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دسته بندی: آنکولوژی ویرایش: نویسندگان: Surajit Pathak, Antara Banerjee, Atil Bisgin سری: Springer Nature Reference ISBN (شابک) : 9811938237, 9789811938238 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2023 تعداد صفحات: 1158 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 20 مگابایت
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در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Handbook of Animal Models and its Uses in Cancer Research به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
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Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Animal Models for Cancer Research 1 Importance of Animal Models in the Field of Cancer Research Introduction Animals in Research: Past and Present Biological and Medical Research Involving Animals During the Early Twentieth Century Animal Models Concept Tumor Xenograft Animal Model What Does Research Involving Animals Consist Of? Do Researchers Use Any Species of Animal in Their Research? The Mouse The Rat The Rabbit Zebra Fish Birds Armadillo Guinea Pigs Amphibians and Reptiles Hamsters Gerbils Chinchillas Research on Animals: What Are They Used For? Why Is There a Need to Use Animals? What Are the Advantages of Employing Animals in the Study, and How Does Animal Research Assist Animals? What Are the ``Animal Rights´´ Issues? Animal Use in Research: Ethical Concerns Alternatives to Animal Research Conclusion and Perspective References 2 Cancer Study: Cell to the Animal Models Introduction Proteomics of Cancer Stem Cells, Molecular Pathways, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Proteomics of Cancer Cells and Microsatellite Instability Genomics and Cell Lines for Animal Models and Genetic Modification Technologies in Cancer Models Cell Line-Derived Mouse Cancer Models Patient-Derived Tumor Xenografts (PDTXs) in Cancer Models Experimental Models and Nanotechnologies Conclusions and Perspectives References 3 Animal Models for Cancer Research: The Choice of the Right Model System Introduction Alternative Model Systems In Silico Model Systems In Vitro Model Systems In Vivo Model Systems Types of Animal Models Ethics in Animal Experimentation The Best Model Decision Algorithms of a Cancer Researcher Conclusion References 4 Cellular Interactions Networking in Interactive Models of Diseases Chapter Learning Introduction Disease Biology: Noncommunicable/Communicable/Metabolic Syndromes Causative Analysis; Etiology of Disease Immunopathogenesis, Molecular Events, Cellular Events Profiling and Diagnostic Approaches in Disease Biology: Experimental/Computational/Mathematical Experimental Profiling Computational Profiling Multifactorial/Combinatorial Designs in Disease Diagnostics/Prognosis and Interventions Interactome: Molecular Niche Physical and Functional Interactions Network of Networks Drafting Interactome Networks Network Biomarkers Interaction Networks and Dynamic Network Biomarkers Interactome Network Types Gene Regulatory Networks Metabolic or Protein: Protein Interactome Networks Metabolic Networks Designing Interactome Networks with Cellular Networks Transcriptome: Interactome Profiling Networks Phenomics: Phenotype Profiling Networks Gene Interaction Networks Conclusion and Perspectives References 5 Mice as Experimental Models for Cancer Research Introduction Strategies Adopted for Developing Different Types of Cancer in Mouse Model The Transplanted Cancer Models The Genetically Engineered Models (GEM) Induced Cancer Model Gene-Targeting Technology RNA Silencing Techniques with RNA Interference (RNAi) or Artificial MicroRNAs (amiRNA) Different Carcinogens Used for Inducing Different Types of Cancer Primary Cancer Models for Studying Cancer of Different Organs Brain Cancer Retinoblastoma Cancer Blood Cancer or Leukemia Lung Cancer Breast Cancer Esophageal Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Liver Cancer Colon Cancer Prostate Cancer Cervical Cancer Skin Cancer Conclusion References 6 Use of Stem Cells on Animal Model of Cancer Research Introduction Types of Stem Cells in Current Research Embryonic Stem Cells [ESCs] with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Animal Models in Cancer Research Cancer Stem Cell Models Drosophila Models Stem Cells from Large Animals Mouse Models Zebrafish Models Dog Models Pig Models Factors Influencing Novel Stem Cell Therapeutic Approach in Targeting Tumor Cells Possible Stem Cell Therapies in Cancer Disease