Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures

0387786643......Page 1
Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Editors-in-Chief......Page 27
Contributors......Page 29
001......Page 61
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A Tool to Classify and Measure Functioning......Page 63
1 Introduction......Page 64
2.1 The ICF in the Historical Perspective......Page 65
2.3 Development of the ICF......Page 66
2.4 Up-Date and Revision Process......Page 67
2.5 The Structure of the ICF......Page 68
2.6.1 Exhaustiveness or Width......Page 69
2.6.3 ICF Framework......Page 74
4.1 ICF Categories: Building Blocks and Reference Units......Page 78
4.2.1 ICF Checklist......Page 79
4.2.2 ICF Core Sets......Page 80
4.3.2 Linkage Methodology......Page 83
4.4.1 Measuring a Single ICF Category......Page 84
4.5 Measuring Across ICF Categories......Page 89
Summary Points......Page 91
References......Page 92
002......Page 95
Quality of Life in Conservatively Treated Lumbar Disc Disease......Page 2574
2 How Might Exercise Impact on Menopausal Symptoms?......Page 3481
2 The Burden of Lumbar Disc Disease......Page 463
3 Conclusion......Page 1588
3.4 Instrument Score......Page 102
4.1 Randomized Controlled Trials in Vasomotor Symptomatic Women......Page 4163
5 Sensitivity to Changes......Page 193
5.1 Cognitive Interviews......Page 104
5.2 Qualitative Interviews......Page 105
6 The QOL Survey and Research of Spondylitis in China......Page 4013
Appendices......Page 2220
7.1.2 Validity of the Four Filter Questions......Page 106
7.1.5 Validity of the KAP......Page 108
7.2.2 Discriminant Validity (Conceptual Discrimination)......Page 109
7.2.4 Convergent and Discriminant Validity......Page 110
8 The Impact of Medical Interventions and Liver Transplantation on Health-Related QOL in Liver Cirrhosis......Page 1786
Summary Points......Page 115
References......Page 116
Children with Cerebral Palsy, Psychometric Analysis and Quality of Life......Page 119
1 Introduction......Page 1196
1.1 Overview of Quality of Life Measures......Page 120
1.3 Individualized Measures of Quality of Life......Page 121
2 Pain and Quality of Life......Page 2050
3 Specifics Methods for the Measurement of Health-Related Quality of life in Fibromyalgia......Page 123
3.2 Sampling and Data Collection......Page 125
3.4 Quantitative Validation: Criterion Validity......Page 126
3.6 Qualitative Validation: Method......Page 127
3.7 Qualitative Validation: Results......Page 128
4 Conclusions......Page 3248
4.2 Weighting QOL Scores by Importance......Page 129
4.4 Disadvantages of the Measures\' Approach......Page 130
Summary Points......Page 2372
6 Conclusion......Page 2232
004......Page 133
Quality of Life and Depression in Police Officers: Perspectives from Chinese in Taiwan......Page 325
1 Introduction......Page 3494
2 Sexual Functioning and Quality of Life......Page 1872
2.1 Constructing the Dimensions of the TIBI......Page 135
2.3 The Global Severity of Illness Measure......Page 137
3 Access to Treatment......Page 3327
4 Medical Care in Camps......Page 1881
Summary Points......Page 3388
6 Back Pain and Risk of Mortality......Page 1851
The EQ-5D Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire......Page 147
5 Development of the Physical Disability Stress Scale for Wheelchair-Users......Page 1393
References......Page 1667
4.1 The Descriptive System as a Health Profile......Page 152
4.3 The Descriptive System as a Weighted Index......Page 154
References......Page 3080
5.1 The Five Level Version of the EQ-5D......Page 155
5.2 The Version of EQ-5D for Children (EQ-5D-Y)......Page 156
12 Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale......Page 2093
References......Page 159
006......Page 161
Relationship Between Pain and Quality of Life......Page 3393
1 Introduction......Page 1068
2 Treatment for Advanced RCC......Page 2366
3 Quality of Life......Page 2440
3.1 Version 1......Page 163
3.2 Version 2......Page 164
3.5 Translations......Page 165
4 HRQOL-Associated Baseline Variables in the Veterans......Page 2949
4.1 Presenting Domain Scores......Page 166
4.2 Presenting Global Questions......Page 170
4.4 Presentation of Composite Scores......Page 171
5 Conclusions......Page 2473
5.1 Feasible and Acceptable......Page 172
5.3 Construct Validity......Page 173
5.6 Stability of UWQOL for Longer-Term Survivors......Page 174
5.8 Composite Scores and Factor Analysis......Page 175
6.1 Clinically Meaningful Cut-Offs......Page 183
7 Adolescence: Sexual Function and HRQOL......Page 301
References......Page 3036
References......Page 3860
007......Page 189
Nutritional Wasting in Cancer and Quality of Life: The Value of Early Individualized Nutritional Counseling......Page 1870
1 Introduction......Page 3513
2 Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Hearing Aids......Page 508
3.1 Demographic Data and Psychosocial Stressors......Page 3597
4 Health-Related Quality of Life in Lumbar Disc Disease and Influencing Factors......Page 4121
4.2 Use of Generic QOL Questionnaires in Urinary Incontinence......Page 192
5.3 The KHQ......Page 195
References......Page 4184
6.1 Correlations Between the Three QOL Questionnaires......Page 198
6.2 Minimal Clinically Importance Change......Page 200
7 Androgen Deprivation Therapy......Page 201
References......Page 1852
008......Page 205
Quality of Life Measurement and Alcoholism: A Nursing Perspective......Page 2194
1 Introduction......Page 2963
2 Epidemiology of PMR......Page 4051
3 Proposed Explanations for Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Hepatitis C......Page 3247
4 Quality of Life in Advanced RCC Patient......Page 1208
References......Page 1353
6 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 2341
Summary Points......Page 3309
8 The Aging Males\' Symptoms Scale (AMS)......Page 218
009......Page 221
Health-Related Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism......Page 2437
1 Introduction......Page 2673
2 Quality of Life and Alcohol Dependence......Page 3713
3 An Illustration of Original Results on HLHs and HRQOL in Diabetes......Page 380
4 QOL Associates......Page 1006
5.1 Calculation of the SQOR-V Questionnaire Score......Page 225
5.2 Managing Missing Data......Page 231
3.1 Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), Spielberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Hamilton Depre......Page 2465
Summary Points......Page 861
References......Page 2431
010......Page 239
1 Introduction......Page 240
2 Data Sources......Page 1283
Summary of Observational Evidence......Page 243
4 Sexual Disorders (Dysfunctions) and Quality of Life......Page 483
5 Co-morbid Illness and Quality of Life in Prisoners......Page 253
4 Economic Measures......Page 1305
7 Utilizations of the Methods for Examining Other Diseases and Conditions......Page 2428
011......Page 255
Quality of Life in Sporadic Adult-Onset Ataxia......Page 761
1 Introduction......Page 256
2.2 Criteria Applied in Developing the Questionnaire......Page 258
3 Results......Page 1930
3.2.1 Identification of the Initial Group of Items......Page 260
3.3.1 First Reduction: Reduction of the BOMET-QOL from 35 to 25 Items......Page 261
3.3.2 Second Reduction: Reduction of the BOMET-QOL from 25 to 10 Items......Page 262
4 Treatments......Page 1123
Outline placeholder......Page 0
6 The Objectives of the Pioneering Study......Page 450
7 Generic or Disease-Specific HRQL Instrument?......Page 3052
012......Page 269
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Quality of Life in Women......Page 2782
2 Search Methods......Page 1252
3 Quality-of-Life (QOL) and Asthma......Page 2729
3.1 IWQOL......Page 272
3.2 IWQOL-Lite......Page 273
4 Description of Patients with Fibromyalgia......Page 550
5.1 Physical Health......Page 3749
Summary Points......Page 2081
Summary Points......Page 1574
8 Conclusion......Page 1501
References......Page 3742
013......Page 287
1 Introduction: Lower Limb Ischaemia......Page 2541
2 Exercise......Page 2300
References......Page 2639
5 Major Determinants of QOL in People with SCI......Page 447
5.1 Qualitative Interviews......Page 298
5.2 Instrument Testing......Page 299
Summary Points......Page 1306
9 Condition-Specific Instruments......Page 937
References......Page 304
014......Page 307
Quality of Life in Toenail Onychomycosis......Page 1826
1 Introduction......Page 1342
2 Incidence of ITP......Page 376
3 Quality of Life and Mental Distress in the Deaf Community Sample......Page 3442
5 The Role of Body Mass Index......Page 313
5.4 Face and Content Validity......Page 314
5.5 Concurrent Validity......Page 315
5.6 Construct Validity......Page 316
5.8 Missing Data......Page 318
Summary Points......Page 2850
References......Page 2883
References......Page 321
12 Lack of Our Knowledge and Need for Further Research......Page 3757
1Summary and Recommendations......Page 322
2 Nutritional Aspects of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients......Page 1183
4 Psychological Factors and Quality of Life in Prisoners......Page 2616
6 Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes......Page 329
References......Page 1838
5.2 Validity......Page 332
5.2.2 Criterion Validity......Page 333
References......Page 1131
6.1 Internal Consistency......Page 334
6.3 Discriminatory Validity......Page 336
8 Conclusion......Page 337
Appendix 1: Chinese Quality of Life 35-Items Questionnaire......Page 338
Appendix 2: Standard scores for each option of answers to Chinese QOL-35 items......Page 341
References......Page 342
016......Page 345
1 Introduction......Page 2981
3.1 The Translation and Cultural Adaptation Procedure of EORTC QoL Questionnaires and Supplementary Modules......Page 352
3.2 The EORTC QLQ-C30: Development and Cross-Cultural Validations......Page 356
3.2.1 The Japanese Version of the EORTC QLQ-C30......Page 357
3.3 Supplementary Modules of the QLQ-C30......Page 358
3.4 Asian Culture Specific Dimensions of QoL Measurement and the Japanese Experience......Page 361
3.4.1 Problems and Difficulties in the Translation Procedure of the Japanese Versions of EORTC QLQ Modules......Page 363
Summary Points......Page 3376
References......Page 3562
