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دانلود کتاب Handbook of Animal Models and its Uses in Cancer Research

دانلود کتاب کتاب راهنمای مدل های حیوانی و کاربردهای آن در تحقیقات سرطان

Handbook of Animal Models and its Uses in Cancer Research

مشخصات کتاب

Handbook of Animal Models and its Uses in Cancer Research

دسته بندی: آنکولوژی
ویرایش:  
نویسندگان: , ,   
سری: Springer Nature Reference 
ISBN (شابک) : 9811938237, 9789811938238 
ناشر: Springer 
سال نشر: 2023 
تعداد صفحات: 1158 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
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فهرست مطالب

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Animal Models for Cancer Research
	1 Importance of Animal Models in the Field of Cancer Research
		Introduction
			Animals in Research: Past and Present
			Biological and Medical Research Involving Animals During the Early Twentieth Century
		Animal Models Concept
			Tumor Xenograft Animal Model
		What Does Research Involving Animals Consist  Of?
		Do Researchers Use Any Species of Animal in Their Research?
			The Mouse
			The Rat
			The Rabbit
			Zebra Fish
			Birds
			Armadillo
			Guinea Pigs
			Amphibians and Reptiles
			Hamsters
			Gerbils
			Chinchillas
		Research on Animals: What Are They Used For?
		Why Is There a Need to Use Animals?
		What Are the Advantages of Employing Animals in the Study, and How Does Animal Research Assist Animals?
		What Are the ``Animal Rights´´ Issues?
		Animal Use in Research: Ethical Concerns
		Alternatives to Animal Research
		Conclusion and Perspective
		References
	2 Cancer Study: Cell to the Animal Models
		Introduction
		Proteomics of Cancer Stem Cells, Molecular Pathways, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
		Proteomics of Cancer Cells and Microsatellite Instability
		Genomics and Cell Lines for Animal Models and Genetic Modification Technologies in Cancer Models
		Cell Line-Derived Mouse Cancer Models
		Patient-Derived Tumor Xenografts (PDTXs) in Cancer Models
		Experimental Models and Nanotechnologies
		Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	3 Animal Models for Cancer Research: The Choice of the Right Model System
		Introduction
		Alternative Model Systems
			In Silico Model Systems
			In Vitro Model Systems
		In Vivo Model Systems
			Types of Animal Models
			Ethics in Animal Experimentation
			The Best Model Decision Algorithms of a Cancer Researcher
		Conclusion
		References
	4 Cellular Interactions Networking in Interactive Models of Diseases
		Chapter Learning
		Introduction
		Disease Biology: Noncommunicable/Communicable/Metabolic Syndromes
		Causative Analysis; Etiology of Disease Immunopathogenesis, Molecular Events, Cellular Events
		Profiling and Diagnostic Approaches in Disease Biology: Experimental/Computational/Mathematical
		Experimental Profiling
		Computational Profiling
		Multifactorial/Combinatorial Designs in Disease Diagnostics/Prognosis and Interventions
		Interactome: Molecular Niche
		Physical and Functional Interactions
		Network of Networks
		Drafting Interactome Networks
		Network Biomarkers
		Interaction Networks and Dynamic Network Biomarkers
		Interactome Network Types
			Gene Regulatory Networks
		Metabolic or Protein: Protein Interactome Networks
		Metabolic Networks
		Designing Interactome Networks with Cellular Networks
			Transcriptome: Interactome Profiling Networks
			Phenomics: Phenotype Profiling Networks
			Gene Interaction Networks
		Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
	5 Mice as Experimental Models for Cancer Research
		Introduction
			Strategies Adopted for Developing Different Types of Cancer in Mouse Model
			The Transplanted Cancer Models
			The Genetically Engineered Models (GEM)
			Induced Cancer Model
			Gene-Targeting Technology
			RNA Silencing Techniques with RNA Interference (RNAi) or Artificial MicroRNAs (amiRNA)
		Different Carcinogens Used for Inducing Different Types of Cancer
		Primary Cancer Models for Studying Cancer of Different Organs
			Brain Cancer
			Retinoblastoma Cancer
			Blood Cancer or Leukemia
			Lung Cancer
			Breast Cancer
			Esophageal Cancer
			Pancreatic Cancer
			Liver Cancer
			Colon Cancer
			Prostate Cancer
			Cervical Cancer
			Skin Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
	6 Use of Stem Cells on Animal Model of Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Types of Stem Cells in Current Research
			Embryonic Stem Cells [ESCs] with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
			Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
			Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
			Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
		Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Animal Models in Cancer Research
			Cancer Stem Cell Models
			Drosophila Models
			Stem Cells from Large Animals
			Mouse Models
