Hand and Brain: The Neurophysiology and Psychology of Hand Movements

Front Cover......Page 1
Hand and Brain: The Neurophysiology and Psychology of Hand Movements......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 16
Preface......Page 20
Part 1: The Hand in Action......Page 22
1. Introduction......Page 26
2. Newton's Apple......Page 27
3. Methods Used in the Analysis of the Motor Function of the Hand......Page 32
2. Two Visual Systems in Primate Visual Cortex?......Page 36
3. The Neuropsychological Evidence......Page 38
4. Different Transformations for Different Purposes......Page 46
5. Evidence from Monkey Studies......Page 47
6. Separate Streams for Perception and Action......Page 51
Part 2: The Motor Hand......Page 54
1. Introduction......Page 58
2. Recording EMG during Force Production......Page 67
3. Constancy of Muscle Activation Patterns......Page 69
4. Muscle Synergies in the Amplitude Domain......Page 73
5. Muscle Synergies in the Time Domain......Page 76
6. Temporal Synergies at the Motor Unit Level......Page 78
7. Relation between Motor Unit Synchronization and Muscle Coupling......Page 82
8. Discussion......Page 83
1. Skeletal Muscle Architecture......Page 90
2. Functional Consequences of Altered Muscle Fiber Length......Page 96
3. Implications for Tendon Transfer......Page 99
1. Introduction......Page 102
2. Performance of an Individuated Finger Movement Task......Page 103
3. The Extrinsic Finger Muscles and Their Electromyographic Activity......Page 105
4. Neuron Activity in the Primary Motor Cortex......Page 111
5. Discussion......Page 117
1. Introduction......Page 120
2. Functional Specialization of SMA and M1......Page 124
3. Experimental Investigation of the Corticospinal Connectivity of the Hand Representations of SMA and M1......Page 132
4. General Conclusions......Page 143
1. Introduction......Page 146
2. What Can We Learn from the Development of the Corticospinal System in Different Species?......Page 148
3. Are There Cortico-Motoneuronal Projections to the Hand Muscle Motoneurone Pools in the Neonatal Primate?......Page 150
4. Are Functional Cortico-Motoneuronal Connections Present in the Neonatal Primate?......Page 152
5. How Does the Axon Diameter of the Corticospinal Neurons Change during Development and How Is This Related to Conduction Velocity?......Page 156
6. Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation a Good Tool for Studying Corticospinal Development?......Page 161
7. Does the Development of the Corticospinal Tract Provide Evidence for a Principle of Constant Central Motor Conduction Time?......Page 163
8. Are There Different Maturational Timetables for Axon Myelination, Synaptic Connections, and Motor Functions?......Page 165
Part 3: Hand Positioning in Reaching......Page 168
1. Introduction......Page 172
2. Neural Frames of Reference......Page 175
3. Position Sense of the Arm......Page 176
4. Position Sense of the Hand......Page 179
5. Conclusion......Page 188
1. Introduction......Page 190
2. The Degrees of Freedom Problem......Page 191
3. Coupling......Page 192
5. Cost Containment......Page 195
6. Posture-Based Planning......Page 199
7. Conclusions......Page 206
1. Introduction......Page 208
2. Methods......Page 211
3. Results......Page 212
4. Dynamic Interactions Affecting Distal Motions during Prehension......Page 217
5. Discussion......Page 224
6. Appendix: Introduction to Joint Torques by Scott Cooper......Page 227
1. Introduction......Page 234
2. Anticipatory Responses in Catching Tasks under Visual Guidance......Page 235
3. Parametric Tuning of the Responses......Page 242
4. Functional Organization of Reflex Responses to Hand Perturbations......Page 244
5. Prospective Control of Reflex Responses in Catching......Page 246
6. Limb Mechanics......Page 249
7. Adaptive Control of Hand Impedance......Page 252
Part 4: Hand–Arm Coordination in Reach and Grasp......Page 260
1. Introduction......Page 264
