Handbook of Environmental Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
A Note to the Reader: Will it be Milk Toast or Hardtack?
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
	Environment
	Pollution Defined
		Key Terms
		Pollution: Effects Easy to See, Feel, Taste or Smell
		Unexpected Pollution
		Pollution and Environmental Science/Health/Engineering
		Environmental Pollution and Technology: The Connection
	Environmental Administrative Laws and Regulations
		Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
		The Regulatory Process
			Creating a Law
			Putting the Law to Work
			Creating a Regulation
		NEPA: Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)
	A Word about Machine and Deep Learning
	The Bottom Line
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2 Units, Standards of Measurement, and Conversions
	Units of Measurement: The Basics
		Conversion Factors
			Weight, Concentration, and Flow
		Conversions
		Typical Conversion Examples
			Temperature Conversions
		MKS System (SI Units)
	Energy Units and Math Operations
		Environmental Engineering: Perspective on Energy
		The 411 on Energy
			Types of Energy
			Measuring Energy
		Clean Energy Parameters, Calculations and References
			Electricity Reduction (Kilowatt-Hours)
			Gallons of Gasoline Consumed
			Passenger Vehicles per Year
			Miles Driven by the Average Passenger Vehicle per Year
			Therms of Natural Gas
			Barrels of Oil Consumed
			Tanker Trucks Filled with Gasoline
			Number of Incandescent Bulbs Switched to Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFLs)
			Home Electricity Use
			Home Energy Use
			Number of Tree Seedlings Grown for 10 Years
			Acres of U.S. Forests Storing Carbon for One Year
			Acres of U.S. Forest Preserved from Conversion to Croplands
			Propane Cylinders Used for Home Barbecues
			Railcars of Coal Burned
			Pounds of Coal Burned
			Tons of Waste Recycled Instead of Landfilled
			Number of Garbage Trucks of Waste Recycled Instead of Landfilled
			Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions for One Year
			Number of Wind Turbines Installed
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3 Math Operations Review
	Introduction
	Basic Math Terminology and Definitions
	Sequence of Operations
		Sequence of Operations—Rules
		Sequence of Operations—Examples
	Percent
	Significant Digits
	Powers and Exponents
	Averages (Arithmetic Mean)
	Ratio
	Dimensional Analysis
	Threshold Odor Number (TON)
	Geometrical Measurements
		Geometrical Calculations
			Perimeter and Circumference
			Area
			Volume
	Force, Pressure, and Head Calculations
		Force and Pressure
		Head
			Static Head
			Friction Head
			Velocity Head
			Pressure/Head
			Head/Pressure
	Review of Advanced Algebra Key Terms/Concepts
		Key Definitions Include
	Quadratic Equations
		The Quadrtic Equation and Environmental Practice
		Quadratic Equations: Theory and Application
		Derivation of the Quadratic Equation Formula
		Using the Quadratic Equation
	Trigonometric Ratios
		Trigonometric Functions and the Environmental Practitioner
			Trigonometric Ratios or Functions
	References
Chapter 4 Environmental Modeling and Algorithms
	Introduction
	Basic Steps for Developing an Effective Model
	What Are Models Used For?
	Media Material Content
		Material Content: Liquid Phases
	Phase Equilibrium and Steady State
	Math Operations and Laws of Equilibrium
		Solving Equilibrium Problems
		Laws of Equilibrium
			Ideal Gas Law
			Dalton’s Law
			Raoult’s Law
			Henry’s Law
	Chemical Transport Systems
	Algorithms: What Are They?
		Expressing Algorithms
		General Algorithm Applications
			The Problem
		Environmental Practice Algorithm Applications
	Dispersion Models
	Screening Tools
	References
Chapter 5 Statistics Review
	Statistical Concepts
		Probability and Statistics
		Measure of Central Tendency
	Symbols, Subscripts, Basic Statistical Terms and Calculations
		The Mean
		Median
		Mode
		Range
	Distribution
		Normal Distribution
	Standard Deviation
	Coefficient of Variation
	Standard Error of the Mean
	Covariance
	Simple Correlation Coefficient
	Variance of a Linear Function
	Sampling—Measurement Variables
		Simple Random Sampling
		Standard Errors
		Confidence Limits
		Sample Size
	Stratified Random Sampling
		Sample Size
	Sampling—Discrete Variables
		Random Sampling
		Sample Size
	Cluster Sampling for Attributes
		Transformations
	Chi-Square Tests
		Test of Independence
		Test of a Hypothesized Count
	Bartlett’s Test of Homogeneity of Variance
	Comparing Two Groups by the t Test
		The t Test for Unpaired Plots
			Sample Size
		The t Test for Paired Plots
			Number of Replicates
	Comparison of Two or More Groups by Analysis of Variance
		Complete Randomization
		Multiple Comparisons
			F Test with Single Degree of Freedom
			Scheffe’s Test
			Unequal Replication
		Randomized Block Design
		Latin Square Design
		Factorial Experiments
			Sums of Squares
		The Split Plot Design
			Calculations
			Date-Burning SS
		Missing Plots
	Regression
		Simple Linear Regression
		How Well Does the Regression Line Fit the Data?
