Handbook of Child Maltreatment

Introduction from the First Edition
	References
Introduction
	Reference
Contents
About the Editors
Associate Editors
Editorial Assistant
Part I: Child Maltreatment: What Is It?
	Chapter 1: Trends in Child Abuse Reporting
		Introduction
		Referrals to CPS and CPS Responses: Evidence from NCANDS
		Incidence of Maltreatment and CPS Investigation Rates: Evidence from NIS
		Nonreporting by Mandated Reporters
		Current Trends in Reporting
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 2: Recent Research on Child Neglect
		The Historical ``Neglect of Neglect´´ and Recent Advances
		Definitions of Child Neglect
			Conceptual Considerations
			The Heterogeneity and Dimensions of Neglect
		Measurement and Assessment
		Incidence and Prevalence of Child Neglect
		The Etiology of Neglect
			Societal/Community Context
			Family Context
			Parent Factors
			Child Factors
			Summary of Etiology
		Consequences of Child Neglect
			Cognitive
			Mental Health
			Physical Health
			Biological
		Prevention and Intervention Regarding Neglect
			Societal/System Level Prevention
			Family-Focused Prevention
		Summary and Conclusion
		Key Points Related to Recent Research on Child Neglect
		References
	Chapter 3: Current Issues in Physical Abuse
		Introduction
		Definitions
		History
		Epidemiology
			Administrative Data
			Other Samples
			Fatal Abuse
		Impact and Costs
		Diagnosis
			Skin Lesions
			Fractures
			Head Trauma
			Other Injuries
			Fatality
		Screening in Health Care Settings
		Bias in Diagnosis
		Preventing Physical Abuse
			Parent Education
			Improving Professional Practice
			Multidisciplinary Teams
			Economic Support
		Summary and Future Research
		References
	Chapter 4: Psychological Maltreatment: A Threat to Children Not to Be Ignored
		The State of Knowledge for Psychological Maltreatment
			Nature, Definition and Forms of Psychological Maltreatment
			Psychological Maltreatment Risk Factors
			Prevalence
			Harm and Potential for Harm
			Psychological Treatment Interventions
		Child Psychological Maltreatment Summit
			Historical Context, Purpose and Priorities
			Summit Structure and Processes
			Summit Recommendations and Related Progress Toward Advances
				Common Vision
				Recommended Actions
		Priorities for Advances and Suggested Paths Toward Achievement
			Definition, Standards and Laws
			Norms, Indicators and Measures of Adversity, Safety and Well-Being
			Education and Training
			School Community Policy
			Discrimination, Bias and Prejudice
			Child Participation and Agency
		Concluding Comments
		Child Psychological Summit Priorities for Major Intervention Themes
			Children´s Voices and Cross-Cutting Issues
			Definitions, Laws and Standards
			Healthy Child Development
			Social Norms
			Public Health Approach
			Interventions (Risk, Occurrence and Harm)
			Education, Training and Learning
		References
	Chapter 5: Child Sexual Abuse: Progress Report on Current State of the Art and the Challenges for the Future
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 6: Child Trafficking and Exploitation
		Introduction
			Definitions and Prevalence
			Dynamics of Trafficking/Exploitation
		Risk Factors
		Health Impact
			Physical Health
			Mental Health
		Clinical Presentation
		Screening and Universal Education and Resources
		The Trauma-Informed Approach to Patient Interaction
			Box 6.1 Critical child rights in the healthcare setting
			Box 6.2 Components of a Comprehensive Examination and Diagnostic Evaluation of Trafficked and At-Risk Patients (Greenbaum and ...
		Referrals and Reports
		Documentation
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Fatal Child Abuse
		Background and History
		Epidemiology of Fatal Child Maltreatment
		Child Death Evaluation
		Ideal Process for Child Death Investigation
		Child Fatality Review Teams
		Causes of Fatal Child Abuse Deaths
			Abusive Head Trauma
			Fatal Munchausen´s Syndrome by Proxy
			Suffocation vs SIDS
			Fatal Poisoning
			Fatal Neglect
		Prevention
		References
	Chapter 8: Dealing with Child Maltreatment Through Child Participation
		Introduction
		Child Maltreatment
		Children´s Rights
		Children´s Participation
			Participation as a Right
			The Importance of Participation
			Participation in Cases of Risk
			Challenge in Children Participation
		Child Participation to Enhance Dealing with Child Maltreatment
			Prevention: Individual Cases and the Phenomenon at Large
			Identification: Defining and Identifying child Maltreatment
			Protection and Care Procedures: Participation in Decision- and Policy-Making
			Treatment: Involvement in Treatment and Shaping Services
			Empowerment: Children as Individuals and as a Group
		Summary
		References
Part II: Child Maltreatment: What Are the Risks, Causes, and Consequences?
