Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation

Foreword
Acknowledgements
About the Book
Contents
About the Editors
Acronyms
1: Introduction to Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation
	1 General Introduction
	2 Summary of Chapters
	References
2: Source Apportionment of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change
	3 Major GHGs in the Atmosphere
		3.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
		3.2 Methane (CH4)
		3.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
		3.4 Fluorinated Gases (HFCS, PFCS, SF6)
	4 Important Factors of Green House Gas Emission
		4.1 Increasing Energy Demand
		4.2 GDP vs Emissions
		4.3 Urbanization
		4.4 Growing Vehicle Use
		4.5 Industry
	5 Greenhouse Gases Budget of Different Countries and Their Contribution
	6 Source Apportionment of GHGs in the Atmosphere
		6.1 Source Identification
		6.2 Identification of Key Source Categories for Inventory Work
		6.3 Data Collection: Activity Data and Facility Data
		6.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
		6.5 Development of ``Emission Factor´´ (EF) for Different Source Categories
		6.6 Estimation of GHG Emission Levels
	7 Conclusion
	References
3: Identification of Major Sinks of Greenhouse Gases
	1 Introduction
	2 Major Sinks for GHGs: Global Scenario and Significance
	3 Sinks for Carbon Dioxide
		3.1 Oceans as Sink for CO2
		3.2 Terrestrial Biosphere as Sink for CO2
		3.3 Forests as Sinks for CO2
		3.4 Boreal Landscape as Sink for Carbon
		3.5 Challenges with Terrestrial Sinks
	4 Sinks for Methane
		4.1 Wetlands as Sink of Methane and Other GHGs
	5 Sinks for Oxides of Nitrogen
	6 Sinks of Halogen-Containing Gases
	7 Artificial Removal of the Greenhouse Gases
	8 Future Challenges
	9 Recommendations
		Box 3.1 FAQs
		Box 3.2 Ocean Fertilization
		Box 3.3 Biochar
		Box 3.4 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
	References
4: Greenhouse Gas Emission Flux from Forest Ecosystem
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Main GHGs
		1.2 Source-Sink Aspect of Flux from Forest
		1.3 National/International Bodies Involved in GHG Emissions Regulation
	2 Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
	3 GHGs Emission from Forest and Global Flux Estimates/Contribution (Table 4.1)
	4 GHG Flux Measurement Techniques (Fig.4.1)
		4.1 Eddy Covariance Flux Tower
		4.2 Chamber Systems
			4.2.1 Closed Chambers
			4.2.2 Open-chambers
		4.3 Space-Borne Measurements
		4.4 Air-Borne Measurements
		4.5 Soil Emissions Modelling
		4.6 Environmental Measurements
			4.6.1 Infrared Techniques
	5 Factors Governing GHG Production and Emission from Forests Ecosystem
		5.1 Land-Use and Land Cover Changes
		5.2 Substrate Availability
		5.3 Temperature
		5.4 Precipitation and Soil Water
		5.5 Soil pH-Values
		5.6 Nitrogen
		5.7 Salinity and Sodicity
		5.8 Increasing CO2 and Atmospheric N-deposition
		5.9 Vegetation
		5.10 Soil and Plant Characteristics
		5.11 Forest Fires
	6 Impact of Forest Generated GHG on Climate and Environmental Health
		6.1 Deforestation and Climate Change
		6.2 Forest Degradation and Climate Change
		6.3 Forest Fires and Climate Change
	7 Conclusion
	References
5: Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Major GHGs
			1.1.1 CO2
			1.1.2 Ozone
			1.1.3 Methane (CH4)
			1.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
			1.1.5 Nitrous Oxide
		1.2 Sources of GHGs
	2 Trends of GHGs Levels Considering Past Several Decades
	3 Impacts of GHGs
	4 Impacts of GHGs on Human Health
		4.1 Mechanism of CO2 Effect on Human Health
			4.1.1 Human Health Impacts Due to CO2
		4.2 Mechanisms of Ozone Effects
			4.2.1 Effect of Ozone on Human Health
		4.3 Mechanism of Methane´s Action on Human Body
			4.3.1 Health Effects
		4.4 Mechanism of Action of Chloroflouro Carbons (CFC)
		4.5 Mechanism of Action of Nitrous Oxide
			4.5.1 Effect on Human Health
	5 Complexities Assessing Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health
	6 Control Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions to Protect Human Health
	7 Conclusion
	References
6: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Implications in Food Production and Food Security
