Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials. Biological and Environmental Applications

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Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Biological and Environmental Applications
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Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Introduction to Advanced and Sustainable Green Nanomaterial
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Synthesis Methods of Nanomaterials
	1.3 Green Synthesis
	1.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Plants
	1.5 Characterization of Nanomaterials
		1.5.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
		1.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
		1.5.3 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)
		1.5.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
		1.5.5 UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis)
		1.5.6 Asymmetric Flow Field Fractionation (AF4)
		1.5.7 Electrospray Differential Mobility Analysis (ESDMA)
	1.6 Environmental and Health Concerns
	1.7 Application
		1.7.1 Use as Sensor
		1.7.2 Use as Medicine
		1.7.3 Used for the Removal of Toxicants from Water
		1.7.4 Soil Redemption Use for the Removal of Toxicants from the Soil
		1.7.5 In Agriculture and Food Industries
		1.7.6 Use as Photocatalyst
	1.8 Future Scope
	1.9 Ongoing Challenges
	Abbreviations
	References
2. Medicinal Plant-Mediated Nanomaterials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
	2.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
	2.4 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
	2.5 Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
	2.6 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
	2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
3. Microorganism-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Microorganism
		3.2.1 Bacteria
		3.2.2 Yeast
		3.2.3 Fungi
		3.2.4 Virus
	3.3 Development of Microorganism-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterial
		3.3.1 Organic Nanomaterial
			3.3.1.1 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
		3.3.2 Inorganic Nanomaterial
			3.3.2.1 Gold Nanomaterials
			3.3.2.2 Silver Nanomaterials
		3.3.3 Other Nanomaterials
	3.4 Mechanism of Microorganism-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterial
		3.4.1 Organic Nanomaterial
			3.4.1.1 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
		3.4.2 Inorganic Nanomaterial
			3.4.2.1 Gold Nanomaterials
			3.4.2.2 Silver Nanomaterials
		3.4.3 Other Nanomaterials
	3.5 Application of Microorganism-Based Synthesized Nanomaterial
	3.6 Conclusion and Perspective
	Abbreviations
	References
4. Biopolymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Classification of Biopolymers
		4.2.1 Sugar-Based Biopolymer
		4.2.2 Starch-Based Biopolymer
		4.2.3 Cellulose-Based Biopolymers
		4.2.4 Lignin-Based Biopolymers
		4.2.5 Biopolymers Based on Synthetic Materials
	4.3 Synthesis Methods of Biopolymers
	4.4 Characterization Methods of Biopolymers
	4.5 Nanotechnology-Based Applications of Biopolymers
		4.5.1 Drug Delivery Systems
		4.5.2 Medical Implants
		4.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Biopolymers
		4.5.4 Wound Healing
		4.5.5 Tissue Engineering Applications
		4.5.6 Food Packaging Material
	4.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
5. Photoinduced Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Role of Nanomaterials
	5.2 Methods of Synthesis
		5.2.1 Physical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		5.2.2 Chemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	5.3 Photochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		5.3.1 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Ultraviolet Light
			5.3.1.1 Influence of pH
			5.3.1.2 Influence of Precursor Concentration
		5.3.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ultraviolet Light
			5.3.2.1 Influence of pH
			5.3.2.2 Influence of Reducing Agents
		5.3.3 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Under Visible Light
		5.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Under Visible Light
	5.4 Photochemical Synthesis of UO2 Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solutions
	5.5 Photochemical Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles
	5.6 Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
6. Green Nanomaterials in Textile Industry
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nanomaterials Consistent with Textiles
	6.3 Techniques Related to Textile Functionalization
		6.3.1 Pad Dry Cure Method
		6.3.2 In Situ Preparation
		6.3.3 Green Nanotechnology
	6.4 Utilization of Nanotechnology in Textile Industry
		6.4.1 Nanofinishing
		6.4.2 Nanofibers
		6.4.3 Nanocoating
		6.4.4 Nanocomposite
	6.5 Nanomaterials with Different Functional Textiles
		6.5.1 UV-Protective Textiles
		6.5.2 Flame-Retardant Textile
		6.5.3 Repellent Textiles
		6.5.4 Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Textiles
		6.5.5 Wrinkle-Free Textiles
		6.5.6 Antiodor Textiles
	6.6 Conclusion
	Conflict of Interest
	References
7. Drug-delivery, Antimicrobial, Anticancerous Applications of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Gold Nanoparticles
		7.2.1 Synthesis of AuNPs
		7.2.2 AuNPs in Drug Delivery
		7.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity of AuNPs
		7.2.4 Anticancer Activity of AuNPs
	7.3 Silver Nanoparticles
		7.3.1 Synthesis of AgNPs
		7.3.2 AgNPs in Drug Delivery
		7.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of AgNPs
		7.3.4 Anticancer Activity of AgNPs
	7.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		7.4.1 Synthesis of ZnO NPs
		7.4.2 Role of ZnO NPs in Drug Delivery
		7.4.3 Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO NPs
		7.4.4 Anticancer Activity of ZnO NPs
	7.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
		7.5.1 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide NPs (TiO2NPs)
		7.5.2 TiO2NPs in Drug Delivery
		7.5.3 Antibacterial Activities of TiO2NPs
		7.5.4 Anticancer Activities of TiO2NPs
	7.6 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
		7.6.1 Synthesis of IONPs
		7.6.2 IONPs in Drug Delivery
		7.6.3 Antibacterial Activity of IONPs