017......Page 371
1 Introduction......Page 1234
1.2 The Development of DALYs......Page 375
2.1 Disability Followed by Premature Death......Page 378
2.2 Switching Off Age-Weighting......Page 379
3.1 QALYs with Quality of Life Varying over Time......Page 381
4.1 A Non-Fatal Condition......Page 382
4.2 A Potentially Fatal Condition......Page 383
Summary Points......Page 387
7 Aging with SCI......Page 3859
018......Page 389
Quality of Life and Chronic Illness among Refugee Populations......Page 2298
1 Alcohol Abuse/Dependence......Page 1663
2 Impact of Disease on the Quality of Life of Rheumatic Patients......Page 390
4 Meta-Analyses in QOL of People with SCI......Page 3173
5 Methodological Issues......Page 1894
References......Page 2807
References......Page 1126
9 Anemia and Hematological Malignancies......Page 1718
References......Page 401
11 Child Characteristics (Age, Gender)......Page 2478
7 Immunity......Page 402
Summary Points......Page 403
References......Page 1550
019......Page 405
Exercise and Quality of Life in Menopause......Page 2650
1 Introduction......Page 406
2 An Ecological Perspective on Housing and QOL......Page 1558
3.1 Civil Registration System......Page 408
3.3 The National Death Index......Page 410
3.4 Social Security Administration Death Master File......Page 411
3.6 Mortality Data Available in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)......Page 413
References......Page 2189
020......Page 419
2 Features of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Spondyloarthropathy......Page 2888
2.1 Definition of Comorbidity......Page 421
2.3 Comorbidity is a Challenge for Health Measurement......Page 422
3 The Theoretical Basis for Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 2791
3.1 Direct Utility Elicitation......Page 424
3.2 Indirect Utility Measurement......Page 427
3.3 Combining Single-Condition Utilities......Page 429
3.4 Testing Mathematical Models for Combining Single-Condition Utility Scores......Page 433
3.5 A Hybrid Mathematical Model......Page 437
4 Quality of Life and Cognition in Bipolar Disorder......Page 816
5 Huntington\'s Disease......Page 4001
6 Generic and Schizophrenia Specific QOL Scales......Page 2717
Quality of Life in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Chinese Perspectives......Page 441
1 Introduction......Page 3130
3 Diagnosing Female Urinary Incontinence with Questionnaires......Page 2775
4 Quality of Life and Clinical Outcomes in PMR......Page 1766
4.2 Indicators of Quality of Life Measures......Page 446
5.1 Generic and Disease Specific Health-related Quality of Life Measures......Page 448
5.2 Preference-Based Measures of Health......Page 449
7 Conclusions: Should Women Exercise to Alleviate Menopausal Symptoms?......Page 4169
7.1 Validity of an HRQOL Measure......Page 454
7.3 Feasibility and Acceptability......Page 455
7.6 Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID)......Page 456
Appendix......Page 787
022......Page 461
Quality of Life Measures in Fibromyalgia......Page 4019
1 Introduction......Page 3418
2.2 SEYLL per Death (SEYLLd) and per Person-Time (SEYLLp)......Page 464
2.3 Age-Standardized SEYLL Measures......Page 466
3 Prevalence of Spondyloarthropathy in China......Page 1464
3.1 Life Table Norm of SEYLLd......Page 467
3.3 Norm-Adjusted Total SEYLL......Page 468
4.1 Norm Adjusted Total SEYLL with Age-Weighting and Discounting......Page 470
7 Special Issues in the Patient-Caregiver Scenario......Page 471
023......Page 475
Quality of Life and Financial Measures in HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa......Page 543
2 Quality of Life and Health Related Quality of Life......Page 3263
2.1 Health Expectancies (HE)......Page 478
2.3 Calculating Hale......Page 479
024......Page 485
1 Introduction......Page 2271
2.3 Measurement of Disability Weights for Individual DALY......Page 487
2.4 Individual DALY Caused by Mortality......Page 488
2.6 Age Weighting......Page 489
4 Conclusion......Page 3497
5.1 Comparison Between Individual DALY and Other GBD Measures......Page 493
5.2 Advantages of Using Disability Weights in Individual DALY......Page 494
5.4 Precautions in Use of Individual DALY......Page 495
6 Example: Quality of Life in Conservatively Treated Lumbar Disc Disease......Page 1995
7 Conclusion......Page 1594
Quality of Life and Stress in Wheelchair-Users......Page 497
1 Introduction: Definition......Page 3864
Summary Points......Page 3216
7 Impact of Age on Symptom Burden in AF......Page 3061
Summary Points......Page 2477
026......Page 507
Quality of Life in Patients Affected by Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review......Page 3697
References......Page 3695
5 Potential Medical Errors in the Diagnosis and Management of PMR......Page 3331
References......Page 1476
Summary Points......Page 1370
027......Page 519
1.2 Approach......Page 521
1.3 Datasets......Page 522
1.4 Regression Analyses......Page 523
1.7 YLL and QALYs......Page 524
2 Quality of Life Analysis in LLI......Page 1398
2.1 Impact on Individual LE and QALE......Page 525
2.3 Policy Considerations......Page 528
2.4 Limitations......Page 529
2.5 Lessons for Burden of Disease Analyses......Page 530
4 Generic Instruments......Page 2460
028......Page 533
Exercise and Quality of Life in COPD......Page 3024
2 Studies Assessing QoL in Wheelchair-Users......Page 3558
3 Conclusions......Page 767
4 Exercise Training......Page 536
5 Healthcare Coverage Systems in Thailand......Page 1800
References......Page 1933
Summary Points......Page 2147
Summary Points......Page 3138
1 Introduction......Page 1899
2.1 Transformation of the Health/Disease Conditions in Mexico......Page 546
3 Health Care Utilization and Economic Burden......Page 1830
4.4 Years of Life Lost Due to Mortality, YLL......Page 551
4.7 Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy, DALE......Page 552
5.2 Population Dynamics and Demographic Change......Page 553
6.1 The Diminution of the Burden of Infectious Diseases......Page 556
Summary Points......Page 821
References......Page 3871
References......Page 1381
9 The National Eye Institute Refractive Quality of Life (NEI- RQL)......Page 1853
Health-Related Quality of Life in Eating Disorders......Page 565
1 Introduction......Page 708
2.1 All Cause Mortality - Rates and Risks......Page 567
2.2 Cause - Specific Mortality Risks......Page 568
2.3 Uses of Cause Specific Rates......Page 569
2.1 Medical Outcomes Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)......Page 1624
3.1.1 DALYs......Page 572
References......Page 3849
031......Page 577
1 Introduction......Page 2614
2.1 Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)......Page 580
2.2 Leishmaniasis......Page 582
2.5 American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga\'s Disease)......Page 583
2.8 Trachoma......Page 584
2.12 Neuropsychatric Disorders......Page 585
2.13 Other Diseases......Page 586
References......Page 1730
032......Page 591
Quality of Life in Systemic Sclerosis......Page 1433
2.1 Cardio-Vascular Diseases......Page 596
2.4 Mental Diseases......Page 597
2.5 Diabetes......Page 598
3.1 Major Infectious Diseases......Page 599
3 Patients and Caregivers: An Imperfect Dyad......Page 3454
3.3 Diarrheal Disease......Page 601
3.5 Tuberculosis......Page 603
3.8 Neglected Diseases......Page 604
5 Imaging......Page 3269
References......Page 606
033......Page 607
1.1 Major Trends in Burden of Disease in Tanzania......Page 609
1.2 The Health Gap and Rationale for Economic Evaluation......Page 610
3 Primary Caregivers......Page 815
3.2 Malaria Interventions......Page 612
3.3 HIV-AIDS Interventions......Page 637
3.5 Interventions Targeting Intestinal Worms and Parasites......Page 639
3.7 Childhood Diseases......Page 641
3.8 Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 642
4 Atypical Parkinsonism......Page 3995
4.1 Infectious Diseases and Reproductive Health......Page 643
4.2 Non-communicable Diseases......Page 644
5 An Alcohol Specific Quality of Life Measure?......Page 1571
6 QOL in Children with SCI......Page 2640
7 Conclusions......Page 3255
Summary Points......Page 3490
034......Page 647
Quality of Life with Localized Prostate Cancer: Japanese Perspectives......Page 1586
1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages oSummary Measures......Page 649
2.1 Disability Weights......Page 650
2.6 YLL Calculation......Page 651
2.7 YLD Calculation......Page 652
References......Page 2882
035......Page 663
Quality of Life in People with Lower-Limb Amputation......Page 2106
1.1 Methods......Page 665
1.2 Sources of Data......Page 666
2.1 Mortality Burden......Page 668
2.2 Time Trend in Mortality Burden......Page 671
3 Original Data......Page 3279
4.1 Patterns of DALYs......Page 676
4.2.1 Children Aged 0-14 Years......Page 679
4.2.2 Young Adults Aged 15-24 Years......Page 680
4.2.3 Adults Aged 25-64 Years......Page 682
4.2.4 Older Territorians......Page 683
5.1 Main Findings and Implications......Page 684
5.3 Strengths and Limitations......Page 686
6 Restless Legs Syndrome......Page 1279
036......Page 689
1 Introduction......Page 690
2.2 Measures......Page 3910
6 Clinical Relevance of QOL Measurements: Responsiveness and Minimal Important Difference......Page 1824
037......Page 707
Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder......Page 1954
2.1 The Partner\'s Burden......Page 711
2.3 The Physician and Hospital\'s Burden......Page 712
2.5 Society\'s Burden......Page 713
3.4 Postpartum Depression......Page 715
3.6 Bedrest-Related Morbidity......Page 716
3.8 Multiple Pregnancy-Related Morbidity......Page 717
038......Page 721
2 What is QOL in SCI?......Page 2615
References......Page 2257
3.1 How the Complications of Pancreas Transplantation Determine the Indications......Page 724
3.2 Surgical Complications of Pancreas Transplantation......Page 725
4.1 Who Pays for Pancreas Transplant Complications?......Page 726
4.2 The High Costs of Complications Invite Investment in Quality Improvement......Page 727
5 Conclusion......Page 3351
039......Page 731
4.1 Individual Treatment Status Ascertainment Based on Decision Rules......Page 736
