Groundwater Quality and Geochemistry in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 126)

Preface
Contents
Part I: Assessment of Groundwater Quality
Unveiling the Hidden Depths: A Review for Understanding and Managing Groundwater Contamination in Arid Regions
	1 Introduction
	2 Aquifers Contamination
	3 Assessment of Aquifers Contamination Methods
		3.1 Geophysical Investigations
		3.2 Hydro-Geochemical Investigations
		3.3 Experimental Studies
		3.4 Mathematical Studies
	4 Aquifers Protection Techniques
		4.1 Operation Management
		4.2 Hydraulic Barrier Management
			4.2.1 Reuse of Agricultural Drainage Water
			4.2.2 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
			4.2.3 Natural and Artificial Recharge
			4.2.4 Positive and Negative Hydraulic Barriers
		4.3 Material Management
			4.3.1 Geo-synthetic Materials
			4.3.2 Natural Materials
			4.3.3 Mixed Materials
		4.4 Physical Barriers Management
	5 Conclusion
	6 Recommendations
	References
Risk Assessment of Potential Groundwater Contamination by Agricultural Drainage Water in the Central Valley Watershed, Califor...
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Area Description
		2.2 Nitrate Contamination in the Central Valley
		2.3 DRASTIC Method
			2.3.1 DRASTIC Variables Development
		2.4 Geodetector Method
			2.4.1 Geodetector Variables Development
			2.4.2 Frequency Ratio Method
			2.4.3 Index of Geodetector Frequency Ratio (GFR)
		2.5 Principal Component Analysis
		2.6 Geographically Weighted Regression
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 DRASTIC Method
			3.1.1 DRASTIC Variables Maps
			3.1.2 Index of DRASTIC Method
		3.2 Geodetector Method
			3.2.1 Geodetector PD Values
			3.2.2 Geodetector Variables Maps
			3.2.3 Frequency Ratio Method
			3.2.4 Index of Geodetector Frequency Ratio Method
		3.3 Principal Component Analysis Method
		3.4 Geographically Weighted Regression Method
	4 Conclusions
	5 Recommendations
	References
Impact of Bugun´ Reservoir on Groundwater and Soil: A Case Study from South Kazakhstan
	1 Introduction
	2 The Bugun´ Reservoir, Its Design, Implementation, and Problems of Functioning
	3 Controversial History of the Project Scientific Justification
	4 Bugun´ Reservoir
		4.1 Features of Functioning
		4.2 Impact on Groundwater and Soils
	5 Conclusion
	6 Recommendations
	References
Impact of Climate Changes on Seawater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer (Egypt)
	1 Introduction
	2 Groundwater Bearing Aquifers in Egypt
	3 Intrusion of Saline Water into the Nile Delta Aquifer
	4 Groundwater Recharge in Egypt
		4.1 Recharge of Groundwater by Rainfall
		4.2 Recharge of Groundwater from Excessive Irrigation Water
		4.3 Groundwater Recharge from Irrigation Canals Network
	5 Climate Change
		5.1 Climate Change´s Effects on Egypt
		5.2 SLR Projections and Their Effects on Egypt´s Coastal Zones
		5.3 Climate Change Projections and Effects on the Nile Flows
		5.4 Climate Change Projections and Their Effects on Water Demand
	6 A Case Study: Nile Delta
		6.1 Location of Nile Delta
	7 Meteorological Aspects
		7.1 Precipitation and Evaporation
		7.2 Population
		7.3 Climate Change
	8 Hydro-Geological Settings
		8.1 Surface Water System
		8.2 Geometry of the Nile Delta Quaternary Aquifer
		8.3 Hydraulic Parameters of the Nile Delta Quaternary Aquifer
		8.4 Surface Water and Groundwater Relationship
		8.5 Recharging the Nile Delta Quaternary Aquifer
		8.6 Well Discharge Rate (Extraction from the Nile Delta Quaternary Aquifer)
		8.7 Groundwater Level in the Nile Delta Aquifer
		8.8 Groundwater Salinity in the Nile Delta Aquifer
		8.9 Solute Transport Parameters
	9 Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport Simulation
	10 Numerical Model Setup
		10.1 Model Domain and External Boundaries
		10.2 Model Layers Discretization
			10.2.1 Horizontal Discretization
			10.2.2 Vertical Discretization
		10.3 Model Boundary Conditions
			10.3.1 Head Boundary Condition
			10.3.2 Salt Concentration Boundary Condition
		10.4 Model Parameterization