		7.6.4 Anticancer Activity of IONPs
	7.7 Carbon Based Nanomaterials
		7.7.1 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		7.7.2 Carbon Based Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery
		7.7.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		7.7.4 Anticancer Activity of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
	7.8 Conclusion and Future Directions
	Acknowledgment
	Conflicts of Interest
	References
8. How Eco-friendly Nanomaterials are Effective for the Sustainability of the Environment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Eco-friendly Nanomaterials
	8.3 Green Nanomaterial for Removal of Water Contamination
	8.4 Green Nanomaterial for Removal of Soil Pollution
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9. Magnetotactic Bacteria-Synthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB)
		9.1.2 Types of MTB
	9.2 Characteristics of Magnetosomes (MNPs)—Biogenic NPs and Their Physico-Chemical Properties
	9.3 Synthesis of Magnetosomes
	9.4 MNPs Relative to Chemically Synthesized NPs
	9.5 Applications of Magnetosomes
		9.5.1 Magnetosomes in Functionalization and Immobilization of Bio-active Molecules
		9.5.2 Magnetosomes in DNA, Xenobiotics and Antigen Detection Assays
		9.5.3 Treatment of Magnetic Hyperthermia
		9.5.4 Food Safety
		9.5.5 Cell Separation
		9.5.6 Drug Delivery
	9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
10. Biofabrication of Nanoparticles in Wound-Healing Materials
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanoparticles
		10.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		10.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles
	10.3 Nanocomposites or Composite Nanoparticles
	10.4 Coatings and Scaffolds
	10.5 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
		10.5.1 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Aqueous Extract of Arnebia nobilis Roots
		10.5.2 Honey-Based Nanoparticles in Wound-Healing Process
	10.6 Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
11. Cellulosic Nanomaterials for Remediation of Greenhouse Effect
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Fundamentals of the Greenhouse Effect
		11.1.2 Cellulosic Contribution to the Remediation of Greenhouse Effect
	11.2 Cellulosic Nanomaterials in Automotive Application
		11.2.1 Nanocellulose-Enabled Lightweight Vehicles
		11.2.2 Processing and Performance of Nanocellulose in Automotive Parts
	11.3 Cellulosic Nanomaterials in the Application of Thermal Insulation
		11.3.1 Nanocellulose Reinforced Polymeric Insulation Toward Zero Energy Usage
		11.3.2 Processing and Performance of Nanocellulose in Insulation Material
	11.4 Cellulosic Nanomaterial for Gas Capture and Separation
		11.4.1 Nanocellulosic Membrane for Capturing/Separating Greenhouse Gases
		11.4.2 Processing and Performance of Nanocellulose Membrane for Gas Capture and Separation
	11.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	Abbreviation
	References
12. Ecofriendly Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Application of Ecofriendly Nanomaterials
	12.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
	12.4 Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials
	12.5 Nanocellulose Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
	12.6 Graphene-CNT Hybrid/Graphene Hybrids (GO and Biopolymer)
	12.7 Green Nanocomposite
		12.7.1 Guar Gum-Based Nanocomposites
	12.8 Ecofriendly Nanomaterials from Agricultural Wastes
		12.8.1 Ecofriendly Nanomaterials for Clean Water
		12.8.2 Clay-Based Material are Also Used for Wastewater Treatment
	12.9 Conclusion
	Financial Support
	Abbreviations
	References
13. Bio-nanomaterials from Agricultural Waste and Its Applications
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Lignin
		13.2.1 Lignin Nanocomposites (NCs)
		13.2.2 Lignin-Based Catalysts and Photocatalyst
		13.2.3 Lignin-Based NC Coatings
	13.3 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
		13.3.1 CNSL NC-Based Surfactants
		13.3.2 CNSL-Based NC Films/Coatings
		13.3.3 CNSL-Based PU Coatings
	13.4 Vegetable/Fruit Waste
		13.4.1 Vegetable/Fruit Waste-Induced Nanomaterials
		13.4.2 Medicinal Activities of Vegetable/Fruit Waste
	13.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Abbreviation
	References
14. Peptide-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Using Peptides as Template
		14.2.1 In the Presence of Reducing Agents
		14.2.2 In the Absence of Reducing Agent
	14.3 Characterization of Peptide-MNP Hybrids
		14.3.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy/Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy
		14.3.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
		14.3.3 Circular Dichroism
		14.3.4 Ultrafiltration and Centrifugation
		14.3.5 Zeta Potential Study
		14.3.6 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
		14.3.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		14.3.8 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
		14.3.9 Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) Analysis
		14.3.10 ImageJ Analysis
		14.3.11 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
	14.4 Biological and Environmental Applications of Peptide Nanoparticles
		14.4.1 Peptide-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications
		14.4.2 Peptide-Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Applications
		14.4.3 Synthesis of Core-Shell Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Application of Metal Nanoparticles
	14.5 Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
15. Pharmacotherapy Approach of Peptide-Assisted Nanoparticle
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 The Peptide-NP Conjugation
	15.3 Targeted Drug Delivery
	15.4 Pathogenic Protein Interaction Inhibition
	15.5 Molecular Imaging
	15.6 Liquid Biopsy
	15.7 Summary and Outlook
	Abbreviations
	References
16. Unleashing the Potential of Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles for Effective Biomedical Application
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Synthesis and Characterization of NPs
	16.3 GNPs as Anti-Carcinogens
	16.4 Green NPs as Anti-Microbials
	16.5 Applications of Green NPs in Another Drug Delivery
	16.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index