4.3 Beyond Prevalence: Incidence and Mortality......Page 739
Summary Points......Page 1086
040......Page 745
Cochlear Implantation and Quality of Life in Deafness......Page 3941
2.1 Derivation of the Exposure-Response Association......Page 747
2.2 Derivation of the Decay Constant K......Page 748
2.3 Application to Switzerland......Page 749
3.1 Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality: Exposure Response Association......Page 750
3.2 The Decay Constant K......Page 751
3.3 Years of Life Lost......Page 754
4.1 Strengths and Weaknesses......Page 756
4.2 Comparison with Other Studies......Page 757
6 How and Why Should Nurses Measure Quality of Life in Alcohol Misusers?......Page 758
2.1 Nature of Health Impacts......Page 765
2.2 Magnitude of Health Impacts......Page 766
4 Improving Quality of Life in Children with Asthma......Page 2119
5.1 Incidence Rates and Prevalence......Page 771
5.2 Mortality Rates and SMRs......Page 774
6.3 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Arsenic-Induced Deaths and DALYs in Bangladesh......Page 780
References......Page 3984
Summary Points......Page 786
042......Page 789
Health-Related Quality of Life in Movement Disorders......Page 4067
1.1 The Concept of Burden of Disease and the DALYs......Page 792
1.2 The Burden of Disease in Europe......Page 793
1.3 Estimating Dalys Among Children......Page 794
2.1 The Burden of Disease in the WHO European Region......Page 795
2.2 Differences in the Burden of Disease in the Three WHO European Subregions......Page 803
2.3 National Studies of Child Burden of Disease......Page 804
2.4 The Environmental Burden of Disease Among Children and Adolescents in Europe......Page 805
2.5 The Value of Child Burden of Disease Studies in Europe......Page 808
3 Quality of Life and Comorbidities in Bipolar Disorder......Page 1013
043......Page 811
2 Definitions and Limitations......Page 1482
044......Page 823
6 Coping Strategies in ALS Patients and Caregivers......Page 3587
7 Pain in QOL Questionnaires (Vetter, 2007)......Page 3035
045......Page 843
Quality of Life Measures in Children with Cancer......Page 845
2.1 Calculation Algorithm......Page 847
3.1 Data for Calculation of YLL and AYLL......Page 849
3.2 Years of Life Lost (YLL)......Page 850
3.3 Average Years of Life Lost (AYLL)......Page 852
4.1 YLL and AYLL Compared to UK Research Spending on Cancer......Page 854
References......Page 2354
4.2 YLL and AYLL as Measures of Research Spending in Diseases other than Cancer......Page 858
5 Refractive Correction-Related Quality of Life......Page 2441
046......Page 863
2.1 Sources and Methods of Estimation of Data......Page 865
Summary Points......Page 1751
3.1 Cancer of the Uterine Cervix......Page 867
3.2 Cancer of the Uterine Corpus......Page 870
3.3 Ovarian Cancer......Page 872
3.4 Other Gynecological Cancers......Page 874
5 Evaluation of Patient Priorities......Page 3885
6 Trauma Exposure and Quality of Life in Women......Page 3498
047......Page 885
2 Stigma and Diseases......Page 3546
5.1 Lung Cancer......Page 889
5.2 Stomach Cancer......Page 893
5.3 Liver Cancer......Page 894
5.4 Cervical Cancer......Page 898
8 The Refractive Status Vision Profile (RSVP)......Page 1659
Summary Points......Page 3551
11 Identifying the Best Therapeutic Approach......Page 2311
048......Page 903
Quality of Life Measures in Lower Limb Ischaemia......Page 4033
1 Introduction: Why is Health-Related Quality of Life Important in Pain Medicine?......Page 904
2.3 Cancer Mortality......Page 905
2.4 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)......Page 906
2.5 Temporal Trends......Page 908
2.6.1 Lung Cancer......Page 913
2.6.2 Breast Cancer......Page 915
2.6.3 Colorectal Cancer......Page 917
2.6.4 Cervical Cancer......Page 918
2.6.5 Prostate Cancer......Page 920
2.6.6 Stomach Cancer......Page 921
049......Page 925
1 Introduction......Page 4010
5 Medical and Social Background of Leprosy......Page 2799
References......Page 934
References......Page 938
11 Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy......Page 939
12 QOL Benefits and Therapeutic Role of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation......Page 3067
Summary Points......Page 941
References......Page 942
050......Page 945
2.1 Procedure......Page 2544
3 Quality of Life......Page 948
6 Relevance to Other Disease Sites......Page 2187
References......Page 957
Some Key Facts About Breast Cancer......Page 2907
References......Page 958
051......Page 959
2 Where Will Nurses Meet Alcohol Misusers?......Page 3783
3.1 Mortality and Arterial Hypertension......Page 968
3.4 Mortality and Smoking......Page 969
3.7 Mortality and Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors......Page 970
4.1 CHD Mortality and ATB Impact......Page 974
4.2 Stroke Mortality and ATB Impact......Page 975
4.3 PAD Mortality and ATB Impact......Page 976
052......Page 979
Housing and Quality of Life: An Ecological Perspective......Page 3381
1 Introduction......Page 2064
3.1 Mortality......Page 984
3.2 Hospitalizations......Page 986
3.4 Disparity in the Decline in Mortality Between Socioeconomic Groups......Page 987
3.5 What is the Reason for the High Rates of Cardiovascular Disease \rand Stroke?......Page 988
5 Earlier Diagnosis of SpA......Page 1289
6 Randomised Controlled Trial of Nutritional Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer......Page 990
053......Page 993
1 Introduction......Page 3452
2.1.1 CVD as a Cause of Death......Page 995
2.1.4 The Mortality Trend for IHD in Europe......Page 996
2.1.5 The IHD Mortality Trend in Serbia......Page 997
2.1.7 Age Specific CVD and IHD Mortality Rates......Page 998
2.2 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)......Page 999
2.3.3 Years of Life Lost due to CVD in Various Countries......Page 1001
2.3.4 Years of Life Lost Due to IHD in Various Countries......Page 1002
2.4.2 Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost due to IHD in Various Countries......Page 1003
2.5 Risk Factors for IHD......Page 1005
054......Page 1009
References......Page 4122
7 Quality of Life......Page 1561
References......Page 1018
9 Why Does Treatment Improve QOL of Substance Users?......Page 1668
11 Tobacco Smoking......Page 1020
12 Parenting Style......Page 1021
7.1 General Mechanisms of Tumor Cachexia......Page 2095
Summary Points......Page 2645
16 Obesity......Page 1022
References......Page 1023
055......Page 1025
Quality of Life Measures in Patients with Esophageal Cancer......Page 1249
4.1 Stroke Incidence Determining the Size of the Problem......Page 1035
4.2 Case Fatality Determining the Years of Life Lost from Premature Mortality......Page 1036
4.3 Disability Weights Determining the Extent of Morbidity......Page 1037
5 QOL in Slums......Page 3443
References......Page 2466
9 Conclusions......Page 3873
9.3 Analysis......Page 1042
9.4 Results of Simulation Analysis......Page 1045
11 Comparing Quality of Life Questionnaire for Refractive Surgery Outcomes......Page 1047
12 Sex Workers and HRQOL......Page 3524
056......Page 1051
1.1 India: Demographic and Epidemiologic Transitions......Page 1053
1.2 The Stroke (CVD) Epidemic - India and Developing Countries......Page 1055
2.2 Incidence of Stroke and Clinical Profile......Page 1058
2.4 Stroke Risk Factors (RF)......Page 1059
2.5 Mortality Estimates......Page 1061
2.6 India: Quality of Life (QOL) After Stroke......Page 1062
3 Quality of Life Studies in EDs......Page 2368
057......Page 1067
2.2 Problems in Estimating Stroke Mortality......Page 1069
2.3 YLLs Due to Stroke......Page 1070
3 How Does Treatment for Depression Affect Quality of Life?......Page 1277
3.2 National BOD Stroke Models: Australian BOD, US BOD......Page 1071
3.3 The Italian Model for the Burden of Stroke......Page 1072
3.4 Data Sources......Page 1074
Summary Points......Page 1560
4.1 Incidence Estimates......Page 1075
4.3 Relative Risk of Mortality of Stroke Survivors......Page 1077
4.4 Health Status Post-Stroke and Disability Weights......Page 1079
4.5 Disability Duration and Age at Onset......Page 1080
Summary Points......Page 3296
9 Conclusions......Page 2927
058......Page 1089
2.1 Epidemiology of Stroke......Page 1091
2.2 Incidence of Ischemic Stroke......Page 1092
2.3 Prevalence of Ischemic Stroke......Page 1093
2.4 Survival after Ischemic Stroke......Page 1098
2.5 Stroke Recurrence after Ischemic Stroke......Page 1101
2.6 Quality of Life after Ischemic Stroke......Page 1102
2.7 Cost of Ischemic Stroke......Page 1103
3.1 Effectiveness of Thrombolytic Therapy......Page 1105
3.3 Cost-Effectiveness of Thrombolytic Therapy......Page 1110
4.2 Cost of Stroke Unit Care......Page 1113
4.3 Cost-Effectiveness of Stroke Unit Care......Page 1116
7 Re-Design Required to Achieve an Optimal Service for PMR......Page 1713
059......Page 1121
6 QOL Change Overtime in Substance Users Without Treatment......Page 1297
Summary Points......Page 1125
8.2 Modify Techniques to Improve Outcomes......Page 1127
8.4 Utilization Management Systems......Page 1128
8.7 Know Your Source of Reimbursements......Page 1129
9.3 How Can We Apply All the Calculated Nutrients?......Page 3018
Summary Points......Page 3874
060......Page 1133
061......Page 1145
3.1 Historical Overview......Page 1147
3.3 Obesity and Attributable Deaths......Page 1148
3.4 Obesity and Years of Life Lost......Page 1149
3.5 Obesity and Population Life Expectancy......Page 1150
5.1 Reverse Causation, Confounding, Confounding by Indication......Page 1152
5.4 Correcting Reverse Causation and the Health Hazards of Obesity......Page 1153
5.5 Alternative Perspectives......Page 1154
5.6.1 Description of Regression Dilution......Page 1155
5.6.3 Secular Changes of True Effects......Page 1157
5.6.4 Modeling the Functional Form......Page 1159
5.6.5 Accounting for Uncertainty......Page 1161
5.6.6 Choosing Reference Categories and Cut Points......Page 1162
062......Page 1167
1 Introduction......Page 1520
2.1 The Problem......Page 1168
2.3 Impact of Lifestyle......Page 1170
2.5 Economics......Page 1171
2.6 Weight Loss Surgery......Page 1172
3 Descriptive Studies of Quality of Life in Patients with Low Back Pain......Page 3264
063......Page 1179
