Guns, Gun Violence and Gun Homicides: Perspectives from the Caribbean, Global South and Beyond (Palgrave Studies in Risk, Crime and Society)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to Guns, Gun Violence and Gun Homicides: Perspectives from the Caribbean, Global South and Beyond
	Introduction
	Why a Focus on the Caribbean/Global South/Beyond?
	Structure and Contents of the Book
		Part 1
	Importance of Guns, Gun Violence and Gun Homicides
	Conclusion
	References
Part I Australia
2 Mass Shootings and Gun Control by Police: Comparing Australia and the United States
	Introduction
	Background
		Australia
		The United States
	Review
	Prevention Tips
	Conclusion
	References
Part II The Caribbean
3 Trends and Patterns for Gun Homicide in Trinidad and Tobago During the Early Years of the Twenty-First Century: A Data-Driven Analysis
	Introduction
	Aim, Objectives and Desired Evidence
	Global and Regional Features of Gun Homicide
	Data Source, Methodological Issues and Statistical Evidence
		Data and Methods
		Characteristics of Homicide Cases 2000–2019—Trinidad and Tobago
		Ethnicity, Age Group, Gender and Homicide Victimization 2000–2019
	The Prevalence of Gun Homicide Among Homicide Cases 2000–2019
	Presentation of Findings
		Homicide Trends and Temporal Patterns 2000–2019
		The Odds of Homicide Due to Gun Use
	Redressing New Millennial Homicide Trends
	Prevention Tips
	Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Gun-Related Violence and Homicides in Dominica: Why Isn’t There Even More?
	Introduction
	Method
		The Crime Statistics
		Developing the Maps
	Findings
		Total Indictable, and Gun-Related Offenses in Dominica, 2016–2019
		Total Gun-Related Offenses by Dominica Settlements
		Total Dominica Gun-Related Offenses (2016–2019) by Parish
	Discussion
		Theoretical Implications
		Methodological Implications
		Policy Implications
		Programmatic Implications
	Prevention Tips
	Conclusion
	References
5 The Prevalence of Guns and Gun-Related Homicides in the Caribbean
	Introduction
		A Brief History of the Caribbean
		Gun Violence and Gun-Related Violence Post Colonization
	Perpetrators of Homicide
		Homicide in Context
	Jamaica
		Gun Violence and Homicides by Police Officers
		State of Emergency
		Gun Legislation in Jamaica
		Trinidad and Tobago
		Gun Legislation in Trinidad and Tobago
		Saint Kitts and Nevis
		Gun Legislation
		Strategies for Gun Violence and Gun-Related Homicide
	Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
6 The Use of Lethal Police Force and Its Consequences for the Mentally Ill and Vulnerable Groups in St. Lucia
	Introduction
	Policing the Caribbean
		Sources of Accountability
	Methodology
		Policing and the Use of Violence in St Lucia
		Regulating the Behaviour of RSLPF’s Officers
		Public Perception of Police Violence
		Police Violence and the Mentally Ill
		Policing the Mentally Ill in St Lucia
		Police Education and Training and the Mentally Ill
	Conclusion
	References
7 Understanding Haiti’s Current Phenomenon of Gang Violence and Illicit Arms Trafficking: A View from the Lens of Vertical-Horizontal Violence
	Introduction
	Historical Issues of Gun-Related Homicides, Formation of Gangs or Paramilitary Forces and Illicit Arms Trafficking in a Broadly Related Context
	Framework of Explanations
	Rent-Seeking
	Anarchy
	Method
	Empirical Analysis
	Rent-Seeking
	Anarchy
	Prevention Tips
	Conclusion
	References
8 The Battle Against the Illicit Gun Trade in Trinidad and Tobago from a Military Perspective
	Introduction
	Research Context
	Review of the Literature
	Border Custodians Fight Against Illegal Trafficking
	Dialogue on the Illegal Firearm Trend in Trinidad and Tobago
	Theoretical Perspective
	Participants
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
9 Past and Present Trends in Gun Violence and Gangs and Their Implications in Belize: 2011–2020
	Introduction
	Method
		Globalization of Firearms
		Gun Ownership in Belize
		Addressing Gun Violence in Belize—Prevention Tips
	Conclusion
	References
10 An Evaluation of Guns, Gun Violence and Gun Homicides in Trinidad and Tobago—2010 to 2016
	Introduction
	The Present Study
	Research Context
	Literature Review
	Materials and Method
		Data Sources and Analysis
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Part III Africa and Beyond
11 Trends, Precipitating Factors and Control of Gun-Related Violence and Suicide in Zimbabwe
	Introduction
		The Colonial Legacy of Gun Violence
		State-Sanctioned Gun Violence
		Guns and Armed Robbery
	Guns and Suicide
	Regional and National Regulatory Framework
	Prevention Tips
		Professionalism in Handling Public Disorder Situations
		Addressing Socio-Economic Challenges
		Strict Gun Laws Enforcement
		Border Controls
		Stringent Conditions for Possessing Firearms
		Stiffer Penalties for Firearm-Related Offences
	Conclusion
	References
12 Gun Violence and Homicide in Nigeria and Implications for Ethno-Religious Conflicts
	Introduction
	Theoretical Perspective
	Literature Review
		Ethno-Religious Violence and Gun Violence
		Wars and Continental Destabilization
		Boko Ham, Terrorism and Arms Proliferation
		Militancy, Resource Control and Gun Violence
		Fulani Herdsmen/Farmers Clashes
		Failure of Governance, Poverty and Violence
		Implications for Ethno-Religious Conflicts
	Prevention Tips
	Conclusion
	References
13 Intimate Partner Gun-Violence (IPGV) in Zambia
	Introduction
	Study Site
	Scope and Methodology
	Results
	Discussion and Implications
	Illustrative Examples of Intimate Partner Gun-Violence
	Interventions in Intimate Partner Gun-Violence
	Conclusion
	References
14 Use of Force and Gun Violence in Bangladesh: The Culture of Extrajudicial Killings by the Law Enforcement Agencies of Bangladesh
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Use of Force
	The Emergence of Firearms and Individual Armament
	International Obligations Towards Use of Force or Using Firearms Against Civilian
	Crossfire or Extrajudicial Killing?
	The Birth of Rapid Action Battalion (RAB)
	The Culture of Extrajudicial Killing in Bangladesh After 2004
	Contribution of Drugs and Arms Related Issues in the Extrajudicial Killings
	Measures to Reduce Extrajudicial Killings and Gun Violence
	Conclusion
	References
15 Killing and Letting Die: Depicting the Brazilian Conundrum Between Police Killings and Private Lethal Practices
	Introduction
	Letting Die: Homicide and (the Lack of) Punishment
	Killing: Police Lethality as a Legal and Legitimated Mechanism
	Contradictions, Complexities and Challenges from the Brazilian Dilemma
	Prevention Tips
	Conclusion
	References
16 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Guns, Gun Violence and Gun Homicides
	Correction to:  W. C. Wallace (ed.), Guns, Gun Violence and Gun Homicides, Palgrave Studies in Risk, Crime and Society,  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84518-6
Index