	Chapter 9: Neurobiological Consequences of Neglect and Abuse
		Neurobiological Consequences of Neglect and Abuse
		Characterizing Maltreatment
		HPA Axis and Biological Regulation
		Amygdala, Emotion Processing, and Anxiety
		Hippocampus, Learning, and Memory
		Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Functions, and ADHD
		Corpus Callosum, White Matter Tracts, and Cortical Differentiation
		Effects of Maltreatment on Broader Neural Networks
		Neurobiological Plasticity and Interventions
			Diurnal Cortisol Regulation
			EEG and ERP
			Functional and Structural Brain Imaging
			Addressing Methodological Challenges in Future Research
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 10: The Causes and Consequences of Racial Disproportionality and Disparities
		Introduction
		Defining and Identifying Disproportionality and Disparities
			Disproportionality
			Disparity
		Early Understandings of Racial Disproportionality and Disparities
		External Factors: The Role of Racism in Creating Risk for Maltreatment
			Historical Overview of Racism Against Black Families
			Racism and Poverty
			Racism, Health, and Stress
			Racism and Geographic Contexts
		Internal Factors: Racism and Racial Bias in Child Welfare Systems
			Institutional Racism and the Child Welfare System
			Racial Bias in Child Welfare Decision-Making
		The Consequences of Racial Disproportionality and Disparities
			Individual Consequences of Racial Disparities
			Intersectionality and the Life Course Perspective
			Black Children in Foster Care Placement
		Community Consequences of Racial Disparities
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Poverty and Child Maltreatment
		Introduction
		Poverty
		Defining and Measuring Child Maltreatment
		A Brief History of Child Maltreatment and Poverty
		National and State Level Longitudinal Studies of Poverty and Maltreatment
		Poverty and Child Maltreatment: Frameworks, Theories and Findings
		Neighborhoods, Poverty and Child Maltreatment
		Poverty, Race and CPS
		Maltreatment, Poverty and Immigrants
		Macro Level Effects
		Child Welfare Services and Poverty
		Child Welfare Policy and Poverty
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 12: Substance Use and Child Maltreatment: Providing a Framework for Understanding the Relationship Using Current Evide...
		Introduction
		Availability of Alcohol and Drugs
			Availability of Alcohol
			Ecological Studies
			Multilevel Studies
			Availability of Illicit Drugs
		Drug-Specific Risk for Child Harm and Contexts
			Alcohol Use and Contexts
			Marijuana-Specific Risks
			Opioids
			Stimulants
			Sedative-Hypnotics
			Polysubstance Use
		Implications for Practice, Policy, and Research
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: Social Networks and Child Maltreatment
		What Are Social Networks? Why Are They Important?
		What Is social support? When Does it Contribute to Preventing Child Maltreatment?
		Distinguishing Informal from Formal Social Networks
		The Potential Value, and Risks, of Online Social Networks
		Concluding Comments
		References
	Chapter 14: Rural and Urban Child Maltreatment Considerations in the United States
		Introduction
		Child Maltreatment Rates in Urban versus Rural Areas
		Community Characteristics Related to Maltreatment in Urban Areas
			Structural Characteristics
			Neighborhood Social Processes
			Redlining
			Unique Aspects of Rural Areas That May Affect Relations Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Maltreatment
		Challenges in Researching Rural Child Maltreatment
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Child Maltreatment and Disabilities: Increased Risk?