			Zebrafish Models
			Dog Models
			Pig Models
		Factors Influencing Novel Stem Cell Therapeutic Approach in Targeting Tumor Cells
		Possible Stem Cell Therapies in Cancer Disease Models
		Challenges in Usage/Implantation of Animal Models in Cancer Research
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	7 Role of Animal Models in the Development of Bacteria-Based Live Therapeutics to Fight Cancer
		Introduction
		Bacteria in Cancer
		Bacteria in Cancer Diagnostics
			Bacteria as a Prognostic Marker in Detecting Cancer
			Bacteria as Biosensor
			Engineered Bacteria to Detect Inflammation
			Bacteria in Imaging of Cancer
			Diagnosis of Cancer Using Microbial DNA and RNA Signatures
		Bacteria for Cancer Therapy
			Tumor Elimination by Live Bacteria
			Recombinant Bacteria as Cancer Theranostics
			Tumor Colonizing Bacteria
		Probiotics-Based Cancer Therapy
			Designer Probiotics
			Probiotics-Conjugated Nanoparticles
		Conclusions
		References
	8 Repurposing of Drug: Utility of Animal Models
		Introduction
		Purpose of Drug Repositioning
		Methods of Drug Repositioning
		Drug Repositioning in Animal Models
		Recent Developments in Drug Repurposing
			Repurposing Strategies
				Genome
				Phenome
				Chemical Structures of Drugs
				Drug Combinations
			Repurposing Approaches
				Machine Learning
				Network Models
			Validation Approaches
		Possible Repositioning Alternatives
		Cell Culture: An Alternative to an Animal Model
		Challenges with Repositioning
		Drugs Repositioned During the COVID Era
		Conclusion
		References
	9 Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Zebrafish: A Metabolic Diseases Model
		Cancer Model Establishment in Zebrafish
		Mechanisms for Developing Cancer Models in Zebrafish
		Transplantation of Tumor Cells in Zebrafish
		Tumor Angiogenesis in Zebrafish
		Tumor Metastasis in Zebrafish
		Zebrafish Cancer Model in Drug Discovery
		Compound Administration and Pharmacokinetics
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Contribution of Zebrafish in Cancer Research: Tiny but Not Trivial
		Introduction
		Screening of Cancer Using Zebrafish Model
			Transplantation of Cancer Cell Lines Via Allograft and Xenograft
			Transgenic and Mutant Zebrafish as Cancer Research Model
		Identification and Screening of Novel Cancer Molecular Markers and Therapeutic Approaches Using Zebrafish Model
		Demerits of Zebrafish as a Cancer Research Model
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Bioreactor-Based Tissue Models as an Alternative Approach in Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Main Text
			Spinner Flask Bioreactor Systems
			Perfusion Bioreactor Systems
			Rotary Cell Culture Systems (RCCS)
		Spheroids
		Organoids
		Microfluidic Chips
		Cell Cultures and Genome Editing in Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Animal Model of Human Cancer: Malignant Lymphoma/Colon Cancer/Lung Cancer/Liver Cancer/Brain Tumors/Skin Cancer
		Introduction
		Fundamental Animal Models in Cancer Research
		Malignant Lymphoma
			Colon Cancer
			Lung Cancer
			Liver Cancer
			Brain Cancer
			Melanoma of Skin Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
	13 Animal Models in Cancer Research: Breast Cancer
		Introduction
		Murine Models
			Chemically Induced Models
				Transplanted Tumors Models: Cell Line-Derived Xenografts/Patient-Derived Xenografts
				Radiation-Induced and Genetically Engineered Models
				Genetically Engineered Mice Models (GEMM)
				In Silico Models
			In Vivo/in Vitro Models of Metastasis 2D/3D and Chemoresistance
		Canine and Feline Models
			Comparative Canine Mammary Tumor (CMT)
			Comparative Feline Mammary Tumor
		Conclusions
		References
	14 Animal Models for Bone Metastasis Study
		Introduction
		Remodeling of Bone Is a Tightly Regulated Process
		Formation of Bone Metastases in Different Types of Cancer
			Bone Metastases in Breast Cancer
			Bone Metastases in Lung Cancer
			Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer
			Bone Disease Observed in Multiple Myeloma
		Techniques to Induce Bone Metastasis in Model Organism
			Systemic Dissipation of Tumor Cells
			Orthotopic Injection into Primary Tumor Site
			Direct Injection into Bone
			Transgenic and Chemical Induction
		Animal Models of Bone Metastasis
			Rodent Models of Bone Metastases
			Rabbit Model of Bone Metastases
			Cat and Dog as a Model of Bone Metastases
				Conclusion
		Imaging Techniques to Investigate Bone Metastasis
			Bioluminescent Imaging of Bone Metastases
			Fluorescent Imaging of Bone Metastases
			High-Resolution Radiography of Bone Metastases
			Micro-Computed Tomography of Bone Metastases
			Micro-Positron Emission Tomography and Micro-Single-Photon Emission Tomography
		Therapeutic Interventions to Prevent Bone Metastasis
			Radiotherapy in Treatment of Bone Metastases
			Radiopharmaceuticals in Treatment of Bone Metastases