Models Challenges in Usage/Implantation of Animal Models in Cancer Research Conclusion and Future Directions References 7 Role of Animal Models in the Development of Bacteria-Based Live Therapeutics to Fight Cancer Introduction Bacteria in Cancer Bacteria in Cancer Diagnostics Bacteria as a Prognostic Marker in Detecting Cancer Bacteria as Biosensor Engineered Bacteria to Detect Inflammation Bacteria in Imaging of Cancer Diagnosis of Cancer Using Microbial DNA and RNA Signatures Bacteria for Cancer Therapy Tumor Elimination by Live Bacteria Recombinant Bacteria as Cancer Theranostics Tumor Colonizing Bacteria Probiotics-Based Cancer Therapy Designer Probiotics Probiotics-Conjugated Nanoparticles Conclusions References 8 Repurposing of Drug: Utility of Animal Models Introduction Purpose of Drug Repositioning Methods of Drug Repositioning Drug Repositioning in Animal Models Recent Developments in Drug Repurposing Repurposing Strategies Genome Phenome Chemical Structures of Drugs Drug Combinations Repurposing Approaches Machine Learning Network Models Validation Approaches Possible Repositioning Alternatives Cell Culture: An Alternative to an Animal Model Challenges with Repositioning Drugs Repositioned During the COVID Era Conclusion References 9 Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Cancer Research Introduction Zebrafish: A Metabolic Diseases Model Cancer Model Establishment in Zebrafish Mechanisms for Developing Cancer Models in Zebrafish Transplantation of Tumor Cells in Zebrafish Tumor Angiogenesis in Zebrafish Tumor Metastasis in Zebrafish Zebrafish Cancer Model in Drug Discovery Compound Administration and Pharmacokinetics Conclusion References 10 Contribution of Zebrafish in Cancer Research: Tiny but Not Trivial Introduction Screening of Cancer Using Zebrafish Model Transplantation of Cancer Cell Lines Via Allograft and Xenograft Transgenic and Mutant Zebrafish as Cancer Research Model Identification and Screening of Novel Cancer Molecular Markers and Therapeutic Approaches Using Zebrafish Model Demerits of Zebrafish as a Cancer Research Model Conclusion References 11 Bioreactor-Based Tissue Models as an Alternative Approach in Cancer Research Introduction Main Text Spinner Flask Bioreactor Systems Perfusion Bioreactor Systems Rotary Cell Culture Systems (RCCS) Spheroids Organoids Microfluidic Chips Cell Cultures and Genome Editing in Cancer Conclusion References 12 Animal Model of Human Cancer: Malignant Lymphoma/Colon Cancer/Lung Cancer/Liver Cancer/Brain Tumors/Skin Cancer Introduction Fundamental Animal Models in Cancer Research Malignant Lymphoma Colon Cancer Lung Cancer Liver Cancer Brain Cancer Melanoma of Skin Cancer Conclusion References 13 Animal Models in Cancer Research: Breast Cancer Introduction Murine Models Chemically Induced Models Transplanted Tumors Models: Cell Line-Derived Xenografts/Patient-Derived Xenografts Radiation-Induced and Genetically Engineered Models Genetically Engineered Mice Models (GEMM) In Silico Models In Vivo/in Vitro Models of Metastasis 2D/3D and Chemoresistance Canine and Feline Models Comparative Canine Mammary Tumor (CMT) Comparative Feline Mammary Tumor Conclusions References 14 Animal Models for Bone Metastasis Study Introduction Remodeling of Bone Is a Tightly Regulated Process Formation of Bone Metastases in Different Types of Cancer Bone Metastases in Breast Cancer Bone Metastases in Lung Cancer Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer Bone Disease Observed in Multiple Myeloma Techniques to Induce Bone Metastasis in Model Organism Systemic Dissipation of Tumor Cells Orthotopic Injection into Primary Tumor Site Direct Injection into Bone Transgenic and Chemical Induction Animal Models of Bone Metastasis Rodent Models of Bone Metastases Rabbit Model of Bone Metastases Cat and Dog as a Model of Bone Metastases Conclusion Imaging Techniques to Investigate Bone Metastasis Bioluminescent Imaging of Bone Metastases Fluorescent Imaging of Bone Metastases High-Resolution Radiography of Bone Metastases Micro-Computed Tomography of Bone Metastases Micro-Positron Emission Tomography and Micro-Single-Photon Emission Tomography Therapeutic Interventions to Prevent Bone Metastasis Radiotherapy in Treatment of Bone Metastases Radiopharmaceuticals in Treatment of Bone Metastases Bisphosphonates in Treatment of Bone Metastases Pamidronate Zoledronic Acid Ibandronate Denosumab Candidate Molecules with Potential to Act Anti-osteolytic Conclusion Limitations and Future Prospective