317
Continuous Salt Precipitation and Separation......Page 318
12.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 320
A Self-sustaining Biomass Vision (SunCHem)......Page 321
References......Page 322