			10.4.1 Model Hydraulic Parameters
			10.4.2 Model Recharge and Abstraction
			10.4.3 Properties of the Model Hydraulic Package
				River Package
				Drainage Package
		10.5 Model Calibration
			10.5.1 Head Calibration
			10.5.2 Transient State
			10.5.3 Heads of Flow and Direction
	11 Advance of Shoreline Due to Climate Change
	12 Saltwater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer (the Base Case Scenario)
	13 Creep of Saltwater Interface in the Nile Delta Aquifer
	14 Impact of Climate Change on Seawater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer
		14.1 Saltwater Intrusion Distribution for Scenario No. 1 (0.25 m SLR + the Same Abstraction)
		14.2 Saltwater Intrusion Distribution for Scenario No. 2 (0.25 m SLR + Half Abstraction)
		14.3 Saltwater Intrusion Distribution for Scenario No. 3 (0.25 m SLR + Double Abstraction)
		14.4 Saltwater Intrusion Distribution for Scenario No. 4 (0.5 m SLR + the Same Abstraction)
		14.5 Saltwater Intrusion Distribution for Scenario No. 5 (0.5 m SLR + Half Abstraction)
		14.6 Saltwater Intrusion Distribution for Scenario No. 6 (0.5 m SLR + Double Abstraction)
	15 Conclusion
	16 Recommendation
	References
Groundwater Quality Prediction in Upper and Middle Cheliff Plain, Algeria Using Artificial Intelligence
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of Case Study Area and Data
		2.2 Methodology
			2.2.1 Calculation of the Groundwater Quality Index (WQI)
			2.2.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Dimensionality Reduction
			2.2.3 Prediction Models
				Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLPNN)
				Decision Tree Regression (DTR)
				Support Vector Regression (SVR)
			2.2.4 Model Performance Evaluation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Water
		3.2 Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Index (WQI)
		3.3 Groundwater Quality Prediction
			3.3.1 Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Model
			3.3.2 DTR Model
			3.3.3 SVR Model
		3.4 Model Comparisons
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendations
	References
Evolution of Groundwater in the Cheliff and Mitidja Aquifers (North Algeria) in Qualitative and Quantitative Terms
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Study Area
		3.1 Mitidja Plain
			3.1.1 Climate
			3.1.2 Hydrography
			3.1.3 Water Resources
			3.1.4 Mitidja Agriculture
		3.2 Cheliff Plain
			3.2.1 Climate
			3.2.2 Hydrographic Network
			3.2.3 Groundwater Resources in the Catchment Area (Cheliff)
	4 Groundwater Quality and Quantity in the Cheliff and Mitidja Plains
		4.1 Cheliff Plain
		4.2 Mitidja Plain
			4.2.1 Marine Water Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers (Mitidja Plain)
	5 Conclusion
	6 Recommendations
	References
Groundwater Pollution Sources and Its Quality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: State of the Art
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area Description
		2.2 Aquifers in Saudi Arabia
		2.3 Pollution Sources
			2.3.1 Domestic Sewage
			2.3.2 Desalination Plants
			2.3.3 Agricultural
			2.3.4 Industrial
	3 Groundwater Quality Assessments: Methods and Findings
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	6 Recommendations
	References
Isotopic and Chemical Composition of Egypt´s Groundwater Resources
	1 Introduction
	2 Egypt Major Aquifer Systems
		2.1 Alluvial Aquifer
		2.2 Nile Valley and Nile Delta Aquifers
		2.3 Coastal Aquifers
		2.4 Moghra Aquifer
		2.5 Carbonate Aquifer
		2.6 Nubian Aquifer
		2.7 Fractured Basement Aquifer
	3 Data and Methods
	4 Isotopic and Chemical Compositions of Egypt Groundwater Resources
		4.1 Alluvial Aquifer
		4.2 Nile Valley and Delta Aquifers
		4.3 Coastal Aquifers
		4.4 Moghra Aquifer
		4.5 Carbonate Aquifer
		4.6 Nubian Aquifer
		4.7 Fractured Basement Aquifer
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	6 Recommendations
	References
Understanding Seawater Intrusion by Hydrochemical Parameters and Stable Water Isotopes Along the Coastal Alluvial Aquifers of ...