		Introduction
		Background
			Conceptual Models
		Stress
		Poverty
			Discipline and Corporal Punishment
		Epidemiology
			National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System
			NCCAN 1993 Report
			Nebraska Studies
			2008 National Survey of Children´s Exposure to Violence
			The Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4) Report to Congress
			Texas Population-Based Birth Defect Study
		Policy and Research Issues
		References
	Chapter 16: Addressing Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment: Challenges and Opportunities
		Childhood Exposure to IPV
		Health Consequences for Victims of Family Violence
		Sensitive Development Periods and Periods of Unique Vulnerability to IPV
		Co-occurrence of IPV and Child Maltreatment
		Barriers to Help Seeking
		Post Separation Abuse
		Risk Factors for Family Violence
		Historical and Structural Contexts of Family Violence and Family Separation
		Prevalence Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups
		Cultural Considerations
		Intergenerational Transmission
		Empirical Evidence of IGT
		ACE Study
		Limitations of Existing Research
		Policy Implications
		References
	Chapter 17: Revisiting a Multidimensional Model of Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment
		A Multidimensional View of Continuity
		A Multidimensional View of Child Maltreatment
		A Multidimensional View of IGTM Phenomenology
			Homotypic and Heterotypic IGTM
			Undifferentiated IGTM
		A Multidimensional View of IGTM Etiology
			Subtype-Specific IGTM Mechanisms
			Subtype-General IGTM Mechanisms
		Future Directions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 18: Longterm Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
		Introduction
		Cascade of Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
			Cognitive and Academic Performance Outcomes
			Social and Behavioral Consequences
			Mental Health Outcomes
			Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse and Neglect
			Medical and Physical Health Consequences
		Resilience and Protective Factors
		Importance of Contextual Factors
		Challenges and Controversies
		What are the GAPS?
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 19: Silenced No More! It´s Time We Talk About Abuse and Neglect: It´s the Way to EndCAN
		A Field Built from Love
		It Is Possible
		References
		Disruption Paper Citations
Child Maltreatment: What Can and Should We Do About It?
	Chapter 20: Sustaining Progress in Preventing Child Maltreatment: A Transformative Challenge
		Introduction
		Key Accomplishments
			Early Childhood Still Matters
			Investing in Evidence-Based Programs
			Understanding Program Replication and Expansion
			Building Integrated Systems of Care
		The COVID Challenge and Opportunity
			Build a Universal Foundation
			Foster Child Protection and Prevention Partnerships
			Shift Emphasis from Strategies to Policies
		Prevention Strategies for the Twenty-First Century
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: The Alberta Family Wellness Initiative: Catalyzing Positive Change Based on Brain Story Understanding and Document...
		Introduction
		The Alberta Family Wellness Initiative (AFWI): A Brief Overview
			The Brain Story and the AFWI Theory of Change
				Box 21.1 The Brain Story (Harvard, 2014)
			Two Examples of Innovative AFWI Projects
				The Brain Story Certification Course: Scaling Access to the Standard of Knowledge
				The Resilience Scale Metaphor Project: Applying the Brain Story in Practice
		The Difference the Brain Story Can Make: Contributing to the Evidence Base
			A Solid Foundation
			Alberta Family Wellness Initiative Developmental Evaluation 2019-2020
				Evaluation Methods
				Changes as a Result of AFWI´s Work and the Brain Story Knowledge
					Individual Changes
					Organizational Changes
					Systems Change
						Box 21.2 System Leadership Example: Alberta Children´s Services (Tilghman et al., 2020)
					Collaboration Outside Alberta
						Box 21.3 Blackpool Better Start: The Universal Relevance of the Brain Story (Tilghman et al., 2020)
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 22: Core Components of Public Health Approaches to Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect
		Introduction
		History of Child Protection
			Failures and Challenges of Child Protection Systems
		Core Components of Public Health Approaches
			Prevention and Early Intervention Using the Public Health Model
			Six Components of a Public Health Approach to Child Maltreatment Prevention
				Component 1: What to Focus On
				Component 2: Who to Intervene With
				Component 3: When to Intervene
				Component 4: What Works: Efficacious, Evidence-based Approaches
				Component 5: Where to Base the Delivery of Supports and Interventions
				Component 6: What Brings About Change at Scale
		The Reform Roadmap: How Do We Get There?