		Coefficient of Determination
		Confidence Intervals
		Multiple Regression
			Tests of Significance
			Coefficient of Multiple Determination
			The c-Multipliers
		Curvilinear Regressions and Interactions
			Curves
			Interactions
			Group Regressions
			Testing for the Common Regressions
			Analysis of Covariance in a Randomized Block Design
			Adjusted Means
			Tests among Adjusted Means
	Note
	References
Chapter 6 Fundamental Engineering Concepts
	Deep and Gloomy Woods
	Introduction
	Resolution of Forces
		Slings
		Inclined Plane
	Properties of Materials and Principles of Mechanics
		Properties of Materials
			Friction
			Pressure
			Specific Gravity
			Force, Mass, and Acceleration
			Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
			Stress and Strain
		Principles of Mechanics
			Statics
			Welds
			Dynamics
			Hydraulics and Pneumatics—Fluid Mechanics
			Soil Mechanics
	References
Chapter 7 Air Pollution
	The 411 on Air
		Definition of Key Terms
			Definitions
	Components of Air: Characteristics and Properties
		Atmospheric Nitrogen
			Nitrogen: Physical Properties
			Nitrogen: Uses
			Nitrogen Oxides
		Atmospheric Oxygen
			Oxygen: Physical Properties
			Oxygen: Uses
			Ozone: Just another Form of Oxygen
		Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
			Carbon Dioxide: Physical Properties
			Carbon Dioxide: Uses
		Atmospheric Argon
			Argon: Physical Properties
			Argon: Uses
		Atmospheric Neon
			Neon: Physical Properties
			Neon: Uses
		Atmospheric Helium
			Helium: Physical Properties
		Atmospheric Krypton
			Krypton: Physical Properties
			Krypton: Uses
		Atmospheric Xenon
			Xenon: Physical Properties
			Xenon: Uses
		Atmospheric Hydrogen
			Hydrogen: Physical Properties
		Atmospheric Water
		Atmospheric Particulate Matter
	Air for Combustion
	Air for Power
	Gas Physics
		Material Balance
		Compressibility
		Gas Laws
			Boyle’s Law
			Charles’s Law
			Ideal Gas Law
		Flow Rate
		Gas Conversions
			Major Constituents
			Both Major and Minor Constituents
		Gas Velocity
			Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time
		Gas Density
		Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
		Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere
			Adiabatic Lapse Rate
		Viscosity
		Flow Characteristics
	Particle Physics
		Characteristics of Particles
			Surface Area and Volume
			Aerodynamic Diameter
			Particle Size Categories
			Regulated Particulate Matter Categories
			Size Distribution
			Particle Formation
	Collection Mechanisms
	Atmospheric Chemistry and Related Phenomena
		Photochemical Reaction—Smog Production
	Air Quality
		Earth’s Heat Balance
		Insolation (EPA, 2005)
			Solar Constant
			Transparency
			Daylight Duration
			Angle of Sun’s Rays
		Heat Distribution
			Differential Heating
			Transport of Heat
			Global Distribution of Heat
	Air Quality Management
	Clean Air Act (CAA)
		Title 1: Attainment and Maintenance of NAAQS
		Title 2: Mobile Sources
		Title 3: Air Toxics
		Title 4: Acid Deposition
		Title 5: Permits
		Title 6: Ozone and Global Climate Protection
		Title 7: Enforcement
	Clean Air Act Amendments (EPA, 2005)
		State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
		New Source Review
		Air Quality Monitoring
		Visibility
		Pollutant Dispersion
		Vapor Plume Induced ICING
	Air Pollution Mechanics
		Atomopheric Disperson, Transportation and Deposition (EPA, 2005)
			Weather
			Turbulence
			Air Parcels
			Buoyancy Factors
			Lapse Rates
			Mixing
			Topography
			Inversions
			Plume Behavior
			Plume Rise Equation
			Transport
		Dispersion Models
		Major Air Pollutants
			Sulfur Dioxide (SO[sub(2)])
			Nitrogen Oxides (NO[sub(x)])
			Carbon Monoxide (CO)
			Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs—Hydrocarbons)
			Ozone and Photochemical SMOG
			Carbon Dioxide
			Particulate Matter
			Lead
	Air Pollution Control Technology
		Air Pollution Control: Choices
	Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
		Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
			Gravity Settlers
			Cyclone Collectors
			Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
			Wet (Venturi) Scrubbers
			Baghouse (Fabric) Filters
		Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
			Absorption
			Adsorption
			Condensation
			Combustion (Incineration)
	Indoor Air Quality
		Legionnaires’ Disease
		Sick Building Syndrome
	Indoor Air Pollution
		Common Indoor Air Pollutants in the Home
			Radon
			Environmental Tobacco Smoke
			Biological Contaminants
			Combustion by-Products
			Household Products
			Pesticides
			Asbestos in the Home
		Building Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
		Types of Workplace Air Pollutants
		Sources of Workplace Air Pollutants
		Indoor Air Contaminant Transport
	Indoor Air Dispersion Parameters
		Parameters
	Common Airflow Pathways
	Major IAQ Contaminants
		Asbestos Exposure (OSHA, 2002)
			Permissible Exposure Limits
			Exposure Monitoring
			Competent Person
			Regulated Areas
			Methods of Compliance
			Respirators
			Labels
			Protective Clothing
			Training
			Recordkeeping
			Hygiene Facilities and Practices
			Medical Exams
		Silica Exposure
			Guidelines for Control of Occupational Exposure to Silica
		Formaldehyde (HCHO) Exposure
		Lead Exposure
			Health Effects of Lead
			Lead Standard Definitions
			Worker Lead Protection Program
		Mold Control
			Mold Prevention
			Mold Remediation
			Mold Cleanup Methods
	References
Chapter 8 Water Pollution
	Introduction
	The 411 on Water
	Surface Water
		Lakes—Rivers and Streams—Estuaries—Wetlands
		Surface Water Pollutants
			Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
			Nutrients
			pH
			Suspended Solids
			Oil and Grease
			Pathogenic Organisms
			Toxic Pollutants
			Nontoxic Pollutants
	Emerging Contaminants
		Endocrine Disruptors
			Biological Effects
			Reproductive Effects
			Neurological Effects
			Immunological Effects
		PPCPs
			Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
			Wastewater Treatment and PPCPs
			Landfills
			Drinking Water
			Domestic Animals
		Drug Classes and Environmental Occurrences
			Hormones/Mimics
			Antibiotics
			Blood Lipid Regulators
			Nonopiod Analgestics/Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
			Beta-Blockers/β[sub(2)]-Sympathomimetics
			Antidepressants/Obsessive-Compulsive Regulators
			Antiepileptics
			Antineoplastics
			Impotence Drugs
			Tranquilizers
			Retinoids
			Diagnostic Contrast Media
		Personal Care Products in the Environment
			Fragrances (Musks)
			Disinfectants/Antiseptics
			Preservatives
			Sunscreen Agents
			Nutraceuticals/Herbal Remedies
		Illicit Drugs in Wastewater
			Screening for Big Bucks
	Surface Water Pollution: The Impact
	Groundwater
		Groundwater Uses and Sources
			Aquifers
			Groundwater Flow
			Groundwater Pollution
		Wetlands
	Water Treatment
		Purpose of Water Treatment
		Stages of Water Treatment
			Pretreatment
			Hardness Treatment
			Corrosion
			Coagulation
			Flocculation
			Sedimentation
			Filtration
			Disinfection
	Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water
		Arsenic Exposure
		Arsenic Removal Technologies
			Prescriptive Processes
			Adsorptive Processes
			Membrane Processes
			Alternative Technologies
	Wastewater Treatment
		The Wastewater Treatment Model
		Wastewater Terminology and Definitions
		Measuring Plant Performance
			Plant Performance and Efficiency
			Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge
			Hydraulic Detention Time
			Hydraulic Detention Time in Days
			Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours
			Detention Time in Minutes
		Wastewater Sources and Characteristics
			Wastewater Sources
			Classicaficion of Wastewater
			Wastewater Characteristics
		Wastewater Collection Systems
			Gravity Collection System
			Force Main Collection System
			Vacuum System
			Pumping Stations
		Preliminary Wastewater Treatment
			Screening
			Shredding
			Grit Removal
			Preaeration
			Chemical Addition
			Equalization
		Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation)
			Types of Sedimentation Tanks
			Sedimentation Calculations