	1 Introduction
	2 How Climate Change Influences Food Security?
		2.1 Link Between GHGs, Air Quality, and Climate
			2.1.1 Agriculture: A Source of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution
	3 Role of SLCP and Greenhouse Gas (Ozone and Black Carbon) Emissions in Food Production
		3.1 Considering O3 with Temperature Extremes Under CC
	4 Food Security, Food Production, and Air Pollution: Scenario in India
		4.1 Performance of India in Terms of Food Availability
		4.2 Air Pollution Status in India
			4.2.1 Biomass Burning in Northern Indian States
		4.3 Temporal Evolution of Food Crop Production and Vegetation Index in North India and Its Relation to Air Pollution
			Box 6.1 Agricultural Growth in Punjab and Haryana: The Two Main Green Revolution States
		4.4 Crop Yield Losses Due to Climate Change and Air Pollution
	5 Conclusion
	References
7: Optimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Simulation Modeling: Analysis and Interpretation
	1 Introduction
	2 Need for Climate Modeling
		2.1 Energy Balance Models (EBMs)
		2.2 Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs)
		2.3 Global Climate Models or Global/General Circulation Models (GCMs)
	3 Energy Models
		3.1 Scenario-Based Stock-Turnover Model
		3.2 Bottom-Up Optimization Model
		3.3 The Macroeconomic Models
		3.4 Economic-Dispatch Production Simulation Model
	4 General Circulation Models (GCMs)
		4.1 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Model (CNRM)
	5 Global Climate Model
	6 Integrated Assessment Modeling
		6.1 Need for Integrated Modeling
		6.2 Integrated Assessment Model
			6.2.1 The Asian-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)
			6.2.2 Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE)
			6.2.3 Feedback-Rich Energy-Economy Model (FREE)
			6.2.4 Integrated Climate Assessment Model (ICAM)
			6.2.5 Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE)
			6.2.6 Integrated Global System Model (IGSM)
			6.2.7 Mini Climate Assessment Model (MiniCAM)
			6.2.8 Regional Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (RICE)
	7 Conclusion
	References
8: Role of Biomass Burning in Greenhouse Gases Emission
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources of Major Greenhouse Gases
	3 The Scenario of BB Emissions
		3.1 BB Emissions in Asia
		3.2 BB Emissions Pattern Change Over the Last Millennium: Inferences from Paleo Records in Polar Ice Cores
		3.3 Remote Sensing of BB Emission Activity
	4 The Need for Initiatives to Tackle Air Pollution
	5 Conclusions
	6 Recommendations for Clean Air to All
		6.1 Need for Spatio-Temporal Data Set on Air Pollutants
		6.2 Determination of Uncertainties
		6.3 Building Up of Multiple-Year Emission Inventories
		6.4 Reconcile Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches
		6.5 Clean and Green Air Action Plan
	References
9: Ozone Impacts and Climate Forcing: Thailand as a Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Ozone Trends
	3 Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry: Major Sources and Sinks
	4 Effects of Tropospheric Ozone
	5 Ozone as a Greenhouse Gas
	6 Relationship Between Ozone and Its Precursors
	7 Ozone Management
	8 Summary
	References
10: Role of Nanotechnology in Combating CO2 in Atmosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Metal Oxides
	3 Alkali Metal Oxides
	4 Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides
	5 Transition Metal Oxides
	6 Perovskites
	7 Carbon-Based Nano-Sorbents
	8 Nanoporous Carbon-Based Materials
	9 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
	10 Graphene
	11 Metalorganic Frameworks
	12 Reduction of CO2 by Different Methods with MoFs
	13 Mesoporous Silica Nano Particles
		13.1 Nano Zeolites
		13.2 Nanobiocatalyst
	14 Conclusion
	References
11: Mitigation Strategies of Greenhouse Gas Control: Policy Measures
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Scenario
		2.1 UNFCCC
		2.2 KYOTO Protocol
		2.3 Copenhagen Summit, 2009
		2.4 LIMA Climate Change Conference, 2014
		2.5 Marrakech Climate Change Conference, 2016
		2.6 Paris Agreement COP 21, 2015
	3 Mitigation Strategies: Regulatory Approaches
		3.1 GHG Mitigation Options
		3.2 Market Based Mitigation Policies (MBMPs)
		3.3 Geo-engineering
	4 Developed Countries
		4.1 Japan
		4.2 Sweden
		4.3 United Kingdom
	5 Developing Countries
		5.1 India
		5.2 Brazil
		5.3 China
	6 Conclusion
	References
Glossary of Terms