References 15 Available Preclinical Tools for Neuroblastoma Introduction Mouse Models of NB Zebrafish Models for NB Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model of NB Concluding Remarks References 16 Animal Models in Cancer Research Introduction Murine Models in Cancer Research Transplantation Murine Models Autochthonous Murine Models Genetically Engineered Murine Models Humanized Murine Models Zebra Fish as a Model for Cancer Investigations Zebra Fish in Cancer Research Transplantation Models Genetic Model of Cancer in Zebra Fish Gene Disruption Using Chemical Mutagens Transgenic Zebrafish Ectopic Expression of Targeted Gene in the Embryo Genome Editing in Zebra Fish Zebrafish Models in Drug Discovery Limitations to the Use of Zebrafish Fruit Fly as an Animal Model for Cancer Research Cancer in Drosophila Cancer Research with Higher Animals Conclusion References 17 Animal Models of Gynecological Cancers Introduction Ovarian Cancer Animal Models to Study Different Types of Ovarian Cancer Syngeneic Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer Applications of Syngeneic Mouse Models Challenges and Limitations of Syngeneic Mouse Models Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Ovarian Cancer Applications of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Challenges and Limitations of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models Specialized Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer Applications of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models Challenges and Limitations of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models Humanized Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer Endometrial Cancer Animal Models to Study Different Types of Endometrial Cancer Rodent Models of Endometrial Cancer Transgenic Mouse Models of Endometrial Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs) of Endometrial Cancer Conclusion References 18 In Vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Model Systems for Liver Cancer Research Introduction Diagnosis and Staging of HCC Imaging Techniques Detection of HCC Biopsy and Histopathology Staging of HCC Serum Tumor Markers for Detection of HCC In Vitro Model Systems of HCC Primary Human Hepatocytes Liver-Derived Cells Stem Cell-Derived Liver-Like Cells In Vivo Experimental Models of HCC Rat Experimental Models Mouse Experimental Models Syngeneic and Xenograft Experimental Models Genetically Modified Experimental Models Zebrafish Liver Cancer Experimental Model Woodchuck Experimental Model Chick Embryo Model Ex Vivo Models in Liver Cancer Research Conclusion References 19 Animal Models for Prostate Cancer Research: A Mechanistic Outlook on the Challenges and Recent Progress Introduction Animal Models of Prostate Cancer; the Challenges Purposefulness of Animals Models in Prostate Cancer Research Animal Models to Understand the Stages of PCa Development Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Prostate Adenocarcinoma Animal Models for Studying Aggressive Phenotypes of Prostate Cancer Development of Castration-Resistance of Prostate Cancer Metastasis Transgenic Models (Mice) Xenograft Models of Rat Origin Xenograft Models Canine Origin Multipurpose Animal Models to Study Prostate Cancer Key Signaling Pathways Associated with Molecular Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway RTK/ERK Pathway TGFβ Pathway Wnt Pathway AR Signaling Pathway Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 20 Animal Models for Angiogenesis on Cancer Research Introduction Tumor Angiogenesis/Angiogenic Switch Animal Models Used in Angiogenesis Study Rodent and Mice as a Model Corneal Micro-pocket Assay Rodent Mesentery Angiogenesis Assay Dorsal Air Sac Model Disk Angiogenesis System Sponge Implant Assay Chamber Assay Chick Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay The Chick Embryo Aortic Arch Assay Zebrafish Xenopus Tadpole Drugs for Angiogenesis Limitations Conclusion and Future Direction References 21 Genetically Engineered and Spontaneous Animal Model: Utilization in Preclinical Cancer Therapy Development Introduction Genetically Induced Cancer Models CRISPR-/Cas-Mediated Zebrafish Cancer Models Transgenic Zebrafish as Cancer Model Advantages of Genetically Engineered Models over Xenografts Spontaneous Models Large Animal Models in Spontaneous Cancer Research Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 22 DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Animal Model Introduction