2. A Language for Describing Hand Shapes......Page 265
3. Neural Networks for Selecting Fingers......Page 270
4. Neural Networks for Learning Hand Posture......Page 273
5. Conclusions......Page 284
1. Introduction......Page 286
2. Back to the Visuomotor Channels......Page 287
3. Kinematic Description of Normal Prehension Movements......Page 288
4. The Effects of Varying Object Location on Prehension Movements......Page 289
5. The Effects of Varying Object Size on Prehension Movements......Page 294
6. Time and Accuracy Constraints......Page 298
7. The Visual Control of Movement Guidance......Page 299
8. Conclusion......Page 302
1. General Outline......Page 304
2. Assimilation Effect......Page 308
3. Division of Labor and Hand Specialization......Page 313
4. Hierarchical Organization......Page 314
5. Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 319
1. Introduction......Page 322
2. Lifting Objects......Page 323
3. Moving an Inertial Load Held in Precision Grip......Page 328
4. Generality of Anticipatory Modulation of Grip Force......Page 334
5. Altered Load Force Regimes......Page 336
6. Anticipating Environmental Interactions......Page 338
7. Whole Body Movement......Page 340
8. CNS Mechanisms......Page 343
9. Conclusions......Page 345
Part 5: The Sensorimotor Hand......Page 346
1. Introduction......Page 350
2. Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway......Page 351
3. Organization of Primary Somatosensory Cortex......Page 354
4. Function of Primary Somatosensory Cortex in Relation to Behavior......Page 356
5. Movement-Related Gating of Cutaneous Afferent Transmission......Page 358
6. Peripheral Mechanoreceptive Discharge in Relation to Digit Movements......Page 360
7. Somatosensory Cortical Discharge in Relation to Digit Movements......Page 362
8. Somatosensory Cortical Discharge during Active Touch......Page 363
9. Gating of Somatosensory Cortical Discharge in Relation to Active Touch......Page 364
10. Conclusions......Page 367
1. Introduction......Page 370
2. Sensory Basis of Proprioception......Page 371
3. Sense of Limb Position and Movement......Page 376
4. Sense of Force......Page 377
5. Specialization of the Sensorimotor Functions of the Hand......Page 378
6. Proprioception and the New Psychophysics......Page 380
7. Manual Dexterity......Page 381
8. Conclusion......Page 383
1. Introduction......Page 384
3. Proprioceptive Responses from Finger Muscles......Page 386
4. Kinematic and Muscular Characteristics of Self-Generated Finger Movements......Page 390
5. Which Mechanisms Might Produce the 8-10 Hz Discontinuities during Finger Movements?......Page 392
6. Premotoneuronal Mechanisms......Page 398
7. Functional Implications of Pulsatile Motor Control......Page 400
1. Introduction......Page 402
2. Manipulation of Passive Objects......Page 405
3. Parametric Adjustments of Fingertip Forces to Physical Properties of Objects......Page 408
4. Memory for Object Physical Properties: Anticipatory Parameter Control......Page 411
5. Afferent Control during Task Execution: Discrete Event, Sensory Driven Control......Page 414
6. Ontogenetic Development of Sensorimotor Control in Precision Lifting......Page 424
7. Comments on Central Neural Mechanisms......Page 427
8. Conclusions......Page 433
1. Introduction......Page 436
2. Muscle Activity and Sense of Force......Page 437
3. Fingertip Forces in Precision Grip......Page 438
4. Experiments on Weight and Load Discrimination......Page 440
5. Sense of Muscle Force in Weight Perception......Page 447
6. Comparison of the Texture Effect with the Effects of Size and Color......Page 448
7. Perception and Action Systems......Page 449
9. Conclusion......Page 450
1. Introduction......Page 452
2. Hand Movements for Perception......Page 453
3. Characteristics of EPs......Page 455
4. Perceptual Consequences of EP Selection......Page 458
5. Issues Raised......Page 465
References......Page 468
Glossary......Page 522
Index......Page 528