3.1 The Burden of Disease Attributable to Overweight and Obesity......Page 1186
3.2 Disease Burdens Attributable to Overweight and Obesity......Page 1187
References......Page 1410
064......Page 1195
1.3 Epidemiology......Page 1198
1.4 Clinical Consequences and Burden of Illness......Page 1200
2.1 Obesity......Page 1203
2.2 Hypertension......Page 1205
2.4 Hyperglycemia......Page 1206
065......Page 1211
1.1 Micronutrient Deficiencies......Page 1212
1.2 Zinc Deficiency, Its Causes and Its Extent......Page 1213
2.1.1 Application and Strengths of the Methodology......Page 1214
2 Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life......Page 2562
2.1.2 The Calculation of DALYs......Page 1216
2.2.1 Discounting of DALYs and Future Life and Health......Page 1217
2.2.2 The Use of Disability Weights......Page 1218
2.2.4 The Exclusion of Age Weights......Page 1219
2.2.5 Arguments in Favor of the DALY Approach......Page 1220
3.3 Mortality Rates......Page 1221
3.4 Remaining Life Expectancy......Page 1222
3.5.1 Incidence Rates of the Sequelae of Zinc Deficiency......Page 1223
3.5.2 Incidence Rates and Prevalence Rates......Page 1224
3.6 Disability Weights......Page 1225
4.2 The Example of Biofortification in India......Page 1226
066......Page 1231
2.1 Major Infectious Diseases......Page 1236
2.1.1 HIV/AIDS......Page 1238
2.1.4 Tuberculosis......Page 1239
2.1.7 Neglected Diseases......Page 1240
3.1.1 Impact on Health Indicators......Page 1241
3.1.2 Impact on Economic Indicators......Page 1242
3.1.3 Impact on Education......Page 1244
3.2 Global Impact on Economic and Human Development......Page 1245
3.2 Estimation of Incidence Using Different Methods......Page 1255
3.4 Estimation of Incidence from Disease Prevalence Surveys......Page 1258
3.5 Estimation of Incidence from Vital Registrations of Deaths......Page 1259
3.6 Estimation of Trends in Incidence......Page 1260
4.1 How to Detect TB Cases in the Community......Page 1261
4.2 Culture Examinations are Recommended to Measure TB Burden and to Confirm TB......Page 1264
4.4 Prevalence Survey Brings Other Benefits......Page 1265
8 QOL in AF: The Impact of Gender......Page 1266
References......Page 1269
068......Page 1271
Health-Related Quality of Life Among University Students......Page 2612
2.1 Incidence and Incidence Trends......Page 1273
2.2 Mortality and Mortality Trends......Page 1275
069......Page 1281
1 Introduction......Page 3960
8 Applications of the Model to Other Diseases......Page 3210
Postoperative Quality of Life Assessment in the Over 80\'s After Cardiac Surgery......Page 1293
4 Diagnosis Prospectives of Spondylitis in China......Page 1409
2.2 Ambulatory Care......Page 1295
2.5 Nosocomial Infections......Page 1296
3.3 Case Definitions and Study Methodology......Page 1299
8 Treatment Improves QOL of Substance Users......Page 1737
The Economic Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea: Taiwan Perspectives......Page 1303
References......Page 1307
Acknowledgments......Page 1308
10.2 Outpatient......Page 1311
10.3 Inpatient......Page 1312
10.3.1 Disease Burden......Page 1313
10.3.2 Economic Burden......Page 1314
10.4 Economic Benefits of Rotavirus Vaccination......Page 1315
Summary Points......Page 1319
Costs Calculated Among Inpatient......Page 1320
References......Page 1321
072......Page 1323
2.1 Current Knowledge of Dengue Disease Burden......Page 1326
2.2.1 A. Major Gaps in Defining, Diagnosing, and Measuring the Impact of Dengue Illness......Page 1328
2.2.2 B. Major Gaps in Dengue Case Reporting......Page 1332
2.2.3 C. Major Gaps in Understanding Special Regions and Populations at Risk of Dengue......Page 1334
073......Page 1341
074......Page 1357
4.1 Women Have a Higher Observed Prevalence of Infection......Page 1363
4.3 Racial and Ethnic Minorities are Disproportionately Affected by C. trachomatis Infections......Page 1364
7 Limitations in Research......Page 1368
7.3 Infection with C. trachomatis Causes Increased HIV Transmission and Acquisition......Page 1369
075......Page 1373
Summary Points......Page 1380
076......Page 1383
7 Conclusions......Page 1910
077......Page 1395
1 Introduction......Page 4126
3.1 Childhood Cluster Diseases Vaccination Programs......Page 1400
3.1.1 Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination......Page 1401
3.1.3 Varicella Vaccination......Page 1403
3.2.1 Hemophilus influenzae Type B......Page 1405
3.2.3 Meningococcal Vaccines......Page 1406
3.3.1 Hepatitis B......Page 1407
3.3.3 Hepatitis A......Page 1408
078......Page 1413
2.1.1 Choosing a Flexible Equation for Empirical Analysis......Page 1417
2.1.2 Using the Estimated Equation for Prediction......Page 1418
2.2 Estimating the Disability Adjusted Life Years......Page 1419
3.1 Cost Parameters for Routine Polio Immunization......Page 1420
3.1.1 Price of Vaccine and Cost per Dose......Page 1421
4 Treatment of Children ITP......Page 1423
4.1.1 Calculating the Effectiveness of Polio Vaccination......Page 1426
4.2 Net Cost of Routine Polio Immunization and the Cost- Effectiveness Ratios......Page 1428
4.3 Cost-Effectiveness of Polio Eradication Activities......Page 1429
Summary Points......Page 3239
4.2 Years Lived with Disability......Page 1441
4.3 Survival Analysis and AE......Page 1443
References......Page 3391
9 Reliability......Page 1448
080......Page 1451
1 Introduction......Page 3316
1 Introduction......Page 1569
3 Challenges to Assessment: Conceptual......Page 1523
081......Page 1461
3.2 Mortality and Morbidity Burden......Page 1465
3.3 Evaluating the Burden in Non-Temperate Regions of the World......Page 1467
3.4 Pediatric Burden......Page 1468
3.5 Socioeconomic Burden......Page 1471
4.2 Modeling/Quantifying the Burden of Influenza......Page 1472
5.1 Control Measures to Combat a Pandemic......Page 1473
082......Page 1479
1.1 Antiviral Drug Use......Page 1481
5.1 Antiviral Resistance......Page 1488
083......Page 1493
084......Page 1503
2.2 Three Approaches to Quantifying the Burden......Page 1505
2.3 Production Function Approach......Page 1506
2.5 Willingness to Pay Approach......Page 1507
3.2 The Study by Onwujekwe and Others......Page 1509
3.3 WHO Funded Study......Page 1510
4.2 Onwujekwe and Others\' WTP Study......Page 1513
4.3 Jimoh and Others\' WTP Study......Page 1514
085......Page 1519
086......Page 1531
2 Onychomycosis-Specific Quality of Life Instruments......Page 3453
3.1 Schizophrenia......Page 1535
3.2 Affective Disorders......Page 1537
3.3 Nervous Disorders......Page 1538
3.5 Suicide......Page 1539
4.1 Migration......Page 1540
4.4 Gender Issues......Page 1541
6.1 Cultural Competence......Page 1543
3.2 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)......Page 3707
9 Primary Health Care......Page 1545
Summary Points......Page 2522
11 Sexual Orientation and HRQOL......Page 1547
References......Page 1548
13 Difficulties with Measuring Quality of Life and Anemia......Page 1672
Summary Points......Page 1549
087......Page 1552
1.1 Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Other Psychotic Disorders with a More Benign, Short-Lived Course......Page 1554
9 Health and Quality of Life - from First to Third Year at University......Page 1564
References......Page 3552
Summary Points......Page 1565
The Societal Costs of Anxiety and Mood Disorders: An Epidemiological Perspective......Page 1568
6 Quality of Life of Refugees Who Receive Asylum......Page 2054
Summary Points......Page 1577
6 Comorbidity Among Anxiety and Mood Disorders......Page 1578
7 The Adverse Effects of Anxiety and Mood Disorders......Page 1579
Summary Points......Page 1581
Acknowledgments......Page 1582
References......Page 1583
7 Efficacy of Primary Prevention and Treatment......Page 1602
8 Other Considerations......Page 1603
Summary Points......Page 1604
References......Page 1605
090......Page 1608
2.1 Prevalence......Page 1612
2.2 Treatment Options......Page 1613
2.3 Measuring Disease Burden......Page 1615
2.4 Course of Illness......Page 1619
2.5 Other Considerations......Page 1623
091......Page 1628
References......Page 2375
092......Page 1650
4 Interventions Targeting Quality of Life in Patients with Low Back Pain......Page 3884
References......Page 2267
References......Page 2808
093......Page 1662
14 Implications for Policy......Page 1673
References......Page 1675
094......Page 1678
2.2 Beer......Page 1681
2.3 Wine......Page 1682
2.4 Liquor......Page 1684
3.1 Cardiovascular Risk and Beverages......Page 1685
3.2 Noncardiovascular Disease and Mortality Risk......Page 1686
References......Page 4138
Disease Burden, Quality of Life and Other Measures in Polymyalgia Rheumatica......Page 1692
References......Page 1702
Acknowledgements......Page 2721
10.1 The Glass is Half Empty......Page 1703
10.2 The Glass is Half Full......Page 1704
Summary Points......Page 1705
096......Page 1708
5.1 Calculation of Years of Life Lost Due to Premature Death (YLLs)......Page 1712
Summary Points......Page 2928
11 Lack of Substance Use and IDUs QOL Specific Measures......Page 1719
097......Page 1720
1 Introduction......Page 1721
2.1 Smoking Prevalence Over Time......Page 1722
2.2 Smoking Prevalence Among Young People......Page 1723
3.1 The Burden of Smoking in DALYs......Page 1724
3 Parkinson\'s Disease......Page 3514
3.2 The Burden of Smoking in Monetary Terms......Page 1728
5.1 Cost-Effectiveness of Individual Smoking Cessation Support, Tax Increase and Mass Media Campaigns......Page 1731
5.2 Cost-Effectiveness When Including Costs in Life Years Gained......Page 1732
5.4 Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy......Page 1733
5.5 Comparison with other Cost-Effectiveness Studies......Page 1734
5.6 Limited Reach......Page 1735
098......Page 1740
1.1 Objective of the Analysis......Page 1742
1.3 Focus of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis......Page 1743
2.1 Estimating Intervention Costs......Page 1744
2.2 Projecting Number of Established Smokers Prevented......Page 1745
2.3 Estimating LYs and QALYs Saved......Page 1747
099......Page 1758
5 Choosing the Appropriate Instrument for Quality of Life Assessment in Lumbar Disc Disease......Page 1904
100......Page 1776
10 Conclusion......Page 1595
References......Page 1789