Effects of Herbal Medicine Against DEN-Induced HCC Curcumin Terminalia arjuna Annona squamosa Tinospora cordifolia Bacoside A Saffron Luteolin Leucas aspera Graptopetalum paraguayense Oldenlandia diffusa Celastrol Tetilla dactyloidea Ajwa Dates, Phoenix dactylifera Garcinia mangostana Wedelia calendulacea Cynanchum auriculatum (Baishouwu) Echinacoside Ginger Cow Ark with Allium sativum Conclusion References 23 Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) and In Ovo Models as Potential Platforms for Testing Cancer Agents Introduction Practical Benefits of Patient-Derived Xenografts in Oncology Focus of Studies Grafting Fresh Human Tumor Tissue on the CAM Angiogenesis Concordance with the Parent Tumor Micrometastasis Assessment of Cancer Therapies Embryo Survival and Take Rate Tumor Heterogeneity in the CAM Model Improving the Take Rate of Xenograft in the CAM Model for Different Tumor Types The CAM Model of Metastasis Angiogenesis of CAM Models Using the CAM Model to Establish Ovarian Cancer PDX (Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts): A Case Study CAM Procedure for Patient Samples: A High-Level Overview The OC CAM Xenograft General Protocol Incubation of Eggs CAM Preparation Fragments of OC Tumor Grafted on CAM Ultrasound Scan Imaging of the CAM Xenograft Ultrasound Using Three-Dimensional Power Doppler The 3D Ultrasound Images Have Been Analyzed PDX Tumor Harvesting and Storage CAM-PDX and Histopathology Conclusion References 24 Engineering and Studying Syngeneic Animal Tumors and Large Animal Endogenous Tumor Models Introduction Canine Model Lymphoma Urothelial Carcinoma Carcinoma of the Breast Melanoma Osteosarcoma Immune Cells and Immunology of Canines Cancer Vaccine Immunotherapies Mice Model Categories Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs) Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of OSCC Cell Line Derived Models Xenografts Patient-Derived Xenograft Model in Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft Model in Prostate Model Syngenic Models Chemically Induced Mouse Model OSCC Mouse Model Induced by 4NQO Other Carcinogen-Induced Mouse Model Humanized Mouse Models Conclusion References 25 Orthotopic PDX and CDX Mice Model for Cancer Stem Cell Research Introduction Primary Tumor Tissues or Cells The Heterotopic and Orthotopic Implantation Development of Next-Generation PDX and CDX Models in Humanized Mice Hu-PBL Mouse Model Hu-SRC Mouse Model Hu-BLT Mouse Model Usefulness of PDX and CDX Model in Cancer Research Usefulness in Tumorigenesis Research Usefulness in Preclinical Cancer Research Evaluation of Novel Anticancer Drugs Finding of Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Biomarkers Next Generation Humanized Mice Generation of TME in Hu-PDX Mice for Cancer Immunotherapies The Genetic-Modified T Cells Used in Humanized Mice The Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy Using Humanized Mice Use of Humanized Mice for NK Cells Therapies Conclusions References 26 Animal Models for Small Cell Lung Cancer Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives Introduction Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Etiological Factors Leading to SCLC Diagnosis of SCLC Clinical Features Different Stages of SCLC Animal Model System for SCLC Mouse Model System Genetically Engineered Mouse Model System Patient-Derived Xenografts Cell of Origin of SCLC Zebra Fish as Model System Conclusion Future Perspective References 27 Melatonin Induced in Cancer as a Frame of Zebrafish Model Introduction Genetics Zebrafish Tumors from Chemical Mutation Mutant Lines of Zebrafish Xenotransplantation Angiogenesis Transgenic Lines of Zebrafish Role of Melatonin in Cancer Conclusion References Part II: Application of Animal Models in Cancer Therapeutics 28 Role of Telomere and Telomerase Activator in Ageing and Cancer Introduction Telomere Telomere Structure and Telomere Homeostasis Factors Effecting Telomere Length Determination Oxidative Stress Reactive Oxygen Species Oxidative Stress in Cancer and Aging Telomere Length and Age Aging-Related Genes and Their Roles Aging-Related Diseases (ARD´s) Modern Therapies and Animal Models Involved in Aging Research Telomerase Role of Telomerase Activator Activation of Telomerase Activator Telomerase activator and Telomere Length Role of Telomere in Tumor Progression In vivo Study on the Role of Telomere and Telomerase in Tumor Progression Cancer Model in Animals Animal Model for Colon Cancer Animal Model for Pancreatic Cancer