Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis

Front Cover
......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
FEMA Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 9
List of Figures......Page 13
List of Tables......Page 17
1.1 Objectives and Scope......Page 19
1.2 Deciding to Construct a Vertical Evacuation
Structure
......Page 0
1.2.2 Decision-Making and Design Process......Page 20
1.3 Limitations......Page 22
1.4 Organization......Page 23
2.1.1 Historic Tsunami Activity......Page 25
2.1.2 Behaviors and Characteristics of Tsunamis......Page 28
2.2.1 Historic Data on Tsunami Effects......Page 34
2.2.2 Observations from the Indian Ocean Tsunami......Page 37
2.2.3 Observations from Hurricane Katrina......Page 41
2.2.4 Implications for Tsunami-Resistant Design......Page 46
3.1 Current Tsunami Modeling and Inundation
Mapping
......Page 49
3.2 The NOAA Tsunami Program: Forecast Modeling
and Mapping
......Page 50
3.3 The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation
Program: Credible Worst-Case Scenarios
......Page 52
3.4 The FEMA Map Modernization Program:
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessments
......Page 55
3.6 Hazard Quantification for Design of Tsunami
Vertical Evacuation Structures
......Page 58
3.7 Recommendations to Improve Tsunami Hazard Assessment......Page 60
4.1.1 Single-Purpose Facilities......Page 61
4.1.3 Multi-Hazard Considerations......Page 62
4.2.1 Existing High Ground......Page 63
4.2.3 Parking Garages......Page 64
4.2.5 Commercial Facilities......Page 65
4.2.6 School Facilities......Page 66
4.2.7 Existing Buildings......Page 67
5.1.1 Warning, Travel Time, and Spacing......Page 69
5.1.2 Ingress and Vertical Circulation......Page 71
5.1.3 Consideration of Site Hazards......Page 72
5.2 Sizing Considerations......Page 74
5.2.2 Square Footage Recommendations from Available......Page 75
5.3 Elevation Considerations......Page 77
5.4 Size of Vertical Evacuation Structures......Page 78
6.1.1 Current U.S. Codes, Standards, and Guidelines......Page 79
6.1.2 Summary of Current Design Requirements......Page 81
6.1.3 Limitations in Available Flood Design Criteria Relative......Page 82
6.2 Performance Objectives......Page 83
6.2.1 Tsunami Performance Objective......Page 84
6.3 Earthquake Loading......Page 85
6.3.2 Far-Source-Generated Tsunamis......Page 86
6.5.1 Key Assumptions for Estimating Tsunami Load Effects......Page 87
6.5.2 Hydrostatic Forces......Page 88
6.5.3 Buoyant Forces......Page 89
6.5.4 Hydrodynamic Forces......Page 90
6.5.5 Impulsive Forces......Page 92
6.5.6 Debris Impact Forces......Page 93
6.5.8 Uplift Forces on Elevated Floors......Page 96
6.5.9 Additional Gravity Loads on Elevated Floors......Page 98
6.6 Combination of Tsunami Forces......Page 99
6.6.1 Tsunami Force Combinations on the Overall Structure......Page 100
6.6.2 Tsunami Force Combinations on Individual......Page 102
6.7 Load Combinations......Page 103
6.9.1 Tie Force Strategy......Page 104
6.9.2 Missing Column Strategy......Page 106
7.2 Structural Considerations for Tsunami Load
Effects
......Page 109
7.2.1 Foundation / Scour Design Concepts......Page 110
7.2.2 Breakaway Wall Concepts......Page 111
7.3 Concepts for Modifying and Retrofitting Existing
Structures
......Page 113
7.4.2 Peer Review......Page 114
7.5 Planning Considerations for Vertical Evacuation
Structures
......Page 115
7.6 Cost Considerations for Vertical Evacuation
Structures
......Page 116
Vertical Evacuation Structure Examples from Japan......Page 119
Community Design
Example
......Page 125
B.1 Site 1 Example: Escape Berm......Page 128
B.2 Site 2 Example: Multi-Use Structure......Page 130
C.1 Inundation Depth......Page 135
C.3 Hydrodynamic and Impulsive Forces......Page 136
C.4 Impact Force......Page 138
C.5 Damming Effect of Waterborne Debris......Page 139
C.6 Hydrodynamic Uplift Forces......Page 140
D.1 Available Models for Impact Loads......Page 141
D.2 Summary and Discussion......Page 145
E.1 Flow Velocity......Page 149
E.2 Momentum Flux......Page 152
Glossary......Page 153
References......Page 163
Project Participants......Page 175