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Hydrochemical Facies
		3.2 Ionics Ratio
			3.2.1 Br/Cl Couple
			3.2.2 Ca/Mg Couple
			3.2.3 SO4/Cl Couple
			3.2.4 Cl/HCO3 Versus Cl Plot
			3.2.5 Saturation Index (SI)
		3.3 Origin of Saline Water
			3.3.1 Isotopic Signature of Groundwater in the Area
			3.3.2 Recharge Area
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendation
	References
Part II: Major Global Contaminants in Groundwater
Geochemical Controls on Fluoride Enrichment in Groundwater of a Geologically Heterogeneous Part of Ghana: Implications for Hum...
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
			2.1.1 Location, Topography and Climate
			2.1.2 Geology and Hydrogeology
		2.2 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
		2.3 Data Processing
		2.4 Geospatial Mapping of Hydrochemical Parameters
		2.5 Multivariate Statistical Analysis
		2.6 Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Hydrogeochemistry
		3.2 Spatial Distribution of Hydrochemical Parameters
		3.3 Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater
		3.4 Factors Controlling Groundwater Chemistry
		3.5 Sources of Groundwater Fluoride Enrichment
		3.6 Correlation Analysis
		3.7 Factor Analysis (FA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
		3.8 Human Health Risk Assessment
		3.9 Sustainable Groundwater Fluoride Remediation
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	5 Recommendations
	References
Uncovering Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Stigma to Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources
	3 Background
		3.1 Permissible Limit
		3.2 Why Do We Need to Study Fluoride?
		3.3 Boon or Bane?
	4 Prominent Fluoride-Polluted Areas in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
	5 Methods of Defluoridation
	6 Challenges
	7 Conclusions
	8 Recommendations
	References
Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, Ecotoxicological Impacts, and Management Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Detection and Analysis of Nitrate
		2.1 Ion Chromatography
		2.2 Colorimetry
		2.3 Ion-selective Electrode
		2.4 Nitrate Test Strip
	3 Sources of Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater of Arid and Semi-arid Regions
		3.1 Natural Sources
		3.2 Anthropogenic Sources
	4 Drinking Water Standards
	5 Nitrate as a Global Groundwater Pollutant in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
	6 Identification of Various Nitrate Sources in Groundwater
	7 Nitrogen Transformation Processes
	8 Effects of Nitrate on Human Health and Environment
		8.1 Effects on Human Health
		8.2 Environmental Health Effects
	9 Technologies for Nitrate Remediation from Groundwater
	10 Management Strategies for Safe Water Supply in Arid and Semi-arid Regions
		10.1 Effective Framework for the Management of Groundwater
		10.2 Nitrate Contamination Management Strategies
			10.2.1 Agricultural Source Management
			10.2.2 Domestic Wastewater Management
			10.2.3 Solid Waste Management
			10.2.4 Treatment of Drinking Water
			10.2.5 Other Measures
		10.3 Options for Safe Drinking Water Supply
	11 Summary and Future Perspective
	12 Conclusion
	13 Recommendations
	References