Animal Model for Lung Cancer Discussion Consent for Publication References 29 Genetics of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis: Current Molecular Insights from Animal Models Introduction Impulsive Cancer Animal Models Chemically Instigated Animal Models Transgenic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer KIC Model of PDAC KPC Model of PDAC KD Model of PDAC PDAC Model with Kras (TGFBR2 Knockout) TetO-Cre Induced by Tetracycline Formation of Animal Models Based on Cell Lines Cell Line Selection Cell Metastasis and Colonization Production of Tumor Cells Subcutaneous/Orthotopic Xenografts Subcutaneous Model Orthotopic Model Imaging of Xenograft Models Diagnostic and Therapeutic Use of Animal Models of Improved PDAC Conclusion References 30 Optical Techniques for Treatment and Tissue Evaluation Using Skin Models for Preclinical Studies Introduction Animal Models Healthy Skin Skin Tumors Chorioallantoic Membrane Optical Treatments Photodynamic Therapy Photothermal Therapy Damage Evaluation Techniques Histology Fluorescence Ultrasound Image Optical Coherence Tomography Conclusion References 31 Tumor Models of Retinoblastoma: In Vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Models Introduction Ex Vivo Models of Retinoblastoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Models 3D Organoid Models Tumorspheres In Vivo Models in Rb Estimation of Biomarkers of Rb in Various Models Analysis of Biomarkers Phosphoproteomics Micro RNAs Cell-Free DNA Analysis in Aqueous Humor Genomic cfDNA Analysis of Aqueous Humor Blood and Plasma Biomarkers Proto-Oncoproteins: MDMX and MDM2 Tissue-Specific Biomarkers: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Limitations and Future Perspectives Current Therapeutic Modalities: Comparative Analysis of Models Primary Treatments and Its Limitations Noninvasive Therapy: Management for Early Intraocular Tumors Chemotherapy External Beam Radiotherapy (EBR) Enucleation Extraocular Management Prerequisite for Animal Model Study Conventional Therapies: Comparative Analysis of Models Advanced Therapeutics Gene Therapy CAR-T Cell Small Molecules mAbs Conclusion References 32 A Study on the Role of Phytochemicals in the Preclinical Neuronal Cancer Model Introduction Phytochemicals Being Used in Current Cancer Therapy Phytochemicals with Anticancer Properties in Preclinical and Clinical Stages Capsaicin Berries Spinach Aloe Vera Phytochemicals Being Studied for Neuronal Cancer Camellia nitidissima Chi (CNC) Garcinia morella Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) Withaferin A (WA) Luteolin Zeaxanthin Curcumin Ginsenosides Resveratrol Quercetin Vomifoliol Andrographolide Polymethoxy Flavones from Citrus Tinospora cordifolia Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 33 Perspectives of Stem Cell Therapy: A Promising Therapeutic for Cancer Model and Alzheimer´s Disease Introduction Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer Model Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Cancer Therapy Model Using Stem Cell Modifications Stem Cell Tumor Therapies Applications Medicine of Regenerative Immunotherapy for Cancer Cancer Target with CSCs Screening and Selection of Anticancer Drugs Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) Pathogenesis of AD Amyloid and Tau Hypotheses Cholinergic Hypothesis General Treatment for AD AD and Stem Cell Therapies Endogenous Repair Exogenous Cell Therapy ESCs NSCs MSCs iPSCs Stem Cell-Based Rehabilitation Challenges for AD Treatment Guidelines for Stem Cell-Based Treatment Immunotherapy for AD Nanotechnology for AD Gene Therapy for AD Identifying Anti-Alzheimer Drug Contenders Via Computational Analysis Conclusion References 34 Animal Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Leading to Cancer and Role of Genetic Variation in Colitis-Associated Cancer Introduction Colorectal Cancer in Mouse Model Mouse Models of Chemically Induced Colorectal Cancer Transplant Model of CRC in Mice Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Chemically Induced Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2,4,6 Trinitro-Benzene Sulfonic Acid (TNBS) Colitis Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced IBD and IBD-Associated CRC Oxazolone Colitis Role of Genetic Variation in Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer Introduction to the Genetics and Cancer Association Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer MUTYH-Associated Polyposis Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndrome Genetic Variation in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer Concluding Remark References 35 Selected Methods for Toxicity Testing of Chemical and Biological Compounds Using Animals Introduction Toxicometry Purpose, Scope, and Criteria for Toxicometric Studies Purpose of Toxicometric Studies Scope of Toxicometric Studies Criteria for Toxicometric Studies Stages of Testing Acute Toxicity Classical Procedure Fixed-Dose Procedure Acute Toxic Class Method The Up-and-Down Procedure Evaluation of Local Skin Irritation/Corrosion Skin Sensitization Assessment Short-Term (Subacute) Toxicity Subchronic Toxicity Chronic Toxicity Classification of Chemicals Conclusion References 36 Terpenoids as Chemopreventive Agents and Their Interpretation in Animal Models and Human Clinical Trials Introduction Monoterpenes Diterpenes Triterpenes Tetraterpenes Sesquiterpenoids Conclusions References 37 Role of Animal Research to Understand the Prospects for Chemoprevention of Cancer Introduction Importance of Animal Models Mouse Models in Cancer Research Small Animal Models Large Animal Models Organ Site in Specific Animal Models Conclusion References 38 Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Therapeutic Role in Animal Models with Colorectal Cancer Introduction Biogenesis of Exosomes Exosome Classification Exosome Composition Exosome Components Exosomal Proteins Noncoding Exosomal RNAs MicroRNA lncRNA Circular RNA (circRNA) Exosomal Source, Uptake, and Function Exosome Isolation Exosome Preservation and Storage Exosome Characterization Stem Cells Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Exosomes from MSCs Generated from Adult Bone Marrow MSC Exosomes Generated from the Umbilical Cord Exosomes Produced by MSCs Generated from Adipose Tissue Tumor and Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Angiogenesis Growth of Tumors Invasion and Metastasis Role of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and CRC Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Role in Animal Models with Colorectal Cancer Conclusion References 39 Experimental Model for Pancreatic Cancer and Its Therapeutic Implications in Clinical Research Introduction Opportunistic Risk Factors Amendable Risk Factors Unamendable Risk Factors Pathology of Pancreatic Cancer Molecular Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer K-Ras Oncogene P16/CDKN2A Gene Tumor Protein P53 (p53) SMAD4 Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF) Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Animals Models in Pancreatic Cancer Rats Hamster Immune-Deficient Mice Establishment of Tumorogenesis in Animal Model Subcutaneous Xenograft Models Orthotopic Xenograft Models Genetically Engineered Models of Pancreatic Cancer Ideal Animal Model for Clinical Aspects Conclusion References 40 Human Embryonic Stem Cells as a Therapy for Alzheimer´s Disease Introduction Pathogenesis and Proteinopathy of Alzheimer´s Disease Stem Cell and Its Potency Stem Cells in Alzheimer´s Disease Human Embryonic Stem Cells Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Prospect in Targeting AD Induction of Hippocampal Neurogenesis Secreting Paracrine Factors: Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Restoring Cholinergic Functions Anti-hyperphosphorylation of Tau Antiamyloidogenic Potential Mitochondrial Biogenesis Signaling Pathways Mediating hESCs Function Wnt Signaling References 41 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): Clinical Features and Therapeutic Targets Introduction Biological Warnings of TNBC Epidemiology Diagnosis and Treatment Lumpectomy Mastectomy Radiation Chemotherapy Cytotoxic Treatment Therapeutic Targets: At the Level of Gene Immunotherapy Treatment with Neoadjuvant Breastfeeding and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Advanced Medications Molecular Pathways of TNBC Ras/MAPK Pathway PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Models of TNBC Transgenic Mouse Models (MMTV-PyMT) Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs) Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs) Conclusion Reference 42 Therapeutic Molecular Targets of Cancer and Animal Models: Adequacy and Drawbacks Introduction Rodent Models in Oncology Xenograft Mouse Model Chemically Induced Rodent Model Genetically Engineered Mouse Model Therapeutic Molecular Targets of Cancer Therapeutic Molecular Target for EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapeutic Molecular Target for