Grown in Delhi: A Political Ecology of Social Networks and Agency Among Yamuna Farmers

Preface
	References
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	References
Part I A Political Ecology Lens
2 Vulnerable, yet Resilient
	2.1 To Develop or Not to Develop: Land as Contested Urban Resource
	2.2 Communities in Planning
		2.2.1 Participatory Planning: Discourse Versus Reality
		2.2.2 Participation and Representation
		2.2.3 Knowledge and Problem-Setting
	2.3 Power in Planning
		2.3.1 Power Within, Power Without
		2.3.2 The Disempowered
		2.3.3 Social Networks and Decision-Making
	2.4 Micro–Macro Disconnect
	2.5 Vulnerability and Resilience
	2.6 Coping and Access to Resources
	2.7 Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
	References
3 Whose Land Is This Anyway?
	3.1 Human Organization Is Not Random, Nor Even
	3.2 Political Ecology: The Structural Context
	3.3 Power with a Small “p”
	3.4 Measuring Power Relations
		3.4.1 Structural Power: What Is Possible
		3.4.2 Organizational Power: In What Context
		3.4.3 Ego-Alter Power: With Whom
		3.4.4 Individual-Level Power: Potential to Act
		3.4.5 Livelihood Outcomes: The Outcome of Power
		3.4.6 Ego-Alter Power: In-Depth
	3.5 Social Networks for Mobilize Resources
	3.6 Aggregating and Linking Modes of Power
	3.7 Marginal Land Settlement
		3.7.1 Pilot Study
		3.7.2 Selecting a Site: Identifying a Community
		3.7.3 Whose Land Is It Anyway?
		3.7.4 Yamuna River
	3.8 Community Boundaries
	References
Part II Social Networks and Access to Resources
4 Introductions First
	4.1 Urban Food System Concepts
	4.2 Individuals Embedded in Households
	4.3 Household Representation
	4.4 The Researcher and the Researched
	4.5 Research Design
	4.6 Methodological Challenges
	4.7 Analysis: Data Limits
	4.8 Coercion, I Mean Compensation
	References
5 Family Dynamic: The Household as a Collective Agent
	5.1 Household Assets
	5.2 Benefits to Farming the Yamuna Floodplain
	5.3 Physical Capital
	5.4 Natural Capital
	5.5 Land Improvements
	5.6 The Pregnant Woman Who Didn’t Exist
	5.7 Ego-Centric (Household) Power
	Reference
6 Help Wanted: Laborers as a Social Network Collective
	6.1 Investing, Withdrawing, and Exchanging Resources
	6.2 Rural to Urban Migration
	6.3 Labor Power
	References
7 Friends and Frenemies: Other Farmers as a Social Network Collective
	7.1 Farmers’ First Experience
	7.2 The Other Thirty-Four
	7.3 Within Class Violence
	7.4 Farmer Power
	References
8 Buying and Selling: Vendors as a Social Network Collective
	8.1 Negotiating Price
	8.2 Loans
	8.3 Advice from Vendors
	8.4 Lack of Discussion
	8.5 If They Come, Build It…Income Diversification
	8.6 Mandis and the Slow-Rapid Rise of the Supermarket in India
	8.7 The Middle Class Consumer
	8.8 Vendor Power
	References
9 Seeds and Fertilizer: The Agricultural Industry as a Social Collective
	9.1 Lalit vs. Goliath: A Small Seed Shop Owner with a Big Clientele
	9.2 Researcher and Researched Revisited
	9.3 Green Revolution (Indian Version)
	9.4 Industry Power
	References
10 Rent or Own? Landlords as a Social Network Collective
	10.1 Rent Rate
	10.2 Leasing Arrangements and Preference
	10.3 Rent Payment
	10.4 Rent Collection & Landlord’s Residence
	10.5 Conversation and Advice
	10.6 Property Improvements and Help
	10.7 Ten Landlords
	10.8 Tenure, Title, and Identification
	10.9 Landlord Collective
	References
11 The Outsiders: Other Social Network Collectives
	11.1 Who Else and from Where?
	11.2 Discussion, Advice or Assistance
	11.3 IDs: Education, Social Services, and Charity
	11.4 Health and Religion
	11.5 The Priest and the Devout
	11.6 Politicians and the Right to Vote
	11.7 News in All Directions
	11.8 Other Relation Power
	References
Part III Solutions without Resolution
12 Land, Knowledge, Strategies
	12.1 The Catalyst for Action
	12.2 Land Use Change: Beliefs and Behaviors
	12.3 Knowledge of Land Use Change in Yamuna Khadir
	12.4 Involvement in Land Use Planning
	12.5 Perception of Land Use Influence
	12.6 Potential for Livelihood Outcomes
	12.7 Livelihood Indicators
	12.8 Benefits to Farming Along the Yamuna
	12.9 Livelihood Strategies
	12.10 Social Networks and Livelihood Strategies
	12.11 Land Use Influence and Livelihood Strategies
	References
13 Patches and Corridors: An Expanded Description of Pathways of Power
	13.1 Social Networks and Resiliency
	13.2 Mimicry: The Case of Weak Social Networks That Appear Advantaged
	13.3 Isolation: The Case of Self-Reliant Households
	13.4 Community: The Case of Strong Community Bonds Without Power
	13.5 Rooted: The Case of Strong Bonds Without Influence
	13.6 Charity: The Case of Strong Bridges Without Roots
	13.7 Separated: The Case of Weak Community Bonds
	13.8 Dependent: The Case of Extrinsic Capital
	13.9 Many Pathways: The Case of Strong Social Networks and Influence
	13.10 Entrepreneurs: The Non-Farming Community
	13.11 Everyday Forms of Resistance
	References
14 Urban Food Production as an Embedded Practice
	14.1 Changing Land Use and Changing Identities
	14.2 City Planning and the Citizen
	14.3 Coping with Natural Hazards
	14.4 Coping with Development Pressure
	14.5 Revisiting Small ‘p’ Power
	14.6 Knowledge, Action, Influence
		14.6.1 Lack of Knowledge: What to Say?
		14.6.2 Lack of Action: Participation and Representation
		14.6.3 Lack of Influence: Outside the Decision-Making Space
	14.7 The Socially Constructed Farmer
	References
15 Conclusion: Scaffolding Urban Food Systems
	15.1 Embedding Beliefs and Behaviors
	15.2 Reinforcing Marginalization
	15.3 Community Representation
	15.4 Future Steps
	15.5 Final Reflection
	References
Index