Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function

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Table of Contents......Page 3
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Introduction......Page 16
Overview of basal ganglia organization......Page 17
The corticostriatal system......Page 19
Striatum......Page 21
Output systems of the striatum......Page 25
Basal ganglia output nuclei: internal segment of globus pallidus and substantia nigra......Page 30
The nigrostriatal dopamine system......Page 32
Striatal patch-matrix compartments......Page 34
Introduction......Page 42
Basal Ganglia in Anamniotes......Page 44
Basal Ganglia in Amniotes......Page 54
Acknowledgments......Page 63
Introduction......Page 76
Projection neurons within the different nuclei of the basal ganglia......Page 79
Interneurons Within the Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia......Page 80
Absolute numbers of neurons in the basal ganglia: functional implications......Page 81
Glial cell types within the different nuclei......Page 83
Conclusions: the past and the next 10–15 years......Page 84
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 88
Ionotropic Receptors......Page 93
Metabotropic Receptors......Page 97
Conclusions......Page 103
References......Page 104
The striatal medium spiny neuron......Page 110
Anatomical connectivity of the striatal skeleton......Page 116
Synaptic Physiology of Lateral Interactions......Page 118
Functional implications, models and outlook......Page 119
References......Page 120
Introduction......Page 124
Modulation of intrinsic excitability and glutamatergic signaling by D1 receptors......Page 125
Dopaminergic modulation of long-term synaptic plasticity......Page 128
Dopaminergic modulation of glutamatergic signaling in parkinson’s disease......Page 135
Concluding remarks......Page 139
References......Page 140
Introduction......Page 144
Autonomous firing patterns in cholinergic interneurons......Page 146
Influence of the cholinergic interneurons on the striatal network......Page 151
The cholinergic interneurons are the tonically active neurons of the striatum......Page 154
Summary and conclusions......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 161
Parvalbumin-Immunoreactive Interneurons......Page 162
Somatostatin/NOS/Neuropeptide Y Interneurons......Page 166
Other GABAergic Interneurons: Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Neurons......Page 170
Acknowledgments......Page 173
Introduction: the endocannabinoid system......Page 177
Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in the striatum......Page 178
CB1 receptor function in the striatum......Page 183
Endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity in the striatum......Page 184
Endocannabinoid roles in striatum-dependent behavior......Page 188
References......Page 191
Introduction: the nitric oxide system......Page 197
Afferent regulation of striatal no synthesis......Page 199
Effects of no signaling on neurotransmitter release......Page 201
Regulation of striatal neuron activity and output by no signaling......Page 202
Impact of dopamine depletion on striatal no-sgc signaling......Page 205
Acknowledgments......Page 206
Introduction: The Adenosine System......Page 211
Adenosine Receptor Localization and Function......Page 212
Adenosine receptor interactions......Page 213
A2A Receptors in parkinson’s disease: biochemical studies......Page 216
A2A-Dopamine interactions in parkinson’s disease: behavioral studies......Page 218
A2A Receptors in Huntington’s Disease......Page 220
Adenosine receptors and cognitive processes: any role?......Page 221
References......Page 223
Introduction......Page 228
Physiological and pharmacological characterization of corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP)......Page 229
Synaptic depotentiation at corticostriatal synapses: a mechanism of physiological “forgetting”?......Page 232
Corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in experimental models of hyperkinetic disorders......Page 233
Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 235
References......Page 236
Anatomy of the striatum and the globus pallidus......Page 239
Physiology of the globus pallidus......Page 245
Functional Considerations......Page 249
References......Page 250
General anatomy of pallidostriatal projections......Page 254
Topography......Page 256
Characteristics of pallidostriatal neurons......Page 257
Striatal targets of pallidostriatal neurons......Page 258
Functional considerations......Page 259
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 263
Synaptic organization of the subthalamic nucleus and responses to cortical stimulation......Page 265
Cellular basis of single-spike and burst firing in subthalamic nucleus neurons in vitro......Page 266
Subthalamic nucleus, dopamine and parkinsonism......Page 270
The subthalamic nucleus as a remote control system for cortical seizures......Page 271
References......Page 275
Introduction......Page 278
Neurocytology of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons......Page 279
Electrophysiological properties of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons......Page 280
Neuroanatomy of GABA afferents to nigral dopamine neurons......Page 283
Neurophysiology of GABA Afferents......Page 284
Concluding remarks......Page 293
Acknowledgments......Page 294
Regulation of dopamine release......Page 300
Dopamine reuptake......Page 310
References......Page 315
Cortical projections to basal ganglia – historical overview......Page 323
Corticostriatal neuron types......Page 325
Ultrastructure of cortical input to striatum......Page 328
V. Differential input of cortex to striatal neurons......Page 330
Functional considerations......Page 334
Acknowledgments......Page 337
Introduction......Page 340
Cortical cells of origin......Page 341
Terminal distribution of corticostriatal axons......Page 342
Significance of corticostriatal statistics......Page 343
Synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway......Page 345
Acknowledgment......Page 347
Introduction: Prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits......Page 351
Prefrontal cortex and striatum......Page 352
Topographical organization of prefrontal-striatal projections......Page 353