FLT3-ITD Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapeutic Molecular Target for VEGF and mTOR Pathway in Renal Cell Carcinoma Conclusions References 43 Therapeutic Approaches and Models in Retinoblastoma Introduction Conclusion References 44 Transmissible Animal Tumors as Models for Cancer Research Introduction Transmissible Cancers Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT) Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD) Clam Leukemia (CL) Transplantable and Transmissible Tumors in Animal Models Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Part III: Animal Models for Cancer Drug Discovery: Recent Advances 45 RNA Interference in Experimental Animal Models: Its Application in Cancer Research and Therapy Introduction RNA Interference Cancer and RNAi Gene Silencing Through siRNA and shRNA Gene Silencing Through MicroRNAs Animal Models Various Models Used Genes to Target Delivery of RNAi In Vivo RNAi and Cytotoxicity Conclusions and Future Scope References 46 Association of Animal Models in the Field of Translational Medicine: Prediction and Validation Introduction Validity of Preclinical Animal Research Internal Validity External Validity Association of Internal and External Validity How to Refine the Preclinical Animal Models Conclusion References 47 Detection of Tumors Through Fluorescence Conjugated Dye in Animal Model Introduction Cancer Research on Animal Model Cancer Imaging and Targeting with Near-Infrared Dyes Newly Developed NIR Dyes for Cancer Imaging Recent Approaches to Create Multifunctional NIR Dyes with Cancer-Targeting Properties Cancer Imaging and Targeting with NIR Dyes Coupled with Target Molecules Nanoparticles with NIR Dye Embedded in Them for Cancer Targeting and Imaging NIR Dyes Are Multifunctional and Native for Cancer Detection and Imaging Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI) Technique Conclusion References 48 Recent Advances of Metal-Based Anticancer Agents and Their In Vivo Potential Against Various Types of Malignancies Introduction In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Platinum Complexes Mechanism of Action of Platinum Complexes In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Gold Complexes In Vivo Anticancer Activities of Copper Complexes Antitumor Activities of Ru, Pd, and Ir Derivatives Conclusion References 49 Mouse as a Preclinical Model for Studying Small Noncoding RNAs Involved in Colorectal Cancer Introduction Small RNA and Their Types microRNA (miRNA) Piwi-Interacting RNA (piRNA) Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments (tRFs) Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) Small RNA Associated with CRC Mouse Model in CRC Research Chemical Induced Mice Models Peritoneal Model Xenograft Mice Model Transgenic Mice Model A Mouse Model for Small RNA Research Advantage of a Mouse Model in CRC Research Issues of Using Mouse Models in CRC Research Conclusion Future Perspective References 50 Radiopharmaceuticals: A New Era in Cancer Therapy - Light on Initial Findings on Animal Model Introduction Radiopharmaceuticals: An Overview RP Nomenclature Diagnostic RPs Transition of Diagnostic to Therapeutic RPs Mechanism Preclinical Research on RPT: Initial Findings in an Animal Model Biodistribution and Dosimetry in Animal Research Common RPT Agents Under Research Targeted Cancer Therapy in Experimental Animal Research Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals from Animals to Humans Challenges Conclusion References 51 Cancer Modeling: Modern Imaging Applications in the Development of a Unique Animal Model System to Analyze Cancer Advanceme... Introduction Toward Ideal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Based on Cancer Biology Reporter Systems Imaging Cancer Cells and Their Environment in Living Organisms Biosensors of Key Genetic Processes in Cancer Cells Magnetic Nanoparticles Are Promising Cancer Theranostics Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Imaging Magnetic Particle Imaging Benefits of Magnetic Particle Imaging Include Examples of Nanoparticles Success in Different Organs Tumors Pancreas Cancer Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer Lung Cancer Photothermal Therapy Magnetic Nanoparticle-Guided Drug Delivery Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery for Cancer Treatment Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dual Imaging and Drug Delivery Multifunctional/Multimodal Nanoparticles Personalized Therapeutic Response Best Animal Model for