Quality of Life and Drug Abuse......Page 1792
7.1 Delayed Diagnosis and Management/Referral......Page 1801
7.3 Additional Costs of Managing AEs from NSAIDs/GC......Page 1803
Summary Points......Page 1804
References......Page 1808
102......Page 1810
3.1 Illness-Related Stressors......Page 1815
3.2 Illness Impact......Page 1816
3.3 Suffering......Page 1819
8 Generic Instruments......Page 1836
104......Page 1840
2.1.1 In Children......Page 1843
2.1.2 In Adults......Page 1844
2.1.3 In Elderly......Page 1845
2.1.4 Summary of Cross-Sectional Studies......Page 1846
3.2 In Adults......Page 1847
3.5 Summary of Observation Studies......Page 1849
References......Page 3041
References......Page 2627
13 Conclusion......Page 1856
105......Page 1858
3.2 Change throughout the Treatment Period......Page 1862
3.3 Short Term (End of Treatment) Effects......Page 1863
3.4 Medium to Long Term Effects......Page 1865
3.5 Cost Efficiency......Page 1866
2.1 WL and Surgical Procedures......Page 1873
107......Page 1884
4.3 Sensitivity Analysis......Page 1893
108......Page 1898
4.1 Definition of Oral Health......Page 1903
6.1 Measuring Oral Health Related Quality of Life......Page 1906
6.2 Instruments......Page 1908
109......Page 1914
2 Methods for the Measurement of Health-Related Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia......Page 2733
8 Euro-QOL 5D (EQ-5D)......Page 1920
6 Conclusions......Page 2959
References......Page 2451
14 HRQL Assessment Tool for CFS......Page 1923
References......Page 1924
110......Page 1926
5 Chronic Illnesses......Page 2128
Summary Points......Page 3630
111......Page 1940
10 Anemia and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 1949
Summary Points......Page 1950
References......Page 3088
1.1 Hemophilia......Page 1955
1.2 Quality of Life and Hemophilia......Page 1957
2 Studies Evaluating Disability......Page 2868
2.1.3 Venous Access......Page 1958
2.1.5 Presence of Inhibitors......Page 1959
2.2.1 Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 1960
2.2.2 Stress and Coping......Page 1961
2.2.3 Anxiety and Depression......Page 1962
2.3 Economical Burden......Page 1963
3.1.1 Hemo-QOL......Page 1965
3.1.3 Quality of Life Questionnaire for Young Patients......Page 1968
3.2.1 Hem-A-QOL......Page 1969
3.2.2 Medtap Questionnaire (Hemo-QOL-A)......Page 1970
3.2.3 Hemofilia-QOL......Page 1971
3.3 Treatment Satisfaction......Page 1972
4.2 Treatment......Page 1973
4.5 General Findings......Page 1974
113......Page 1980
2.1 Anatomical Abnormalities......Page 1982
2.2 Chromosomal Abnormalities - Turner Syndrome......Page 1983
2.3 Other Chromosomal Abnormalities......Page 1986
3.1 Premature Ovarian Failure......Page 1988
3.2 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome......Page 1990
3.3 Hypothalamic Menstrual Dysfunction and Associated Disorders......Page 1992
114......Page 1996
WHOQOL-BREF......Page 2005
[The following table should be completed after the interview is finished]......Page 2008
115......Page 2010
116......Page 2036
2.1 Findings from the Netherlands......Page 2038
2.6 Findings from Italy......Page 2039
2.8 Findings from Iran......Page 2040
Summary Points......Page 2044
117......Page 2048
4.2 Esophageal Speech......Page 2052
4.3 Tracheoesophageal Speech (TEP)......Page 2053
118......Page 2062
3.1.1 USA......Page 2066
3.2.2 Germany......Page 2070
3.2.6 Norway......Page 2072
3.3.2 Taiwan......Page 2073
3.3.4 Australia......Page 2074
4.2 Laparosocpic Donor Nephrectomy......Page 2075
5.2 Donor’s Age......Page 2078
5.3 Time Since Donation......Page 2079
5.4 Relationship with the Recipient......Page 2080
Quality of Life and Tryptophan Degradation......Page 2086
2.1 Tryptophan Degradation: TDO, IDO, and INDOL 1......Page 2089
6.1 Possibilities to Improve Patients\' Quality of Life......Page 2094
8 Fatigue and Anemia of Chronic Disease and Enhanced Tryptophan Catabolism......Page 2096
8.1 Fatigue and Tryptophan Metabolism......Page 2097
8.2 Anemia of Chronic Disease and Cellular Immune Activation......Page 2098
9 \"Neuropsychiatric\" Side Effects of Enhanced Tryptophan Catabolism......Page 2099
9.1 Depression and Tryptophan Metabolism......Page 2100
9.2 Cognitive Impairment and Tryptophan Degradation......Page 2101
Summary Points......Page 2102
References......Page 2103
1.1 Significance of Quality of Life as a Main End-Point in Cancer......Page 2107
1.2 L-Carnitine Physiological Role in Health and Diseases......Page 2108
1.3 L-Carnitine Supplementation in Several Clinical Settings......Page 2110
1.4.1 Cancer-Related Anorexia/Cachexia Syndrome (CACS)......Page 2111
1.4.2 Cancer-Related Fatigue......Page 2114
1.5 L-Carnitine Supplementation on QL in Other Clinical Settings......Page 2116
Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF)......Page 2122
121......Page 2130
4.1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors......Page 2135
4.2 Laboratory Information and Effect of Patient Education on QOL......Page 2137
4.3 Behavioral Factors and Its Impact on QOL......Page 2138
4.4 Psychological Factors and QOL......Page 2139
4.5 Comorbidities/Complications......Page 2142
4.6 Treatment Regime......Page 2145
4.7 Type 1 Diabetes and GDM......Page 2146
122......Page 2154
2.1 Demographic and Socio-Economic Correlates......Page 2156
2.2 Duration of Diabetes......Page 2159
2.4 Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes......Page 2160
3.1 HRQOL Measures......Page 2161
3.4 Statistical Analysis......Page 2162
3.5 Results......Page 2163
References......Page 2172
123......Page 2174
5.1 Reliability......Page 2185
5.3 Sensitivity and Responsiveness......Page 2186
6.2 Validity......Page 2188
7.1 Reliability and Validity......Page 2190
8.3 Sensitivity......Page 2191
1.1 Sleep Disorders......Page 2195
1.2 Quality of Life (QOL)......Page 2196
2.1.1 Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ)......Page 2198
2.1.2 Calgary Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Instrument (SAQLI)......Page 2199
2.1.4 Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ)......Page 2202
2.1.6 Cohen\'s Pediatric OSA Surgery Quality of Life Questionnaire......Page 2205
2.2 OSAHS - Results......Page 2206
125......Page 2210
2 Schizophrenia......Page 2764
126......Page 2222
7.1 Topical Corticosteroids......Page 2233
7.2 Topical Immunomodulators......Page 2234
7.3 Non-Corticosteroids......Page 2239
127......Page 2242
References......Page 2251
128......Page 2254
4.1 Patient\'s Perception......Page 2259
4.2 Impact of Overactive Bladder on Health Related Quality of Life......Page 2260
4.2.1 United States......Page 2263
4.2.2 Europe......Page 2264
4.3 Coping Behavior and Overactive Bladder......Page 2265
4.4 Impact of an Overactive Bladder on Sexual Function......Page 2266
129......Page 2270
1.2 A Strict Biomedical Model and QOL?......Page 2272
3.1 Sexual Abuse and Adolescent CP/CPPS?......Page 2279
5 Side Effects......Page 3769
130......Page 2286
3.1 Comparison of Post-Transplant HRQOL with the Pre-Transplant Conditions......Page 2289
3.2 Comparison of HRQOL Between Different Types of Transplant......Page 2290
3.4 Co Morbid Illnesses......Page 2291
3.5 Socio-Demographic Correlations......Page 2292
3.6 Immunosuppression-Related Factors......Page 2293
4.1 How to Improve the HRQOL in Kidney Transplant Recipients?......Page 2295
1 Introduction......Page 2299
5.1 Hepatic Encephalopathy and Impairment of Health-Related QOL......Page 2303
5.2 Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and Fitness to Drive......Page 2305
6.1 Fatigue and Impairment of Health-Related QOL......Page 2306
6.2 Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Impairment of Health- Related QOL......Page 2308
9 Assessment of Utilities and Health-Related QOL in Liver Cirrhosis......Page 2310
References......Page 2312
132......Page 2314
1.1 From Survival to Quality of Life Assessment......Page 2317
1.3 The Pediatric Setting and the Pediatric Surgical Setting......Page 2318
2.2 Esophageal Atresia......Page 2320
2.3 Spina Bifida......Page 2324
3.2 Can Improved Surgical Outcome Only be Reached at the Price of Poorer HRQoL?......Page 2325
3.5 Can Assessment of HRQoL be Based on Proxy Report?......Page 2326
3.6 Final Considerations......Page 2327
133......Page 2329
2.1 Meta-analysis and Systematic Reviews......Page 2331
2.2 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)......Page 2332
2.3 Cohort Studies......Page 2334
2.4 Case Control Studies......Page 2336
5.1 European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D)......Page 2340
134......Page 2345
2.1 Systemic Analgesia......Page 2347
2.2.1 Intraspinal......Page 2348
3.1 Systemic Morphine (PCA) Versus Epidural Analgesia......Page 2349
6 Mediator and Moderator Variables of Correlation Between Pain and Quality of Life......Page 3623
135......Page 2363
136......Page 2377
4 How Should Quality of Life be Measured in Alcohol Research?......Page 2379
2.1 Coronary artery Bypass Grafting in Combination with Aortic Valve Replacement (n = 41)......Page 2380
2.4.1 The Scoring Classification......Page 2381
2.4.3 Short Form-36......Page 2383
2.4.7 Original Data......Page 2384
2.5 Methodological Considerations......Page 2386
2.8 Aortic Valve Surgery......Page 2388
2.9 Survival and QoL Impacting Factors......Page 2389
2.11 Final Considerations......Page 2390
137......Page 2393
1.1 Importance of Measuring QOL as an Outcome in COPD Patients......Page 2396
2.1 What Is the Minimal Important Clinical Difference (MICD)of QOL Instrument?......Page 2397
4.1 Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS)......Page 2401
4.2.3 Combination Therapy......Page 2402
4.2.4 Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR)......Page 2403
4.2.5 Oxygen......Page 2404
138......Page 2411
1.1 HRQOL Tools in LEAD......Page 2413
3.1 The Vascular Quality of life Questionnaire (VascuQol)......Page 2417
3.2 Other and Alternative Measures......Page 2418
4 Discussion......Page 2697
References......Page 2434
140......Page 2453
1.1 Definition......Page 2456
1.3 Overview of Intrauterine Growth Restriction......Page 2457
2.2 Maternal Disease......Page 2458
2.3 Lifestyle Factors......Page 2459