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Community-Level Prevention of Child Maltreatment
		Theoretical Foundation
		Community-Level Programs to Prevent Child Maltreatment
			Examples of Community-Level Programs
		Defining a Community-Level Approach
		Challenge: Building Relationships with Communities
		Challenge: Working with Culturally Diverse Communities
		Challenge: Barriers
		Challenge: Sustainability
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		Contextual Note
		References
	Chapter 24: Strong Communities for Children: A Community-Wide Approach to Prevention of Child Maltreatment
		The Advisory Board´s Recommendations
			Response to the Advisory Board´s Recommendations
		Strong Communities for Children
			The Logic Model
			Strategies for Engagement
		Results
		Strong Communities in Israel
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 25: Trauma-Informed Care for Maltreated Children: Evidence-Based Treatments from a Developmental Perspective
		Trauma-Informed Care
		Cultural and Racial Equity
		Interventions
		Interventions for Infants and Young Children
			Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adaptations
				Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
			Incredible Years (IY)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
			Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
			The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program (Triple-P)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
		Brief Interventions for Infants and Young Children
			Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
			Parent-Child Care (PC-CARE)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustment to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
			Promoting First Relationships (PFR)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Cultural and Racial Equity
		Interventions for Middle Childhood
			Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
			Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
			Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention
				Guiding Principles
				Goals for Treatment
				Strategies to Achieve Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
		Interventions for Adolescents
			Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
			Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN)
				Guiding Principles
				Goals of Treatment
				Strategies for Achieving Goals/Procedures
				Trauma-Specific Adjustments
				Adjustments to Improve Racial and Cultural Equity
		Policy Considerations
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 26: Foster Care and Child Well-Being
		Foster Care and Child Well-Being
			Foster Care and Child Welfare Legislation in the United States: A Brief History
			Who Are the Children in Foster Care?
			A Trauma-Informed Framework for Child and Youth Well-Being
			Well-Being Outcomes, Service Utilization, and Associated Costs for Youth in Foster Care
			Evidence-Based Interventions Designed Specifically for Youth in Foster Care
				Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Interventions for Youth in Foster Care
				Educational Interventions
				Independent Living Programs
		Summary of Interventions for Foster Youth
			Challenges to Adapting Existing Evidence-Based Programs for Youth in Foster Care
			Adaptations of Evidence-Based Programs for use with Children in Foster Care
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 27: Siblings in the Context of Child Abuse: Where Should We Go from Here?
		Why Siblings?
			Siblings and Individual Development
			The Effects of Child Abuse on the Sibling Subsystem
			Future Research Directions
		Policies and Interventions
			Policies
			Therapeutic Interventions
				After-Placement Interventions
				Sibling Subsystem Interventions following Parental Abuse
				Interventions Targeting Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Abuse within the Subsystem
		Conclusions and Implications for Research and Policy
		References
	Chapter 28: Engaging Nonoffending Mothers of Sexually Abused Children
		Caregiver Response to Abuse Disclosure
		Mothers´ Culpability
		Support/Belief of Child
		History of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Parenting
		Impact of Mother´s Own History of Sexual Abuse
		Reaction to Disclosure
		How to Support Caregivers
		Conclusion
		Theoretical Implications
		Research Implications
		Practice Implications
		Policy Implications
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 29: Protecting LGBTQ+ Children and Youth
		Introduction
		A Review of the Literature
		An Overview of the Child Protection Issues for LGBTQ+ Youth
		Welcome to New York
		``You Don´t Know What I´ve Been Through´´
		The Neglect of LGBTQ+ Youth by Families
		A ``Different´´ Child
		Toughening Up
		``Setting Them Straight´´
		Hungry and Homeless
		``Ya´ll Can Take Him With You´´
		Invisible
		Abuse of LGBTQ+ Youth
		Physical Abuse
			Robert´s Physical Abuse
		Maliyah´s Physical Abuse
		Kayden´s Physical Abuse
		Emotional Abuse
		``Hey sissy boy!´´
		``Less Of A Human Being´´
		Sexual Abuse
		Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect
		``It´s Just Hairspray´´
		Family Support as a Possible Antidote to Child Maltreatment
		Implications for Practice and Policy Changes
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 30: Beyond Investigations: Differential Response in Child Protective Services
		Development and Evolution of Differential Response in Child Protective Services
			Traditional Child Protective Service Systems
			Development and Proliferation of Differential Response in Child Protective Services
			Core Elements of Differential Response Child Protection Systems
			Variations in Differential Response Child Protection Systems
				Eligibility Criteria for Family Assessment Response
				Initial Response Determinations
				Staffing
				Assessment and Service Provision
		Evaluation of Differential Response Systems
			Family Engagement
			Service Provision
			Child Safety
			Child and Family Well-Being
		Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 31: Decisions to Protect Children: A Decision-Making Ecology
		Introduction
		Decision Making Ecology Framework
		The Psychological Process of Decision-Making: The General Assessment and Decision Making Model (GADM)
		Decision Making Practice
		Understanding and Prediction
		Applications: The DME and Thresholds along the Continuum
		Applications: The DME and Outcomes
		Applications: Training in Threshold Placement and Threshold Differences
		Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 32: Using Public Health Law and Legal Epidemiology to Respond to Child Maltreatment
		Introduction
		Origin, Theory and Strategies of Public Health
			Origin of Public Health
			Theory of Public Health
			Strategies of Public Health
		The Expansion of Public Health: Emerging Status as a Human Right, and Application to Contexts of Personal Violence and Child A...