			Bisphosphonates in Treatment of Bone Metastases
				Pamidronate
				Zoledronic Acid
				Ibandronate
				Denosumab
			Candidate Molecules with Potential to Act Anti-osteolytic
				Conclusion
		Limitations and Future Prospective
		References
	15 Available Preclinical Tools for Neuroblastoma
		Introduction
		Mouse Models of NB
		Zebrafish Models for NB
		Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model of NB
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	16 Animal Models in Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Murine Models in Cancer Research
			Transplantation Murine Models
			Autochthonous Murine Models
			Genetically Engineered Murine Models
			Humanized Murine Models
		Zebra Fish as a Model for Cancer Investigations
			Zebra Fish in Cancer Research
			Transplantation Models
			Genetic Model of Cancer in Zebra Fish
			Gene Disruption Using Chemical Mutagens
			Transgenic Zebrafish
			Ectopic Expression of Targeted Gene in the Embryo
			Genome Editing in Zebra Fish
			Zebrafish Models in Drug Discovery
			Limitations to the Use of Zebrafish
		Fruit Fly as an Animal Model for Cancer Research
		Cancer in Drosophila
		Cancer Research with Higher Animals
		Conclusion
		References
	17 Animal Models of Gynecological Cancers
		Introduction
		Ovarian Cancer
			Animal Models to Study Different Types of Ovarian Cancer
			Syngeneic Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer
			Applications of Syngeneic Mouse Models
			Challenges and Limitations of Syngeneic Mouse Models
			Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Ovarian Cancer
			Applications of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
			Challenges and Limitations of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
		Specialized Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer
			Applications of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
			Challenges and Limitations of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
			Humanized Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer
		Endometrial Cancer
			Animal Models to Study Different Types of Endometrial Cancer
			Rodent Models of Endometrial Cancer
			Transgenic Mouse Models of Endometrial Cancer
			Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs) of Endometrial Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
	18 In Vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Model Systems for Liver Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Diagnosis and Staging of HCC
		Imaging Techniques
		Detection of HCC
		Biopsy and Histopathology
		Staging of HCC
		Serum Tumor Markers for Detection of HCC
		In Vitro Model Systems of HCC
			Primary Human Hepatocytes
			Liver-Derived Cells
			Stem Cell-Derived Liver-Like Cells
		In Vivo Experimental Models of HCC
			Rat Experimental Models
			Mouse Experimental Models
			Syngeneic and Xenograft Experimental Models
			Genetically Modified Experimental Models
			Zebrafish Liver Cancer Experimental Model
			Woodchuck Experimental Model
			Chick Embryo Model
		Ex Vivo Models in Liver Cancer Research
		Conclusion
		References
	19 Animal Models for Prostate Cancer Research: A Mechanistic Outlook on the Challenges and Recent Progress
		Introduction
		Animal Models of Prostate Cancer; the Challenges
		Purposefulness of Animals Models in Prostate Cancer Research
			Animal Models to Understand the Stages of PCa Development
				Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
				Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
				High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
				Prostate Adenocarcinoma
			Animal Models for Studying Aggressive Phenotypes of Prostate Cancer
				Development of Castration-Resistance of Prostate Cancer
				Metastasis
					Transgenic Models (Mice)
						Xenograft Models of Rat Origin
						Xenograft Models Canine Origin
			Multipurpose Animal Models to Study Prostate Cancer
		Key Signaling Pathways Associated with Molecular Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer
			PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway
			RTK/ERK Pathway
			TGFβ Pathway
			Wnt Pathway
			AR Signaling Pathway
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	20 Animal Models for Angiogenesis on Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Tumor Angiogenesis/Angiogenic Switch
		Animal Models Used in Angiogenesis Study
			Rodent and Mice as a Model
				Corneal Micro-pocket Assay
				Rodent Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay
				Dorsal Air Sac Model
				Disk Angiogenesis System
				Sponge Implant Assay
				Chamber Assay
			Chick
				Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay
				The Chick Embryo Aortic Arch Assay
			Zebrafish
			Xenopus Tadpole
		Drugs for Angiogenesis
		Limitations
		Conclusion and Future Direction
		References