5.2 Short Form 36 Health Survey......Page 2461
5.3 Definition and Measurement of Quality of Life......Page 2462
5.5 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 2463
141......Page 2468
References......Page 3476
142......Page 2480
1.1 Relevance of Quality of Life Measurement to Health Care......Page 2481
1.2 The Challenge of Quality of Life Measurement......Page 2483
2.1.1 Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale-School Version......Page 2484
2.1.2 Quality of Life Profile: Adolescent Version......Page 2485
2.2.1 Youth Quality of Life-Research Version......Page 2486
2.2.2 Multidimensional Students\' Life Satisfaction Scale......Page 2488
3 Assessment of Quality of Life in Youth with Asthma......Page 2576
3.1 Quality of Life Measurement: How many Domains can and Should be Measured?......Page 2491
4.2 Conclusions......Page 2493
143......Page 2510
2.2 Measures......Page 2513
5.3 Factors Affecting HRQL in Children with CP......Page 2518
Summary Points......Page 2523
References......Page 2524
144......Page 2526
2.1 Conceptual Definitions of HRQL......Page 2528
2.2 Disease Specific and Generic Instruments to Measure HRQL......Page 2531
3.1 Problems with the Conceptual Definition of HRQL......Page 2534
3.2 Proxy Agreement......Page 2535
3.3 Developmental Concerns of HRQL......Page 2536
145......Page 2540
1.1 HRQOL from the Child\'s, the Adolescent\'s and the Parent\'s Perspective......Page 2542
1.2 Level of Agreement Between Child\'s Self-Report and the Parents\' Report on HRQOL......Page 2543
2.2 Subjects/Sample......Page 2545
2.4 Data Analysis......Page 2547
3.1 Mean Differences between Pre-Teenagers\' Self-Report and Mothers\' and Fathers\' Proxy-Report......Page 2548
3.2 Level of Agreement Between Pre-Teenagers\' Self-Report and Parents\' Proxy-Report......Page 2550
3.3 Mean Differences and Agreements Between Pre-Teenagers\' Self- Report and Single Parents\' and Dual Parents\' Proxy-Report......Page 2552
3.4 Mean Differences and Agreement Between Pre-Teenagers\' Self- Report and Parents\' Proxy-Report Based on the Gend......Page 2553
3.5 Discussion......Page 2555
146......Page 2560
2.2 (Disease) Specific Instruments......Page 2564
3.Summary of Effect of Interventions on HRQOL of Obese Children and Adolescents......Page 2567
3.1.2 Physiological Functioning......Page 2577
3.2.2 Self-Esteem......Page 2578
3.2.3 Eating Behavior......Page 2579
3.3.1 Peer Relationships......Page 2580
4.1 Physical Activity......Page 2581
4.2 Nutrition Counseling......Page 2582
4.4 Parent Involvement......Page 2583
5.2 Inpatient Intervention......Page 2584
148......Page 2594
7.3 The Measuring Instrument......Page 2602
7.4.2 Assessing Measurement Properties Using Structural Equation Modeling......Page 2603
7.4.3 Variations in QOL over a Six Month Period......Page 2604
7.5 Contribution to Adolescent QOL Research......Page 2606
7.6 Limitations......Page 2608
7.1 Student Questionnaire Surveys......Page 2618
8.1 First Year Student Health and Quality of Life- Cross Sectional Studies......Page 2619
9.2 Academic Performance......Page 2621
11.2 Self-Rated Psychological Health and General Health at Individual Level......Page 2623
11.3 Student Quality of Life in the First and the Final Year of Academic Life......Page 2624
11.4 Associations to Current Quality of Life in the Final Academic Year......Page 2625
Summary Points......Page 2629
Background......Page 2630
Lifestyle......Page 2631
Psychological Health......Page 2632
Quality of Life......Page 2633
References......Page 2634
150......Page 2636
Summary Points......Page 2687
12 Youth - Quality of Life Y-QOL......Page 2644
16 Duke Health Profile - Adolescent Version (DHP-A)......Page 2646
18 Child Health Questionnaire - Child Form (CHQ-CF)......Page 2647
References......Page 2648
1.1 Quality of Life......Page 2651
1.2.2 Issues with Menopause-Related HRQOL Instruments......Page 2652
2.1 Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Items (SF-36)......Page 2654
2.2 The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) Instrument......Page 2656
2.3 Utian QOL (UQOL) Instrument......Page 2657
2.3.1 Psychometric Properties......Page 2658
3.1 Greene Climacteric Scale......Page 2659
3.2 Women\'s Health Questionnaire (WHQ)......Page 2660
3.2.1 Psychometric Properties......Page 2661
3.3.1 Psychometric Properties......Page 2662
3.5 Revised MENQOL (MENQOL-Intervention) Questionnaire......Page 2663
3.6.1 Psychometric Properties......Page 2664
3.7 Menopausal Quality of Life Scale (MQOL)......Page 2665
3.8.1 Psychometric Properties......Page 2666
152......Page 2672
153......Page 2690
2.2 Health Status (HS) Measures......Page 2694
2.4 Vision-Specific Functional Status (VF)......Page 2695
2.5 Vision-Specific Individualized Quality of Life Measures......Page 2696
154......Page 2706
5.1 The Leipad......Page 2713
5.2 Casp-19......Page 2715
5.3 Multidimensional Quality of Life......Page 2716
155......Page 2724
1.1 Prevalence of Hearing Loss in the Elderly......Page 2725
156......Page 2732
3.2 Prevalence of Back Pain at Follow-Up......Page 2734
157......Page 2744
2.1 Quality of Life and Quality of Care......Page 2746
2.3 Self-Report Data......Page 2748
2.4 Proxy Data......Page 2749
3.3 Disease-Specific Quality of Life Measures......Page 2750
3.4 Quality of Life Measures Appropriate Across Disease Conditions......Page 2751
3.5 Quality of Care at the End of Life......Page 2754
4.1 Barriers to Hospice Care......Page 2756
158......Page 2762
2.2 Application of the GQOL-EC Questionnaire - A Joint Product of the Chinese Medical Association, the Elderly Medical A......Page 2766
2.3 Application of Foreign Quality of Life Measures and Related Instruments in Elderly Chinese......Page 2769
2.4 Evaluation of Indicators of Quality of Life in Elderly Chinese......Page 2770
2.5 Social Support of the Elderly in China......Page 2774
The Proposed Standard and Content on GQOL-EC (Draft)......Page 2776
1.1 Definition and Prevalence......Page 2783
1.2 Differential Diagnosis......Page 2784
2.1 Evaluation......Page 2786
2.2 Measurement......Page 2787
2.3 Short-Term Intensity Tools......Page 2788
2.5 Impact Tools......Page 2789
3.3 Measurement......Page 2793
4.1 Pulmonary Rehabilitation......Page 2795
4.2 Cardiac Rehabilitation......Page 2796
4.3.1 Self Management......Page 2797
160......Page 2802
4 Environmental Interventions and Asthma......Page 3134
161......Page 2816
2.1 Characteristics of Chronic Illness and Home Care......Page 2818
2.3 Problems in the Clinical Course of Elderly COPD......Page 2820
2.4 Home Care in Elderly COPD......Page 2822
3.2.1 Pathological Observations......Page 2824
3.2.2 Comorbidity of Osteoporosis......Page 2825
4.2.1 QOL Measures for COPD......Page 2826
4.2.2 QOL Measures for Elderly COPD......Page 2827
4.3 Cultural Background in Elderly COPD......Page 2829
5.1 Cooperation by Medical Teams......Page 2830
5.2 Factors Associated with QOL in Elderly COPD......Page 2832
162......Page 2836
2.1 TMZ Single Agent......Page 2841
2.2 TMZ in Combination with Other Chemotherapeutic Drugs......Page 2844
3.2 Other Drugs......Page 2845
4.1 Review of Literature......Page 2847
4.2 Original Data......Page 2848
163......Page 2852
3.1 The EORTC QLQ-OES18......Page 2855
3.3 The EORTC QLQ-OG25......Page 2856
3.5 Questionnaire Development and Item Reduction......Page 2857
3.8 Scoring Systems......Page 2859
3.9 Cross Cultural Application......Page 2861
164......Page 2866
1.1 Head and Neck Cancer (HNC)......Page 2867
3.1 HNC Specific HR-QOL Measures......Page 2870
4.1 Study Design......Page 2873
4.3.1 Prospective Studies......Page 2874
4.3.2 Cross-sectional Studies......Page 2875
6.1.1 Cancer Site and Stage......Page 2877
6.1.3 Radiotherapy......Page 2878
6.1.5 The Impact of Neck Dissection on HR-QOL......Page 2879
6.2.2 Age......Page 2880
6.2.5 Marital Status......Page 2881
165......Page 2886
3.2 Validation Studies......Page 2891
4.1 Surgical Treatment......Page 2893
4.2.2 Recent Studies......Page 2895
6.1 Psychological Distress......Page 2899
6.2 Symptoms......Page 2903
6.3 Sexual Functioning......Page 2906
Breast Cancer Treatment Options......Page 2908
166......Page 2914
References......Page 2929
167......Page 2932
3.1 Potential Advantages......Page 2935
3.4 Erectile Dysfunction......Page 2937
Myeloproliferative Disorders and the Chronic Leukemias: Symptom Burden and Impact in Quality of Life......Page 2944
1.1.1 Myeloproliferative Disorders......Page 2946
1.2.1 Short Term Therapeutic Plan......Page 2947
1.3 Chronic Leukemias and Why QOL Matters......Page 2948
4.2.1 Respondents Encompassed Full Range of MPD Clinical Characteristics......Page 2951
4.2.3 MPD Patients Suffer from Significant Fatigue Compared to Published Norms......Page 2952
4.2.5 Patients with Minimal \"Objective\" Manifestations of their MPDSuffer from Mild to Severe Fatigue......Page 2954
4.2.6 Fatigue Is a Major Problem in MPD Patients Despite Therapyand Normal Co-Morbidity Burden......Page 2955
4.3.1 Participant Demographics and Disease Characteristics......Page 2956
5.1 What Have We Learned from Our Patients?......Page 2957
5.2 How Should Symptoms and QOL Influence Treatment Decisionsin Patients with Chronic Leukemias?......Page 2958
Appendix......Page 2960
References......Page 2961
169......Page 2962
2.1 Cytokine Therapy......Page 2964
2.2.1 Multikinase Inhibitors......Page 2967
2.2.3 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors (mTOR)......Page 2968
3.2 Evaluation of Change in Symptom Response/QoL......Page 2969
4.1 Effects of Cytokine Therapy and Other Non-Targeted Agents on Quality of Life......Page 2971
4.2.1 Mutikinase Inhibitors......Page 2974
4.2.2 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors......Page 2976
170......Page 2980
171......Page 2992
2.2 Patients with Cancer......Page 2994
2.3 Caregivers......Page 2995
5.1 Psychometric Measures......Page 2998
6.2 The Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA)......Page 2999
6.3 Quality of Life in Life-Threatening Illness - Family Carer Version \r(QOLLTI-F)......Page 3000
6.5 The Caregiver Strain Index (CSI)......Page 3001
6.6 Bakas Caregiver Outcome Scale (BCOS)......Page 3002
172......Page 3004