			Health as a Human Right
			The Emergence of Violence Against Children as a Public Health Concern
			Responding to Child Maltreatment as a Public Health Concern
		Public Health Law
			Seven Broad Types of Legal Measures
			Public Health Law Responses to National Issues
			Public Health Law and International and Global Issues; Legal Determinants of Health
		Public Health Law Research: Legal Epidemiology
			An Example of a Program of Legal Epidemiological Research: Mandatory Reporting Laws
		Tensions and Challenges in Using Public Health, Public Health Law and Legal Epidemiology to Respond to Child Maltreatment
			The Duty of the State
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 33: Judicial Issues in Child Maltreatment
		Introduction
		Legislative Initiatives Impacting Juvenile Dependency Court
		Current Issues
			Extension of Dependency Court Jurisdiction Beyond Age 18
			Trauma-Informed Courts
			Substance Abuse and Family Drug Treatment Courts
			Family Time (Visitation)
			Relative Placement and Family Finding
				Point in Time Data
			Reasonable Efforts
			High Quality Legal Representation in Dependency Cases
			The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)
			Engaging Fathers in the Dependency Process
			Psychotropic Medications and Children in Care
		Conclusion
		Resolution Regarding Judicial Oversight of Psychotropic Medications for Children Under Court Jurisdiction
		Definition of Active Efforts: Federal Regulations
			§ 23.2 Definitions
		A Judicial Checklist Regarding Engaging Fathers In Dependency Cases
	Chapter 34: Law Enforcement´s Evolving Mission to Protect Children: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective Years Later
		Introduction
		Best Practices
		Child Abuse Is Global
			Emerging Practices
			Forensic Medical Evaluations
		Facing the Future
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 35: Beyond CPS: Building a System to Protect the Safety and Basic Development of Children Experiencing Problematic Par...
		Introduction
		Choosing Outcomes for Parenting Policies
			Protecting Children´s Current Physical Safety and Mental Health
			Protecting Children´s Basic Emotional and Social Development Over Time
		Scope of Problem Parenting
		Alternatives for Responding to Problem Parenting
			The Proper Role of CPS: Responding to Imminent Threats to Safety
				Other Forms of Harm
				Situations Involving Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence
		Current Alternatives to CPS for Addressing Problem Parenting
			Differential Response
			Community-Based Programs Focused on Higher-Risk Parents and Children
		Developing a New System
		Prevention Plus Assessment, Referral, and Treatment: An Integrated System
			Children 0-3
			Older Children
		Moving Forward: Core Issues
		Funding Services, Universal v. Targeted
		Multiple Models v. Limited Number of Evidence Based Programs
		Coordination Across Agencies
		Engaging Parents
		Community Engagement/Control
		Legal Changes
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Child Maltreatment: What Is a Global Perspective?
	Chapter 36: Child Maltreatment as a Problem in International Law
		Child Maltreatment as a Problem in International Law
		The International Framework for Protecting Children
		Challenges in Protecting Children Through International Law
			The Scope of the Right to Protection
			A Reluctance to Intrude into the Family
			Conflicts with Culture
			International Law Applies to Governments, Not Individuals
		Rethinking Child Protection
			Positive Right to Protection
			A Focus on Prevention
		Conclusion
		Appendix 1
			Selected Provisions of Key Human Rights Documents
		References
	Chapter 37: Child Maltreatment and Global Health: Biocultural Perspectives
		Cultural and Biocultural Approaches
			Definitions of Culture
			Biocultural Approaches
		Biological Factors in Culture and Child Maltreatment
			Sex and Maltreatment
			Disabilities, Epilepsy, and Neglect in Low-Income Countries
			HIV, Malnutrition, and Other Biological Risk Factors
		Sequelae of Child Maltreatment in Cross-Cultural Context
			Health Consequences of Other Cultural Practices
		Macro-cultural Context
			Maltreatment of Girls in South Asia
			Global Poverty and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
			Corporal Punishment and Mental Health
			Alleviation of Profound Stress Through Biomarker Measurement in Jordan
		Conclusion
		References