	21 Genetically Engineered and Spontaneous Animal Model: Utilization in Preclinical Cancer Therapy Development
		Introduction
		Genetically Induced Cancer Models
			CRISPR-/Cas-Mediated Zebrafish Cancer Models
			Transgenic Zebrafish as Cancer Model
		Advantages of Genetically Engineered Models over Xenografts
		Spontaneous Models
			Large Animal Models in Spontaneous Cancer Research
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	22 DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Animal Model
		Introduction
		Effects of Herbal Medicine Against DEN-Induced HCC
			Curcumin
			Terminalia arjuna
			Annona squamosa
			Tinospora cordifolia
			Bacoside A
			Saffron
			Luteolin
			Leucas aspera
			Graptopetalum paraguayense
			Oldenlandia diffusa
			Celastrol
			Tetilla dactyloidea
			Ajwa Dates, Phoenix dactylifera
			Garcinia mangostana
			Wedelia calendulacea
			Cynanchum auriculatum (Baishouwu)
			Echinacoside
			Ginger
			Cow Ark with Allium sativum
		Conclusion
		References
	23 Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) and In Ovo Models as Potential Platforms for Testing Cancer Agents
		Introduction
		Practical Benefits of Patient-Derived Xenografts in Oncology
		Focus of Studies Grafting Fresh Human Tumor Tissue on the CAM Angiogenesis
		Concordance with the Parent Tumor
		Micrometastasis
		Assessment of Cancer Therapies
		Embryo Survival and Take Rate
		Tumor Heterogeneity in the CAM Model
		Improving the Take Rate of Xenograft in the CAM Model for Different Tumor Types
		The CAM Model of Metastasis
		Angiogenesis of CAM Models
		Using the CAM Model to Establish Ovarian Cancer PDX (Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts): A Case Study
		CAM Procedure for Patient Samples: A High-Level Overview
		The OC CAM Xenograft General Protocol
			Incubation of Eggs
			CAM Preparation
			Fragments of OC Tumor Grafted on CAM
		Ultrasound Scan Imaging of the CAM Xenograft
		Ultrasound Using Three-Dimensional Power Doppler
		The 3D Ultrasound Images Have Been Analyzed
		PDX Tumor Harvesting and Storage
		CAM-PDX and Histopathology
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Engineering and Studying Syngeneic Animal Tumors and Large Animal Endogenous Tumor Models
		Introduction
		Canine Model
			Lymphoma
			Urothelial Carcinoma
			Carcinoma of the Breast
			Melanoma
			Osteosarcoma
			Immune Cells and Immunology of Canines
			Cancer Vaccine
			Immunotherapies
		Mice Model Categories
			Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs)
			Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of OSCC
			Cell Line Derived Models
			Xenografts
			Patient-Derived Xenograft Model in Ovarian Cancer
			Patient-Derived Xenograft Model in Prostate Model
			Syngenic Models
		Chemically Induced Mouse Model
			OSCC Mouse Model Induced by 4NQO
		Other Carcinogen-Induced Mouse Model
		Humanized Mouse Models
		Conclusion
		References
	25 Orthotopic PDX and CDX Mice Model for Cancer Stem Cell Research
		Introduction
			Primary Tumor Tissues or Cells
			The Heterotopic and Orthotopic Implantation
			Development of Next-Generation PDX and CDX Models in Humanized Mice
				Hu-PBL Mouse Model
				Hu-SRC Mouse Model
				Hu-BLT Mouse Model
		Usefulness of PDX and CDX Model in Cancer Research
			Usefulness in Tumorigenesis Research
			Usefulness in Preclinical Cancer Research
			Evaluation of Novel Anticancer Drugs
			Finding of Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Biomarkers
			Next Generation Humanized Mice
			Generation of TME in Hu-PDX Mice for Cancer Immunotherapies
			The Genetic-Modified T Cells Used in Humanized Mice
			The Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy Using Humanized Mice
			Use of Humanized Mice for NK Cells Therapies
		Conclusions
		References
	26 Animal Models for Small Cell Lung Cancer Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives
		Introduction
		Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
			Etiological Factors Leading to SCLC
			Diagnosis of SCLC
			Clinical Features
			Different Stages of SCLC
		Animal Model System for SCLC
			Mouse Model System
				Genetically Engineered Mouse Model System
				Patient-Derived Xenografts
				Cell of Origin of SCLC
			Zebra Fish as Model System
		Conclusion
		Future Perspective
		References
	27 Melatonin Induced in Cancer as a Frame of Zebrafish Model
		Introduction
		Genetics
		Zebrafish Tumors from Chemical Mutation
		Mutant Lines of Zebrafish
		Xenotransplantation
		Angiogenesis
		Transgenic Lines of Zebrafish
		Role of Melatonin in Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Application of Animal Models in Cancer Therapeutics
	28 Role of Telomere and Telomerase Activator in Ageing and Cancer
		Introduction
		Telomere
			Telomere Structure and Telomere Homeostasis
			Factors Effecting Telomere Length Determination
				Oxidative Stress
				Reactive Oxygen Species