Appendix 2: Physical Disability Stress Scale – Scoring Instructions......Page 3627
9.5 What is Following After the Patient\'s Discharge?......Page 3019
References......Page 3020
173......Page 3022
9 Compliance Issues......Page 3040
174......Page 3043
3.1 Reliability......Page 3045
4.1 Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36)......Page 3046
4.3 Euro-QOL 5D (EQ-5D)......Page 3048
5.2 Cardiovascular Limitations and Symptoms Profile (CLASP)......Page 3049
5.4 Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale (MIDAS)......Page 3050
5.7 Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)......Page 3051
Summary Points......Page 3741
175......Page 3055
10 QOL: The Impact of Rhythm Status......Page 3063
Summary Points......Page 3068
176......Page 3071
13.1 Physiological/Biological Factors (or Medical Characteristics)......Page 3081
13.2 Symptoms (Emotional and Cognitive Variables)......Page 3082
13.3 Individual Characteristics......Page 3083
13.4 Environmental Characteristics......Page 3085
14 Conclusions......Page 3086
177......Page 3091
2.1 Modes of Ventilation......Page 3093
2.2 Objectives and Indications of HMV......Page 3096
3.1 Effects of HMV on HRQL......Page 3097
3.2 HRQL Impairment in Ventilator-Assisted Individuals......Page 3098
4.1 HRQL Questionnaires Used for Patients with HMV......Page 3099
4.2 Condition-Specific Questionnaires for CRF and HMV......Page 3100
4.3 Validation Studies of SRI Questionnaire......Page 3102
4.4 Translations of SRI Questionnaire......Page 3103
5.1 Main Factors Related to Specific HRQL Measurements......Page 3104
5.2 Other Factors Related to HRQL......Page 3106
178......Page 3111
1.2 Asthma: Definition, Causes, and Course......Page 3113
1.4 Morbidity and Mortality......Page 3114
1.5 Financial Burden of Asthma......Page 3115
2.2 The Impact of Asthma Compared to Other Chronic Illnesses......Page 3117
2.3.1 Asthma Severity......Page 3118
2.3.3 Psychological Factors......Page 3119
2.4.3 Family Socioeconomic Status......Page 3120
3.1 Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ; Juniper et al., 1996)......Page 3121
3.2 Pediatric Quality of Life Asthma Module 4.0 (PedsQLTM4.0; Varni et al., 2004)......Page 3122
3.4 The Living with Asthma Questionnaire (LWAQ; Hyland et al., \r1991)......Page 3123
4.1 Medical Setting Interventions......Page 3124
4.3 In-Home Interventions......Page 3125
6.1 A Model......Page 3126
179......Page 3129
3.1 Asthma-Related Quality of Life (AQOL) Measures......Page 3133
Summary Points......Page 3591
180......Page 3141
2.1 Prevalence of COPD......Page 3142
2.2 Risk Factors of COPD......Page 3143
3.1 Gender-Specific Differences in Quality of Life Measures......Page 3144
3.2 Age and Quality of Life......Page 3145
4.2 Prospective Cohort Studies......Page 3146
4.4 Mechanisms Mediating the Effect of Pulmonary Function on QOL......Page 3147
5.1 Smoking Cessation......Page 3149
5.4 Community-Based Interventions......Page 3150
181......Page 3153
1.1 The Concept of Quality of Life......Page 3156
2.1 Measuring HRQL in ED with Generic Instruments......Page 3158
2.2 Measuring HRQL in ED Using Specific Instruments......Page 3159
2.3 Comparison Among the Four HRQL for EDs Created......Page 3162
3.1 Quantitative Studies About QL in EDs......Page 3165
3.2 Qualitative Studies About QL in EDs......Page 3167
3.4 QL of Carers of ED People......Page 3172
182......Page 3192
3.1 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 3195
3.2 Self-Esteem, Body Dissatisfaction and Depression......Page 3196
4.2 Pervasiveness of Stigma......Page 3197
4.3 Internalized Obesity Stigmatization......Page 3198
5.2 Psychosocial Correlates of Teasing......Page 3199
5.3 Teasing and Demographic Factors......Page 3200
5.4 Body Dissatisfaction and Extreme Dieting......Page 3201
5.5 Binge Eating......Page 3202
5.6 Psychosocial Correlates of Binge Eating......Page 3203
6.1 Surgical Procedures......Page 3204
6.4 Controversy regarding Adolescent Weight-Loss Surgery......Page 3205
6.5 Summary\r......Page 3209
183......Page 3214
2.2 Markers of Protein-Energy Malnutrition......Page 3217
3.2 Impaired Quality of Life in Chronic Kidney Disease: Causes and Consequences......Page 3219
3.4 The Level of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Quality of Life......Page 3220
3.7 Depression and Quality of Life......Page 3221
3.9 Malnutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease and Relationship to Quality of Life......Page 3222
184......Page 3226
3.1 The Development of Approaches for Assessing HRQOL......Page 3231
3.2 The SF36 Questionnaire and its Value in Predicting Morbidity and Mortality......Page 3234
3.3 The KDQOL Questionnaire and its Value in Predicting Morbidity and Mortality......Page 3235
4.1 Poor Nutritional Markers are Associated with Increased Risk of Death......Page 3236
4.3 Exercise and Nutritional Supplementation may have Positive Effects on Anabolism......Page 3237
5.2 The Potential Values of Growth Hormone in CHD Patients......Page 3238
185......Page 3244
2.2 Tumor Burden and Quality of Life......Page 3246
6.2 Symptom Induced Morbidity......Page 3251
6.3 Quality of Life......Page 3253
186......Page 3260
187......Page 3277
3.2 Life Satisfaction, Global Happiness and Improvements in Physical Health and Emotional Well-Being......Page 3289
3.3 Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36......Page 3290
3.5 HIV/AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life (HAT-QOL)......Page 3291
4.1 Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Health Care......Page 3292
4.1.2 Modeling Studies Assessing Cost or Cost Effectiveness of Health Care without Having Primary Cost Data......Page 3293
4.2 Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS on Households......Page 3295
188......Page 3299
6.1 Quality of Life Instruments in Adults with ITP......Page 3305
6.2 Quality of Life Instruments in Children with ITP......Page 3307
7.4 Fear of Serious Hemorrhage......Page 3310
7.6 Splenectomy......Page 3311
7.8 Family......Page 3312
189......Page 3315
1.2 How can Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Affect the Patient \'s Quality of Life?......Page 3320
1.4 Why is it Important to Measure Health-Related Quality of Life in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?......Page 3321
2.2 SLE-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3323
190......Page 3335
1.1 Disease Evaluation Measures......Page 3337
1.2 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 3338
1.3 Health-Related Quality of Life in SLE......Page 3340
2.1 Translation and Cultural Adaptation......Page 3341
2.4 Quality of life Assessment Tools......Page 3342
3.1 Social, Demographic and Clinical Data......Page 3343
3.3 Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Reliability......Page 3344
3.4 Validation......Page 3347
191......Page 3353
3.2 Effect of Comorbid Conditions on the Central Nervous System......Page 3364
3.3 Effect of Depression on the Central Nervous System......Page 3365
3.5 Health-Related Quality of Life and Severity of Liver Disease......Page 3369
3.6 Health-Related Quality of Life and Knowledge of HCV Diagnosis......Page 3374
3.9 Effects of Treatment-Induced Sustained Virological Response on Cognitive Function, Mood, and Health-Related Quality of Lif......Page 3375
5.3 Visual Analogue Scale/Patient Evaluation......Page 3401
6.1 Lectures......Page 3402
6.2 Group Therapy......Page 3403
6.7 Negative Comments of the Intervention......Page 3409
6.8 Other......Page 3410
194......Page 3415
1.1 Social Indicators......Page 3419
1.4 Positive Versus Negative QOL......Page 3420
1.5 Summary......Page 3421
2.1 Macro-Meso Linkages......Page 3422
2.2.2 Housing Dimensions......Page 3424
2.2.3 Extra-Housing Factors......Page 3426
3.1 Programs......Page 3427
3.1.1 Supported Housing for Homeless People with Mental Illness and/or Substance Abuse......Page 3428
3.1.2 Supportive Housing for People with Mental Illness......Page 3429
3.1.4 Housing Environment Strategies......Page 3430
3.2.1 The Erosion of Public Housing Policy in Canada and the U.S.......Page 3431
3.2.2 Housing Policy Advocacy......Page 3432
195......Page 3437
1.1 One Billion People Live in Slums......Page 3438
2.1 Definition of Slums......Page 3440
196......Page 3451
197......Page 3467
3.1 The Impact of Social Support on Quality of Life in Prisoners......Page 3470
5.2 The Effect of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Quality of Life in Prisoners......Page 3472
6.1 Long-Term Effects of Incarceration on Quality of Life in Prisoners......Page 3474
198......Page 3479
3.1.3 Intestinal Ostomies......Page 3483
3.2.1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 3484
3.2.3 Embarrassment......Page 3485
3.2.5 Mental Health Disorders Co-Occurrence......Page 3486
4.3 Education Level......Page 3487
5.1 Generic Measures......Page 3488
5.2 Veterans with Specific Diseases......Page 3489
Summary Points......Page 4030
199......Page 3493
7.2 QOL Measures......Page 3499
Scoring......Page 3502
7.4 Gender Differences......Page 3503
7.5 Summary of Review......Page 3507
References......Page 3509
200......Page 3511
3.3.3 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)......Page 3516
3.4.2 Renal Transplant Patients......Page 3517
3.7 Mental Disorders......Page 3518
5.2.1 Schizophrenia......Page 3519
5.4.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)......Page 3520
6.1 Males: Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and HRQOL......Page 3521
6.2 Females: Sexual Dysfunction and HRQOL......Page 3522
9 Sexual Fear and HRQOL......Page 3523
References......Page 3526
201......Page 3529
202......Page 3543
203......Page 3555
204......Page 3565
4.1 Concepts of QOL......Page 3571
4.2 QOL in ALS Patients......Page 3572
4.3 QOL and Care Burden in Caregivers......Page 3577
5.1 Patients......Page 3579
5.2 Caregivers......Page 3586
205......Page 3595
3.2 The Prevalence of Depression and its Risk Factors in Taiwan\'s Police Officers......Page 3599
3.4 Police Officers\' Mental Health Promotion and Suicide Prevention in Taiwan......Page 3602
3.4.1 Mental Health Promotion in Kaohsiung, Taiwan......Page 3605