Tumor Imaging and Therapy Future Perspectives Conclusion References 52 The Molecular and Biochemical Variations During Cancer Prognosis in Mouse Models Introduction Transgenic Mice Patient-Derived Xenografts Applications/Advantages of PDX Models Limitations of PDX Models Conclusion References 53 Animal Model-Based Studies to Evaluate the Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment Introduction Historical Perspective of Animal Models Experimental Animal Model in Cancer Research Nude Mice Hamsters Rabbits Zebrafish and Amphibians Current Trends in Cancer Management Microarray Nanotechnology Lipid-Based Nanoparticle for Cancer Therapy Lipid Nanoparticles Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Liposomes Lipid-Based Nanocomposite Carriers Animal Models Used in Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Therapy Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapy in Xenograft Animal Model Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapy in Chemically Induced Animal Model Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapy in Genetically Modified Animal Model Conclusion References 54 Zebrafish: A Versatile Animal Model to Study Tumorigenesis Process and Effective Preclinical Drug Screening for Human Cance... Introduction Zebrafish as animal model Zebrafish Life Cycle, Maintenance, and Breeding Zebrafish Cancer Models Tumor Induction Through Mutagenesis Transgenic Lines for Tumor Studies Tumour Cell Transplantation in Zebrafish Approaches for Preclinical Drug Screening Using Zebrafish as an Animal Model Phytotherapeutic Testing Using Zebrafish Embryos Conclusions References 55 Preclinical Animal Models of Cancer: Applications and Limitations Introduction Mouse Model Humanized Mouse Model Immunodeficient Mouse Model Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models Murine Tumor Mouse Models Genetically Engineered Mouse Models Challenges Faced by GEMMs Tumor Cell Lines with Identical Genes Challenges Faced by Tumor Models with Identical Genes Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Pig (Sus scrofa) Genetically Modified Pigs Porcine Cancer Models Porcine Tumor Xenograft Model Applications of Animal Models Xenografts Genetically Engineered Animal Models Zebrafish: Make a Good Animal Model Major Limitations of Animal Models Conclusions References 56 Alternative Animal Models in Cancer Research Introduction Primary Cell Line Cancer Cell Lines Cancer Stem Cells Spheroids Embedded Ex Vivo Tumor Sections 3D Invasion Models Avascular Microfluidic Models Tumor-Microvessel Models Predefined ECM Scaffold Human Organ on a Chip Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture Assays Commonly Used in in Vitro Models Mouse Models Genetically Induced Cancer Models RNA Interference Mouse Model of Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft Limitations Zebrafish Models Zebrafish as Genetic Models of Cancer Zebrafish as Transplantation Model Zebrafish for Neoplasia Studies Limitations of Using Zebrafish Cancer Model Future Perspective Drosophila Melanogaster Caenorhabditis Elegans Limitations Pig Cancer Model Chick Embryo Computational Cancer Models Limitation of Animal Models in Cancer Research Conclusion References 57 Preclinical Models in Colorectal Cancer Drug Discovery Introduction Carcinogen-Induced Models Transplant Models Ectopic Xenografts Orthotopic Xenografts and Patient-Derived CRC Xenografts Transgenic Animal Models Conclusion References 58 Clinical Utility of Noncoding RNAs as Systemic Biomarkers in Animal Models Introduction Noncoding RNAs: Potential Biomarker in Cancer Role of ncRNAs in Various Cancer Types Lung Cancer (LC) Breast Cancer (BC) Pancreatic Cancer (PC) Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Leukemia Thyroid Cancer (TC) Role of ncRNA in Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Sensitivity Challenges of ncRNA Study in Animal Model Conclusion and Future Perspective References 59 Applications of Nanomedicine in Animal Models of Cancer Introduction Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems and Its Categories Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Tumor Imaging Zebrafish Cancer Models Xenograft Models Genetic Models Chemical Models Breast Cancer In Vitro Models for the Development of Nanomedicine Tumor Growth and Metastasis Assessment Prospective Nanotechnologies to Advance Cancer Therapy Cancer Diagnostics on the Nanoscale Role of Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy Conclusion References Index