				Oxidative Stress in Cancer and Aging
			Telomere Length and Age
		Aging-Related Genes and Their Roles
			Aging-Related Diseases (ARD´s)
			Modern Therapies and Animal Models Involved in Aging Research
		Telomerase
			Role of Telomerase Activator
			Activation of Telomerase Activator
		Telomerase activator and Telomere Length
		Role of Telomere in Tumor Progression
		In vivo Study on the Role of Telomere and Telomerase in Tumor Progression
		Cancer Model in Animals
			Animal Model for Colon Cancer
			Animal Model for Pancreatic Cancer
			Animal Model for Lung Cancer
		Discussion
		Consent for Publication
		References
	29 Genetics of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis: Current Molecular Insights from Animal Models
		Introduction
		Impulsive Cancer Animal Models
		Chemically Instigated Animal Models
		Transgenic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer
		KIC Model of PDAC
		KPC Model of PDAC
		KD Model of PDAC
		PDAC Model with Kras (TGFBR2 Knockout)
		TetO-Cre Induced by Tetracycline
		Formation of Animal Models Based on Cell Lines
		Cell Line Selection
		Cell Metastasis and Colonization
		Production of Tumor Cells
		Subcutaneous/Orthotopic Xenografts
		Subcutaneous Model
		Orthotopic Model
		Imaging of Xenograft Models
		Diagnostic and Therapeutic Use of Animal Models of Improved PDAC
		Conclusion
		References
	30 Optical Techniques for Treatment and Tissue Evaluation Using Skin Models for Preclinical Studies
		Introduction
		Animal Models
			Healthy Skin
			Skin Tumors
			Chorioallantoic Membrane
		Optical Treatments
			Photodynamic Therapy
			Photothermal Therapy
		Damage Evaluation Techniques
			Histology
			Fluorescence
			Ultrasound Image
			Optical Coherence Tomography
		Conclusion
		References
	31 Tumor Models of Retinoblastoma: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Models
		Introduction
		Ex Vivo Models of Retinoblastoma
		Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
		3D Organoid Models
			Tumorspheres
				In Vivo Models in Rb
				Estimation of Biomarkers of Rb in Various Models
				Analysis of Biomarkers
				Phosphoproteomics
				Micro RNAs
				Cell-Free DNA Analysis in Aqueous Humor
				Genomic cfDNA Analysis of Aqueous Humor
				Blood and Plasma Biomarkers
				Proto-Oncoproteins: MDMX and MDM2
				Tissue-Specific Biomarkers: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
				Limitations and Future Perspectives
		Current Therapeutic Modalities: Comparative Analysis of Models
			Primary Treatments and Its Limitations
				Noninvasive Therapy: Management for Early Intraocular Tumors
				Chemotherapy
				External Beam Radiotherapy (EBR)
				Enucleation
				Extraocular Management
			Prerequisite for Animal Model Study
			Conventional Therapies: Comparative Analysis of Models
			Advanced Therapeutics
				Gene Therapy
				CAR-T Cell
				Small Molecules
				mAbs
		Conclusion
		References
	32 A Study on the Role of Phytochemicals in the Preclinical Neuronal Cancer Model
		Introduction
		Phytochemicals Being Used in Current Cancer Therapy
		Phytochemicals with Anticancer Properties in Preclinical and Clinical Stages
			Capsaicin
			Berries
			Spinach
			Aloe Vera
		Phytochemicals Being Studied for Neuronal Cancer
			Camellia nitidissima Chi (CNC)
			Garcinia morella
			Olive Leaf Extract (OLE)
			Withaferin A (WA)
			Luteolin
			Zeaxanthin
			Curcumin
			Ginsenosides
			Resveratrol
			Quercetin
			Vomifoliol
			Andrographolide
			Polymethoxy Flavones from Citrus
			Tinospora cordifolia
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	33 Perspectives of Stem Cell Therapy: A Promising Therapeutic for Cancer Model and Alzheimer´s Disease
		Introduction
		Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer Model
		Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs)
		Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
		Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
		Cancer Therapy Model Using Stem Cell Modifications
		Stem Cell Tumor Therapies Applications
			Medicine of Regenerative
			Immunotherapy for Cancer
			Cancer Target with CSCs
			Screening and Selection of Anticancer Drugs
		Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
		Pathogenesis of AD
		Amyloid and Tau Hypotheses
		Cholinergic Hypothesis
		General Treatment for AD
		AD and Stem Cell Therapies
		Endogenous Repair
		Exogenous Cell Therapy
		ESCs
		NSCs
		MSCs
		iPSCs
		Stem Cell-Based Rehabilitation Challenges for AD Treatment
		Guidelines for Stem Cell-Based Treatment
		Immunotherapy for AD
		Nanotechnology for AD
		Gene Therapy for AD
		Identifying Anti-Alzheimer Drug Contenders Via Computational Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	34 Animal Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Leading to Cancer and Role of Genetic Variation in Colitis-Associated Cancer
		Introduction