Relationships of the prefrontal-striatal projections with the compartmental structure of the striatum......Page 355
Cortico-cortical and corticostriatal relationships......Page 357
Relationships of the prefrontal-striatal topography with other striatal inputs......Page 359
Medium-sized spiny projection neurons: integrators of striatal inputs......Page 361
Introduction......Page 364
Electrophysiological properties of msns that shape input integration......Page 365
Hippocampal gating of prefrontocortical throughput......Page 370
Other inputs can also drive up states and command neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens......Page 371
The nucleus accumbens, a behavioral switchboard......Page 372
Introduction......Page 377
Anatomy of the Thalamostriatal Systems......Page 378
Synaptic Organization of Thalamostriatal Systems......Page 381
Physiology of CM/Pf Neurons and Related Thalamostriatal Projections......Page 383
Pathophysiology of CM/Pf Neurons in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders......Page 385
Neurosurgical CM/Pf Interventions for Movement Disorders......Page 386
Abbreviations......Page 388
Introduction......Page 393
Functions of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and its connections with basal ganglia......Page 394
Functions of superior colliculus and its connections with basal ganglia......Page 397
Function of basal ganglia in relation to cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops and their dopaminergic afferents......Page 398
Comparison of functional connections of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and superior colliculus with basal ganglia and midbrain dopamine neurons......Page 400
Conclusions......Page 402
Introduction......Page 405
Parallel processing......Page 406
Integrative Pathways......Page 409
Functional Considerations......Page 418
Abbreviations......Page 419
Testing predictions of the rate-based model: effects of increased dopamine receptor stimulation......Page 424
Testing predictions of the rate-based model: effects of dopamine loss......Page 425
Synchronous firing patterns in basal ganglia circuits......Page 426
Conclusions......Page 431
Introduction......Page 439
Second-messenger pathways......Page 440
References......Page 450
Introduction......Page 453
Regulation by glutamate......Page 455
Regulation by dopamine......Page 461
Regulation by adenosine......Page 465
Regulation by acetylcholine......Page 466
Regulation by serotonin......Page 467
Introduction: D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in direct and indirect striatal projections......Page 483
Aberrant activation of ERK1/2 involving serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the dorsal striatum......Page 486
Functional significance of aberrant activation of ERK1/2 in direct pathway neurons......Page 489
References......Page 491
Introduction......Page 493
Gene regulation in the striatum occurs mostly in direct pathway neurons and is mediated by d1 dopamine receptors......Page 495
Neuroadaptations after repeated psychostimulant treatments......Page 497
Topography of psychostimulant-induced gene regulation: sensorimotor corticostriatal circuits are mostly affected......Page 501
Functional consequences of psychostimulant-induced molecular changes in the striatum......Page 505
Summary and conclusions......Page 509
References......Page 510
Introduction......Page 518
Chromatin remodeling and histone modifications......Page 519
Chromatin remodeling and striatal dysfunctions......Page 526
References......Page 530
Selection: a Fundamental Problem......Page 537
Reinforcement Learning......Page 538
Role of Dopamine in Reinforcement Learning......Page 539
The Agency Hypothesis......Page 542
References......Page 545
Evidence from rat studies......Page 548
Evidence from monkey studies......Page 551
Evidence from human studies......Page 552
Conclusions, modifications, and implications......Page 553
References......Page 554
Introduction......Page 557
Drug addiction: a neuropsychiatric disorder dependent upon the basal ganglia and their cortical inputs......Page 558
Drug reinforcement: a mechanism dependent upon ventral cortico-striato-pallidal loops......Page 559
Striatal-Dependent pavlovian and instrumental learning mechanisms in the development of drug addiction......Page 562
Cellular and Molecular Substrates of Drug Addiction: Role of Corticostriatal Mechanisms......Page 566
Towards an understanding of psychostimulant addiction: dysregulation of corticostriatal circuitry and incentive habits......Page 569
Acknowledgments......Page 572
Environmental Hypothesis of Parkinson’s Disease......Page 579
Environmental Toxins and Inflammation......Page 585
Environmental Toxins and Genetic Vulnerability......Page 586
Summary and Conclusions......Page 588
Introduction......Page 593
Striatal organization......Page 594
The corticostriatal pathway in huntington’s disease......Page 596
The corticostriatal pathway in parkinson’s disease......Page 600
Acknowledgments......Page 604
Introduction......Page 610
Molecular and cellular changes following dopamine denervation......Page 611
Molecular and cellular changes caused by l-dopa treatment......Page 614
System-level adaptations and structural plasticity in the basal ganglia......Page 619
Concluding remarks......Page 620
Introduction......Page 626
Striatal mechanisms......Page 627
Basal ganglia-mediated compensation......Page 630
Thalamo-cortical-mediated compensation......Page 632
Dopamine compensation reappraised......Page 633
Acknowledgments......Page 634
Introduction: Parkinson’s Disease – Prevalence, Symptoms and Therapy......Page 638
The MPTP Primate Model of Parkinson’s Disease......Page 639
Excessive Synchrony and Oscillations in Parkinson’s Disease......Page 640
How Might Excessive Synchrony Impair Basal Ganglia Processing?......Page 641
Acknowledgments......Page 642
Introduction......Page 644
Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Circuits......Page 645
“Circuit Disorders” Involving the Basal Ganglia......Page 648
Deep-Brain Stimulation......Page 650
DBS Treatment of Movement Disorders......Page 652
DBS Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders......Page 655
References......Page 659
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