206......Page 3611
3.1 Studies in Epidemiologic Samples......Page 3615
3.2 Studies in Clinical Samples......Page 3616
207......Page 3633
3.1 Patients......Page 3639
208......Page 3645
3.1 Anxiety Comorbidity......Page 3648
3.2 Substance Use Disorders Comorbidity......Page 3649
3.4 Medical Comorbidity......Page 3650
4.1 Cognition in Bipolar Disorder......Page 3651
4.2 Cognition and Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder......Page 3652
4.3 Cognitive Domains and Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder......Page 3653
4.4 Possible Implications......Page 3654
209......Page 3661
5.1 Reliability......Page 3666
5.3 Precision......Page 3667
6.2 Schizophrenia Specific QOL Scales......Page 3669
210......Page 3679
1.2 Definition and Prevalence of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)......Page 3681
1.3 Co-Existent Behavioral or Psychiatric Disorders in AS/HFA......Page 3683
1.4 Parenting a Child with a Disability, Included the Disabilities AS or HFA......Page 3685
2.1 Parental \"Burden of Care\"......Page 3686
2.1.1 Measures of Parental \"Burden of Care\"......Page 3688
2.2 Parental Coping as an Adaptation to Stress......Page 3690
2.2.3 Positive Dimensions of Parenting......Page 3691
2.3.1 The Relationship Between Parental Health and Child Characteristics......Page 3692
2.3.2 Longitudinal Data on Parental Health......Page 3693
2.3.3 The Relationship Between Parental Health and Parental Characteristics......Page 3694
212......Page 3711
2.3 QOL and Functioning......Page 3714
3.2 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY)......Page 3715
4.1 Child Self-Report and Parent-Proxy Report......Page 3716
6.1 Reliability......Page 3717
6.4 Conceptual Underpinnings......Page 3718
8.1 Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ)......Page 3719
9.1 Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children (CP QOL- Child)......Page 3721
9.4 Disabkids - CP Module......Page 3722
References......Page 3723
213......Page 3725
5.1 Disease-Specific Quality of Life Measurement......Page 3730
5.1.2 Generic Quality of Life Measures, Subcategory Health Profiles......Page 3732
5.2 Generic Quality of Life Measures, Subcategory Utility Measures......Page 3733
5.3 Generic Quality of Life Measures and Their Use and Relevance in Dementia......Page 3736
6.2 Minimal Important Difference......Page 3737
214......Page 3745
2.1.1 Cigarette......Page 3746
2.2.4 Heroin......Page 3747
2.4 Studies in Which Different Substances Have Been Enrolled......Page 3748
10.1 Study Differences......Page 3751
10.1.1 Different QOL Measures Have Been Used......Page 3752
References......Page 3758
215......Page 3759
9 Conclusion......Page 3778
216......Page 3781
3.2 Audit......Page 3787
3.3 Fast......Page 3789
3.5 Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ)......Page 3790
4.1 Generic or Specific Measures?......Page 3791
4.2.1 Short-Form Thirty Six (SF-36)......Page 3792
4.2.2 Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)......Page 3793
4.2.3 EuroQOL (EQ-5D)......Page 3794
4.2.4 WHOQOL......Page 3795
6.1 Application of This Chapter Across Other Disease States......Page 3798
217......Page 3801
1.1 Diagnostic Characteristics......Page 3803
1.3 Health-Related Effects of Pathological Alcohol Use......Page 3804
1.3.3 Social Well-Being......Page 3805
1.5.1 Psychiatric Symptoms......Page 3806
1.5.3 Common and Rare Symptoms......Page 3807
2.2.1 Generic and Disease-Specific QoL......Page 3808
2.3.1 Lower Level of QoL......Page 3809
2.3.2 Areas of QoL Deficits......Page 3810
2.5.1 QoL in Detoxification......Page 3811
2.5.2 Tracking down QoL Changes......Page 3812
2.6.1 Generic QoL Instruments in Alcohol Dependence......Page 3813
2.6.2 Other Tools in Alcohol Dependence......Page 3814
2.7 Patient-Reported Outcomes Using QoL Measurements......Page 3817
2.7.2 Self-Reported QoL Changes Following Detoxification......Page 3818
2.8 Quality of Life Measurements in Rehabilitation Programs......Page 3819
218......Page 3823
2.1 Instruments......Page 3825
2.2 Multiattribute Utility Scales......Page 3826
2.3 Predictors of QOL (see Table 218-4)......Page 3827
2.3.1 Clinical Predictors (Phenotype, Disease Duration, Disability, Depression, Fatigue, Cognitive Impairment, Bladder Dysfunc......Page 3828
2.3.2 Socio-Demographic Predictors (Age, Gender, Employment Status, Education Level)......Page 3831
2.3.4 Disease Modifying Drugs (DMDs) and QOL (see Table 218-5)......Page 3832
2.3.5 Rehabilitation and QOL (see Table 218-6)......Page 3833
2.3.6 Caregiver and QOL......Page 3834
219......Page 3839
3.1 Condition Specific QOL Assessment......Page 3842
3.2 Generic QOL Assessment......Page 3845
3.4 Individualized QOL Assessment......Page 3847
220......Page 3851
221......Page 3863
7.1 Original Data......Page 3868
7.2 Sf-36......Page 3869
7.3 Sleep and Depression......Page 3870
222......Page 3877
2.1 SF-36......Page 3881
2.2 WHODAS II......Page 3882
References......Page 3889
223......Page 3891
224......Page 3905
2.3 Preliminary Work for the Videotaped Materials......Page 3911
2.5 Statistics......Page 3912
2.6.1 The Whoqol-Bref......Page 3913
2.6.3 The BSI......Page 3914
2.Summary - Discussion......Page 3915
3.2 Results......Page 3916
3.4 Discussion......Page 3919
225......Page 3925
1.1 The Cochlear Implant......Page 3944
1.2 Quality of Life Instruments and Cochlear Implantation......Page 3945
1.2.1 The Assessment of Mainstream Performance (AMP)......Page 3946
1.2.2 The Glasgow (Children\'s) Benefit Inventory (G(C)BI)......Page 3949
1.2.3 The Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (NCIQ)......Page 3950
1.2.4 Parental Perspectives (PP)......Page 3951
1.2.5 The Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER)......Page 3952
1.2.6 Generic Instruments......Page 3953
227......Page 3959
3.1 Instruments Review......Page 3963
3.2 Studies......Page 3965
228......Page 3971
2.1 The Concept of Health......Page 3973
2.3 The Concept of Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 3974
3.2 The Domains or Dimensions of Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 3975
4.1 Generic Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3977
4.1.1 Adult Generic Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3978
4.1.2 Pediatric Generic Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3979
4.2 Condition-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3980
4.2.3 Acute Pain Condition-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3981
4.3 Preference-Based Health-Related Quality of Life Measures......Page 3982
229......Page 3987
1.1 Definition......Page 3989
2.1 Background......Page 3990
3.1 Pain and Gender......Page 3992
3.3.4 Dyspareunia......Page 3993
3.4.1 Consequences of Pain in Children and Adolescents......Page 3994
4.3 Malignant Pain......Page 3996
4.5.3 Quality of Life Change Following Analgesic Use......Page 3997
4.7 Coping and Quality of Life......Page 3998
4.8.1 Background......Page 3999
4.8.3 Pain-Related Factors......Page 4000
7.2 Chronic Pain Condition-Specific HRQOL Measures......Page 4002
230......Page 4009
3.1 General Findings......Page 4036
3.3 Instruments Used to Assess Quality of Life in Low Back Pain......Page 4037
4.2 Rehabilitation Programs......Page 4038
4.4 Surgical Treatments......Page 4042
5.1 Acute and Sub-Acute Low Back Pain......Page 4043
5.2 Chronic Low Back Pain......Page 4044
233......Page 4049
4.1 Long-Term Quality of Life in PMR......Page 4054
6.1 Measures of Process and Adherence to Guidelines......Page 4064
2.1 Identification of Relevant Studies......Page 4070
3.1.1 Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments......Page 4071
3.1.2 Health Status in Parkinson\'s Disease Patients......Page 4072
3.2.1 Drug Treatment......Page 4075
3.2.2 Surgical Treatment......Page 4078
4.1 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)......Page 4079
4.3 Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)......Page 4080
6.1.2 Disease-Specific Rating Scales......Page 4082
6.2 Health Status in Restless Legs Syndrome Patients......Page 4083
235......Page 4089
2.1 Generic QOL Analysis in LLI......Page 4091
2.2 Generic QOL Index Instruments......Page 4092
2.3 Generic QOL Profile Instruments......Page 4095
2.4 Disease Specific QOL Analysis in LLI......Page 4099
236......Page 4107
3.1 Definitions......Page 4109
3.3 The Caregivers Crisis......Page 4110
3.4 Impact of Disease on the Quality of Life of Caregivers......Page 4111
3.5.1 Definition of the Caregiver Burden Scale (CB Scale)......Page 4114
3.6 Primary Caregivers of Rheumatic Patients in Brazil......Page 4115
237......Page 4125
3.1 Evolving Therapeutic Options and their Limits......Page 4128
3.3 Surgical Versus Conservative Treatment in Patients with Lumbar Disc Disease......Page 4129
5.2 General Health Assessment Instruments......Page 4131
6.1 Impact of Lumbar Disc Disease on a Condition-Specific Assessment Instrument (NASS Instrument)......Page 4132
6.2 Impact of Lumbar Disc Disease on a General Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (SF-36)......Page 4134
238......Page 4141
1.2 Activity and Participation Restriction......Page 4143
1.3 Environmental Factors......Page 4144
5.1 Instrument Development......Page 4147
5.2 Validity Testing of the PDSS......Page 4148
5.3 Recommendations for Future Clinical and Research Use......Page 4151
Interpretation......Page 4154
239......Page 4157
1.1 What Is Menopause?......Page 4158
1.3 Hormone Replacement Therapy......Page 4159
1.4 The Case for Exercise......Page 4160
3.1 Associations Between Exercise and Menopausal Symptoms......Page 4162
4.2 Randomized Controlled Trials of Menopausal-Aged Women......Page 4166
4.4 Nonrandomized Controlled Trials of Menopausal-Aged Women......Page 4167
4.5 EvidencSummary......Page 4168
240......Page 4173
2.1 Exercise Tolerance......Page 4176
2.2.2 Measurement Tools......Page 4178
3.1 Measurement Tools......Page 4180
3.3 Relationship Between Functional Activity or Physical Activity and HRQOL......Page 4181
4.2 Does Exercise Training Improve Exercise Tolerance?......Page 4182
4.5 Does Exercise Training Improve HRQOL?......Page 4183
Index......Page 4187