		Colorectal Cancer in Mouse Model
			Mouse Models of Chemically Induced Colorectal Cancer
			Transplant Model of CRC in Mice
		Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Chemically Induced Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
				2,4,6 Trinitro-Benzene Sulfonic Acid (TNBS) Colitis
				Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced IBD and IBD-Associated CRC
				Oxazolone Colitis
		Role of Genetic Variation in Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer
		Introduction to the Genetics and Cancer Association
		Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
		MUTYH-Associated Polyposis
		Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndrome
		Genetic Variation in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer
		Concluding Remark
		References
	35 Selected Methods for Toxicity Testing of Chemical and Biological Compounds Using Animals
		Introduction
		Toxicometry
		Purpose, Scope, and Criteria for Toxicometric Studies
			Purpose of Toxicometric Studies
			Scope of Toxicometric Studies
			Criteria for Toxicometric Studies
		Stages of Testing
			Acute Toxicity
				Classical Procedure
				Fixed-Dose Procedure
				Acute Toxic Class Method
				The Up-and-Down Procedure
			Evaluation of Local Skin Irritation/Corrosion
			Skin Sensitization Assessment
			Short-Term (Subacute) Toxicity
			Subchronic Toxicity
			Chronic Toxicity
		Classification of Chemicals
		Conclusion
		References
	36 Terpenoids as Chemopreventive Agents and Their Interpretation in Animal Models and Human Clinical Trials
		Introduction
		Monoterpenes
		Diterpenes
		Triterpenes
		Tetraterpenes
		Sesquiterpenoids
		Conclusions
		References
	37 Role of Animal Research to Understand the Prospects for Chemoprevention of Cancer
		Introduction
		Importance of Animal Models
		Mouse Models in Cancer Research
		Small Animal Models
		Large Animal Models
		Organ Site in Specific Animal Models
		Conclusion
		References
	38 Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Therapeutic Role in Animal Models with Colorectal Cancer
		Introduction
		Biogenesis of Exosomes
		Exosome Classification
		Exosome Composition
		Exosome Components
		Exosomal Proteins
		Noncoding Exosomal RNAs
			MicroRNA
			lncRNA
			Circular RNA (circRNA)
		Exosomal Source, Uptake, and Function
		Exosome Isolation
		Exosome Preservation and Storage
		Exosome Characterization
		Stem Cells
		Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells
		Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes
			Exosomes from MSCs Generated from Adult Bone Marrow
			MSC Exosomes Generated from the Umbilical Cord
			Exosomes Produced by MSCs Generated from Adipose Tissue
		Tumor and Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes
			Angiogenesis
			Growth of Tumors
			Invasion and Metastasis
		Role of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and CRC
		Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Role in Animal Models with Colorectal Cancer
		Conclusion
		References
	39 Experimental Model for Pancreatic Cancer and Its Therapeutic Implications in Clinical Research
		Introduction
		Opportunistic Risk Factors
			Amendable Risk Factors
			Unamendable Risk Factors
		Pathology of Pancreatic Cancer
			Molecular Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer
			K-Ras Oncogene
			P16/CDKN2A Gene
			Tumor Protein P53 (p53)
			SMAD4
			Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
			Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF)
			Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
			Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
		Animals Models in Pancreatic Cancer
			Rats
			Hamster
			Immune-Deficient Mice
		Establishment of Tumorogenesis in Animal Model
			Subcutaneous Xenograft Models
			Orthotopic Xenograft Models
		Genetically Engineered Models of Pancreatic Cancer
		Ideal Animal Model for Clinical Aspects
		Conclusion
		References
	40 Human Embryonic Stem Cells as a Therapy for Alzheimer´s Disease
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis and Proteinopathy of Alzheimer´s Disease
		Stem Cell and Its Potency
		Stem Cells in Alzheimer´s Disease
		Human Embryonic Stem Cells
		Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Prospect in Targeting AD
		Induction of Hippocampal Neurogenesis
		Secreting Paracrine Factors: Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
		Restoring Cholinergic Functions
		Anti-hyperphosphorylation of Tau
		Antiamyloidogenic Potential
		Mitochondrial Biogenesis
		Signaling Pathways Mediating hESCs Function
			Wnt Signaling
		References
	41 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): Clinical Features and Therapeutic Targets
		Introduction
		Biological Warnings of TNBC
		Epidemiology
		Diagnosis and Treatment
			Lumpectomy
			Mastectomy
			Radiation
			Chemotherapy
		Cytotoxic Treatment