			Effluent from Settling Tanks
		Secondary Treatment
			Treatment Ponds
			Trickling Filters
			Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)
		Activated Sludge
			Activated Sludge Terminology
			Activated Sludge Process
			Factors Affecting the Operation of the Activated Sludge Process
			Microorganism Growth Curve
			Activated Sludge Formation
			Activated Sludge Modifications
			Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters
		Disinfection of Wastewater
			Chlorine Disinfection
			Wastewater Chlorination Process Description
		Ultraviolet Irradiation
			Advantages and Disadvantages
		Ozonation
			Advantages and Disadvantages
			Applicability
			Operation and Maintenance
		Bromine Chloride
		No Disinfection
	Advanced Wastewater Treatment
		Chemical Treatment
		Microscreening
		Filtration
		Membrane Bioreactors
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Biological Nitrification
		Biological Denitrifcaition
		Carbon Adsorption
		Land Application
		Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR)
		Enhanced Biological Nutrient Removal (EBNR)
	Wastewater Solids (Sludge/Biosolids) Handling
		Background Information on Sludge
		Sources of Sludge
		Sludge Characteristics
			Sludge Pathogens and Vector Attraction
		Sludge Pumping Calculations
			Estimating Daily Sludge Production
			Sludge Pumping Time
			Gallons of Sludge Pumped per Day
			Pounds Sludge Pumped per Day
			Pounds Solids Pumped per Day
			Pounds Volatile Matter (VM) Pumped per Day
			Sludge Production in Pounds/Million Gallons
			Sludge Production in Wet Tons/Year
		Sludge Thickening
			Gravity Thickening
			Flotation Thickening
			Solids Concentrators
			Process Calculations (Gravity/Dissolved Air Flotation)
		Sludge Stabilization
			Aerobic Digestion
			Anaerobic Digestion
			Composting
			Sludge Dewatering
			Process Control Calculations
		Land Application of Biosolids
			Process Control Calculations
	Notes
	References
Chapter 9 Soil Quality
	Introduction
	Soil: What Is It?
		Soil Basics
			Soil Properties
			Soil Formation
			Soil Fertility
	Soil Pollution
		Gaseous and Airborne Pollutants
		Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water
		Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials
		Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils
		Dumps
		Salt Spreading on Roads
		Animal Feedlots
		Fertilizers and Pesticides
		Accidental Spills
		Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes
		Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
			Contamination from Oil Field Sites
			Contamination from Chemical Sites
			Contamination from Geothermal Sites
			Contamination from Manufactured Gas Plants
			Contamination from Mining Sites
			Contamination from Environmental Terrorism
	USTs: The Problem
		Corrosion Problems
		Faulty Construction
		Faulty Installation
		Piping Failures
		Spills and Overfills
		Compatibility of Contents and UST
	Risk Assessment
	Exposure Pathways
	Remediation of UST Contaminated Soils
		In Situ Technologies
			In Situ Volatilization (ISV)
			In Situ Biodegradation
			In Situ Leaching and Chemical Reaction
			In Situ Vitrification
			In Situ Passive Remediation
			In Situ Isolation/Containment
	Non-In Situ Technologies
		Land Treatment
		Thermal Treatment
		Asphalt Incorporation and Other Methods
		Solidification/Stabilization
		Chemical Extraction
		Excavation
	Note
	References
Chapter 10 Solid and Hazardous Waste
	Introduction
	Solid Waste Regulatory History (United States)
	Solid Waste Characteristics
	Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
		Residential Sources of MSW
		Commercial Sources of MSW
		Institutional Sources of MSW
		Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
		Municipal Services Sources of MSW
		Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
	What Is a Hazardous Substance?
		Hazardous Materials
		Hazardous Substances
		Extremely Hazardous Substances
		Toxic Chemicals
		Hazardous Wastes
		Hazardous Chemicals
	Again, What Is a Hazardous Substance?
	What Is a Hazardous Waste?
		EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes
	Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come from?
	Why Are We Concerned about Hazardous Wastes?
	Hazardous Waste Legislation
		Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
		CERCLA
	Waste Control Technology
		Waste Minimization
			Substitution of Inputs
			Process Modifications
			Good Operating Practices
			Recycling
		Steps to Recycling Materials
			Collection and Processing
			Manufacturing
			Purchasing New Products Made from Recycled Materials
			Recycling Hazardous Wastes
	Treatment Technologies
		Biological Treatment
		Thermal Processes
		Activated Carbon Sorption
		Electrolytic Recovery Techniques
		Air Stripping
		Stabilization and Solidification
		Filtation and Separation
	Ultimate Disposal
		Deep-Well Injection
		Surface Impoundments
		Waste Piles
		Landfilling
	References
Chapter 11 Industrial Hygiene
	What Is Industrial Hygiene?
	Industrial Hygiene Terminology
		Industrial Hygiene Terms and Concepts
	History of Industrial Hygiene (OSHA, 1998)
	OSHA/NIOSH and Industrial Hygiene
	Industrial Hygiene: Workplace Stressors
	Industrial Hygiene: Areas of Concern
		Industrial Toxicology
			What Is Toxicology?
		Air Contaminants
		Routes of Entry
	Industrial Health Hazards
		Environmental Controls
			Engineering Controls
			Work Practice Controls
			Administrative Controls
			Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
	Hazard Communication
		HAZCOM and the Environmental Professional
		Modification of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
	Occupational Environmental Limits (OELS)
		OELs
	Air Monitoring/Sampling
		Air Sample Volume
		Limit of Detection (LOD)
		Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
			Precision, Accuracy, and Bias
		Calibration Requirements
		Types of Air Sampling
		Analyltical Methods for Gases and Vapors
		Air Monitoring Versus Air Sampling
		Air Sampling for Airborne Particulates
		Dusts
		Duration of Exposure
		Particle Size
			Stoke’s Law
			Airborne Dust Concentration
		Particulate Collection
		Analysis of Particulates
		Health and Environmental Impacts of Particulates
		Control of Particulates
	Air Sampling for Gases and Vapors
		Types of Air Samples
		Methods of Sampling
		Air Sampling Collection Processes
		Calibration of Air Sampling Equipment
		Direct Reading Instruments for Air Sampling
			Types of Direct Reading Instruments
			Calibration of Direct-Reading Instruments
		Air Monitoring: Confined Space Entry
		Noise & Vibration
			OSHA Noise Control Requirements
			Noise and Hearing Loss Terminology
			Occupational Noise Exposure
			Determining Workplace Noise Levels
			Engineering Control for Industrial Noise
			Audiometric Testing (OSHA, 1998)
			Noise Units, Relationships & Equations
			Industrial Vibration Control
	Radiation
		Radiation Safety Program Acronyms and Definitions
			Abbreviations Typically Used in Radiation Safety Programs
			Typical Radiation Program Definitions
		Ionizing Radiation
			Effective Half-Life
		Alpha Radiation
			Alpha Radiation Detectors
		Beta Radiation
			Beta Detection Instrumentation
			Shielding for Beta Radiation
		Gamma Radiation and X-Rays
			Gamma Detection Instrumentation
			Shielding for Gamma and X-Rays
		Radioactive Decay Equations
		Radiation Dose
		Non-Ionizing Radiation
			Optical Density (OD)
		OSHA’s Radiation Safety Requirements
		Radiation Exposure Controls
		Radiation Exposure Training
	Thermal Stress
		Thermal Comfort
		The Heat Index
		The Body’s Response to Heat
		Heat Disorders and Health Effects
		Cold Hazards
		Wind-Chill Factor
		Cold Stress Prevention
	Ventilation
		Concepts of Ventilation
			Local Exhaust Ventilation
			General and Dilution Ventilation
	Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
		OSHA’s PPE Standard
			OSHA’s PPE Requirements
			Hazard Assessment
			PPE Training Requirement
		Head Protection
		Hand Protection
		Eye and Face Protection
		Foot Protection
		Full Body Protection: Chemical Protective Clothing
		Description of Protective Clothing
			Protective Clothing Applications
			The Clothing Ensemble
			Levels of Protection
			Clothing Selection Factors
			Classification of Protective Clothing
			Material Chemical Resistance
			Decontamination Procedures
			Types of Contamination
			Decontamination Methods
		Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance of Protective Clothing
			Inspection
			Storage
			Maintenance
	Respiratory Protection
	Engineering Design and Controls for Safety
		Codes and Standards
		Plant Layout
		Illumination
		High Hazard Work Areas
		Personal and Sanitation Facilities
	Note
	References
Chapter 12 Green Engineering
	Introduction
	Wind Energy
	Environmental Impact of Wind Turbines
		The Good, Bad, and Ugly of Wind Energy
		Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
		Cultural Resources
		Ecological Resources
		Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Water Use
			Water Quality
			Flow Alteration
		Land Use
		Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
		Paleontological Resources
		Transportation
		Visual Resources