		Therapeutic Targets: At the Level of Gene
		Immunotherapy
		Treatment with Neoadjuvant
		Breastfeeding and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
		Advanced Medications
		Molecular Pathways of TNBC
			Ras/MAPK Pathway
			PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
		Models of TNBC
		Transgenic Mouse Models (MMTV-PyMT)
		Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs)
		Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs)
		Conclusion
		Reference
	42 Therapeutic Molecular Targets of Cancer and Animal Models: Adequacy and Drawbacks
		Introduction
		Rodent Models in Oncology
			Xenograft Mouse Model
			Chemically Induced Rodent Model
			Genetically Engineered Mouse Model
		Therapeutic Molecular Targets of Cancer
			Therapeutic Molecular Target for EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
			Therapeutic Molecular Target for FLT3-ITD Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
			Therapeutic Molecular Target for VEGF and mTOR Pathway in Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Conclusions
		References
	43 Therapeutic Approaches and Models in Retinoblastoma
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		References
	44 Transmissible Animal Tumors as Models for Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Transmissible Cancers
		Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT)
		Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD)
		Clam Leukemia (CL)
		Transplantable and Transmissible Tumors in Animal Models
		Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
Part III: Animal Models for Cancer Drug Discovery: Recent Advances
	45 RNA Interference in Experimental Animal Models: Its Application in Cancer Research and Therapy
		Introduction
			RNA Interference
		Cancer and RNAi
		Gene Silencing Through siRNA and shRNA
		Gene Silencing Through MicroRNAs
		Animal Models
			Various Models Used
		Genes to Target
		Delivery of RNAi In Vivo
		RNAi and Cytotoxicity
		Conclusions and Future Scope
		References
	46 Association of Animal Models in the Field of Translational Medicine: Prediction and Validation
		Introduction
		Validity of Preclinical Animal Research
			Internal Validity
			External Validity
			Association of Internal and External Validity
		How to Refine the Preclinical Animal Models
		Conclusion
		References
	47 Detection of Tumors Through Fluorescence Conjugated Dye in Animal Model
		Introduction
		Cancer Research on Animal Model
		Cancer Imaging and Targeting with Near-Infrared Dyes
		Newly Developed NIR Dyes for Cancer Imaging
		Recent Approaches to Create Multifunctional NIR Dyes with Cancer-Targeting Properties
		Cancer Imaging and Targeting with NIR Dyes Coupled with Target Molecules
		Nanoparticles with NIR Dye Embedded in Them for Cancer Targeting and Imaging
		NIR Dyes Are Multifunctional and Native for Cancer Detection and Imaging
		Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI) Technique
		Conclusion
		References
	48 Recent Advances of Metal-Based Anticancer Agents and Their In Vivo Potential Against Various Types of Malignancies
		Introduction
		In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Platinum Complexes
		Mechanism of Action of Platinum Complexes
		In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Gold Complexes
		In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Copper Complexes
		Antitumor Activities of Ru, Pd, and Ir Derivatives
		Conclusion
		References
	49 Mouse as a Preclinical Model for Studying Small Noncoding RNAs Involved in Colorectal Cancer
		Introduction
		Small RNA and Their Types
			microRNA (miRNA)
			Piwi-Interacting RNA (piRNA)
			Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
			Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments (tRFs)
			Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)
			Small RNA Associated with CRC
		Mouse Model in CRC Research
		Chemical Induced Mice Models
			Peritoneal Model
			Xenograft Mice Model
			Transgenic Mice Model
			A Mouse Model for Small RNA Research
		Advantage of a Mouse Model in CRC Research
		Issues of Using Mouse Models in CRC Research
		Conclusion
		Future Perspective
		References
	50 Radiopharmaceuticals: A New Era in Cancer Therapy - Light on Initial Findings on Animal Model
		Introduction
		Radiopharmaceuticals: An Overview
		RP Nomenclature
		Diagnostic RPs
		Transition of Diagnostic to Therapeutic RPs
		Mechanism
		Preclinical Research on RPT: Initial Findings in an Animal Model
			Biodistribution and Dosimetry in Animal Research
			Common RPT Agents Under Research
		Targeted Cancer Therapy in Experimental Animal Research
			Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals from Animals to Humans
			Challenges
		Conclusion
		References
	51 Cancer Modeling: Modern Imaging Applications in the Development of a Unique Animal Model System to Analyze Cancer Advanceme...
		Introduction
		Toward Ideal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Based on Cancer Biology
		Reporter Systems
		Imaging Cancer Cells and Their Environment in Living Organisms
		Biosensors of Key Genetic Processes in Cancer Cells
		Magnetic Nanoparticles Are Promising Cancer Theranostics
		Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Imaging
		Magnetic Particle Imaging
		Benefits of Magnetic Particle Imaging Include
		Examples of Nanoparticles Success in Different Organs Tumors
			Pancreas Cancer
			Breast Cancer
			Prostate Cancer
			Lung Cancer
			Photothermal Therapy
		Magnetic Nanoparticle-Guided Drug Delivery
		Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery for Cancer Treatment
		Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dual Imaging and Drug Delivery
		Multifunctional/Multimodal Nanoparticles
		Personalized Therapeutic Response
		Best Animal Model for Tumor Imaging and Therapy
		Future Perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	52 The Molecular and Biochemical Variations During Cancer Prognosis in Mouse Models
		Introduction
		Transgenic Mice
		Patient-Derived Xenografts
		Applications/Advantages of PDX Models
		Limitations of PDX Models
		Conclusion
		References
	53 Animal Model-Based Studies to Evaluate the Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment
		Introduction
		Historical Perspective of Animal Models
		Experimental Animal Model in Cancer Research
			Nude Mice
			Hamsters
			Rabbits
			Zebrafish and Amphibians
		Current Trends in Cancer Management
			Microarray
			Nanotechnology
		Lipid-Based Nanoparticle for Cancer Therapy
			Lipid Nanoparticles
			Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
			Liposomes
			Lipid-Based Nanocomposite Carriers
		Animal Models Used in Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Therapy
			Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapy in Xenograft Animal Model
			Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapy in Chemically Induced Animal Model
			Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapy in Genetically Modified Animal Model
		Conclusion
		References
	54 Zebrafish: A Versatile Animal Model to Study Tumorigenesis Process and Effective Preclinical Drug Screening for Human Cance...
		Introduction
		Zebrafish as animal model
			Zebrafish Life Cycle, Maintenance, and Breeding
			Zebrafish Cancer Models
			Tumor Induction Through Mutagenesis
			Transgenic Lines for Tumor Studies
			Tumour Cell Transplantation in Zebrafish
			Approaches for Preclinical Drug Screening Using Zebrafish as an Animal Model
		Phytotherapeutic Testing Using Zebrafish Embryos
		Conclusions
		References
	55 Preclinical Animal Models of Cancer: Applications and Limitations
		Introduction
		Mouse Model
			Humanized Mouse Model
				Immunodeficient Mouse Model
				Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models
			Murine Tumor Mouse Models
				Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
					Challenges Faced by GEMMs
				Tumor Cell Lines with Identical Genes
					Challenges Faced by Tumor Models with Identical Genes
		Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
		Pig (Sus scrofa)
			Genetically Modified Pigs
		Porcine Cancer Models
			Porcine Tumor Xenograft Model
		Applications of Animal Models
			Xenografts
			Genetically Engineered Animal Models
			Zebrafish: Make a Good Animal Model
		Major Limitations of Animal Models
		Conclusions
		References
	56 Alternative Animal Models in Cancer Research
		Introduction
		Primary Cell Line
		Cancer Cell Lines
		Cancer Stem Cells
		Spheroids
		Embedded Ex Vivo Tumor Sections
		3D Invasion Models
		Avascular Microfluidic Models
		Tumor-Microvessel Models
		Predefined ECM Scaffold
		Human Organ on a Chip
		Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture
		Assays Commonly Used in in Vitro Models
		Mouse Models
		Genetically Induced Cancer Models
		RNA Interference Mouse Model of Cancer
		Patient-Derived Xenograft
		Limitations
		Zebrafish Models
		Zebrafish as Genetic Models of Cancer
		Zebrafish as Transplantation Model
		Zebrafish for Neoplasia Studies
		Limitations of Using Zebrafish Cancer Model
		Future Perspective
		Drosophila Melanogaster
			Caenorhabditis Elegans
		Limitations
		Pig Cancer Model
		Chick Embryo
		Computational Cancer Models
		Limitation of Animal Models in Cancer Research
		Conclusion
		References
	57 Preclinical Models in Colorectal Cancer Drug Discovery
		Introduction
		Carcinogen-Induced Models
		Transplant Models
			Ectopic Xenografts
			Orthotopic Xenografts and Patient-Derived CRC Xenografts
		Transgenic Animal Models
		Conclusion
		References
	58 Clinical Utility of Noncoding RNAs as Systemic Biomarkers in Animal Models
		Introduction
		Noncoding RNAs: Potential Biomarker in Cancer
		Role of ncRNAs in Various Cancer Types
			Lung Cancer (LC)
			Breast Cancer (BC)
			Pancreatic Cancer (PC)
			Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
			Leukemia
			Thyroid Cancer (TC)
		Role of ncRNA in Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Sensitivity
		Challenges of ncRNA Study in Animal Model
		Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References
	59 Applications of Nanomedicine in Animal Models of Cancer
		Introduction
		Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems and Its Categories
		Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Tumor Imaging
		Zebrafish Cancer Models
		Xenograft Models
		Genetic Models
		Chemical Models
		Breast Cancer In Vitro Models for the Development of Nanomedicine
		Tumor Growth and Metastasis Assessment
		Prospective Nanotechnologies to Advance Cancer Therapy
		Cancer Diagnostics on the Nanoscale
		Role of Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy
		Conclusion
		References
Index




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