		Socioeconomics
		Environmental Justice
		Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
	Wind Energy Operations Impacts
		Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
		Cultural Resources
		Ecological Resources
		Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
		Land Use
		Soils and Geologic Resources (Including Seismicity/Geo Hazards)
		Paleontological Resources
		Transportation
		Visual Resources
		Socioeconomics
		Environmental Justice
		Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
		Impact on Wildlife
	Energy from the Sun
		Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy
			Land Use/Siting Impact
			Water Use Impact (Water Footprint)
			Hazardous Waste Impact
			Ecological Impact
	Hydropower
		Ecological Impact of Hydropower
			Physical Barrier to Fish Migration
			Flow Alteration, Flow Fluctuation, Regulated and Unregulated Rivers and Salmonids
	Biological Impact of Flow Fluctuations
		Increases in Flow
		Stranding
		Increased Predation
		Aquatic Invertebrates
		Redd Dewatering
		Spawning Interference
		Hydraulic Response to Flow Fluctuations
		Types of Hydropower Activity that Fluctuate Flows
	Biomass/Bioenergy
		Impact of Biomass Construction, Production and Operation
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources
			Land Resources
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
		Biomass Feedstock Production Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources
			Land Resources
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
		Biomass Energy Operations Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
	Geothermal Energy
		Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Development
		Geothermal Energy Exploration and Drilling Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
		Geothermal Energy Construction Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
		Geothermal Energy Operation and Maintenance Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
	Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy
		Ocean Tides, Currents, and Waves
			Tides
			Currents
			Waves
		Wave Energy
		Wave Energy Conversion Technology
			Point Absorber
			Terminator
			Attenuator
		Tidal Energy
			Tidal Energy Technologies
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		Potential Environmental (General) Impacts
			Alteration of Current and Waves
			Alteration of Substrates and Sediment Transport and Deposition
			Impact of Habitat Alternation on Benthic Organisms
			Displacement of Benthic Organisms by Installation of the Project
		Alteration of Habitats for Benthic Organisms during Operation
			Impact of Noise
			Impact of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)
			Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Aquatic Organisms
			Toxic Effect of Chemicals
			Toxicity of Paints, Anti-Fouling Coatings, and Other Chemicals
			Interference with Animal Movement and Migration
			Collision and Strike
			Effect of Rotor Blade Strike on Aquatic Animals
			Impact of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
		Potential Environmental (Specific) Impacts
			Hydrokinetic Energy Site Evaluation Impact
			Air Quality (Including Carbon Footprint and Global Climate Change)
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
			Acoustics (Noise)
			Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
		Hydrokinetic Energy Facility Construction Impact
			Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Visual Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
			Acoustics (Noise)
			Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
		Hydrokinetic Energy Facility Operations & Maintenance Impact
			Air Quality (Including Global Climate Change and Carbon Footprint)
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
			Acoustics (Noise)
			Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
	Fuel Cells
		Hydrogen Fuel Cell
			Hydrogen Storage
			How a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works
		Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells
	Carbon Capture and Sequestration
		The 411 on Carbon Capture and Sequestration
			Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration
		Geologic Carbon Sequestration
		Potential Impact of Terrestrial Sequestration
		Potential Impact of Geologic Sequestration
		Geologic Sequestration Exploration Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
			Acoustics (Noise)
			Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
		Geologic Sequestration Drilling/Construction Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
		Acoustics (Noise)
		Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
		Geologic Sequestration Operations Impact
			Air Quality
			Cultural Resources
			Ecological Resources
			Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)
			Land Use
			Soils and Geologic Resources
			Paleontological Resources
			Transportation
			Visual Resources
			Socioeconomics
			Environmental Justice
			Acoustics (Noise)
			Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
	The Bottom Line
	Notes
	References
Index