Green Space and Human Health in China

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: The Necessity and Importance of Evaluating the Health Effects of Greenspace in China
	References
Chapter 2: Greenness Exposure Assessment Methods
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Defining Greenspace
		2.1.2 Selecting Greenspace Measures
	2.2 Subjective Measures
	2.3 Objective Measures
		2.3.1 Geographic Containers
			2.3.1.1 Buffers
			2.3.1.2 Street View Images
			2.3.1.3 Viewsheds
		2.3.2 Greenspace Calculations in Geographic Containers
			2.3.2.1 Continuous Measures
			2.3.2.2 Discrete Measures
	2.4 Experimental Research
	2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 3: Potential Mechanisms Underlying Greenspace Exposure and Human Health
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Reducing Environmental Hazards
		3.2.1 Air Pollution
			3.2.1.1 PM2.5
			3.2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxide
			3.2.1.3 O3
		3.2.2 Noise
		3.2.3 Temperature
	3.3 Restoring Capacities
	3.4 Building Capacity
		3.4.1 Encouraging Physical Activity
		3.4.2 Facilitating Social Cohesion
	3.5 Enriching Microbe Diversity
		3.5.1 Skin Microbiota
		3.5.2 Gut Microbiota
		3.5.3 Microbiota at Other Body Sites
		3.5.4 Potential Mechanisms
	3.6 Mediation Analysis
		3.6.1 Statistical Methods
			3.6.1.1 Baron and Kenny’s Test
			3.6.1.2 Difference of Coefficient Method
			3.6.1.3 Product-of-Coefficients Method
			3.6.1.4 Counterfactual Framework
			3.6.1.5 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
		3.6.2 General Characteristics of Prior Studies
		3.6.3 Statistical Software
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Green Space Exposure and Pregnancy Outcomes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Preterm Birth
	4.3 Low Birth Weight
	4.4 Hypertension of Pregnancy
	4.5 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
	4.6 Others Topics
	4.7 Comparing with the Rest of the World
		4.7.1 Preterm Birth
		4.7.2 Low Birth Weight
		4.7.3 Hypertensive Disorders Complicating Pregnancy
		4.7.4 Diabetes of Pregnancy
		4.7.5 Other Pregnant Outcomes
	4.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Green Space Exposure and Cardiometabolic and Cerebrovascular Disease in China
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Associations Between Green Space Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease
		5.2.1 Green Space Exposure and CVD Mortality
		5.2.2 Green Space Exposure and CVD Morbidity
	5.3 Associations Between Green Space Exposure and Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke
	5.4 Associations Between Green Space Exposure and Anthropometric Measures
		5.4.1 Green Space Exposure and Adiposity
		5.4.2 Green Space Exposure and Dyslipidemias and Blood Lipids
	5.5 Other CVDs
		5.5.1 Green Space Exposure and Hypertension
		5.5.2 Green Space Exposure and Diabetes and Glucose Homeostasis
		5.5.3 Green Space Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome
	5.6 Comparing Studies from China with International Studies
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Benefits of Green Space for Mental Illness, Sleep, and Cognitive Health in Mainland China
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Mental Disorders
	6.3 Sleep
	6.4 Cognition
	6.5 Case Studies
		6.5.1 Case 1
		6.5.2 Case 2
		6.5.3 Case 3
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Greenspace Exposure and Respiratory Disease in China
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Greenspace and Asthma
	7.3 Greenspace and COPD
	7.4 Greenspace and Lung Function
	7.5 Greenspace and Lung Cancer
	7.6 Greenspace and Respiratory Mortality
	7.7 Greenspace and Other Respiratory Diseases
	7.8 Comparison to the Results in Rest of the World
		7.8.1 Greenspace and Asthma
		7.8.2 Greenspace and COPD
		7.8.3 Greenspace and Lung Function
		7.8.4 Greenspace and Lung Cancer
		7.8.5 Greenspace and Respiratory Mortality
	7.9 Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Greenspace Exposure and Mortality in China
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Greenspace Exposure and Mortality in China
		8.2.1 Overview of the Mortality Effects of Greenspace Exposure in China
		8.2.2 Greenspace Exposure and All-Cause Mortality
		8.2.3 Greenspace Exposure and Cause-Specific Mortality
	8.3 Greenspace Exposure and Mortality in the Rest of the World
		8.3.1 All-Cause Mortality
		8.3.2 Cause-Specific Mortality
		8.3.3 Accidental Mortality
	8.4 Discussion
		8.4.1 Mechanisms Explaining the Effect of Greenspace Exposure on Mortality
		8.4.2 Explanations for Differences Between Urban Areas of Large Cities, Urban Areas of Small- and Medium-Sized Cities and Rural Areas in China
		8.4.3 Limitations of Studies on Chinese Population
	References
Chapter 9: Green Space and Infectious Diseases
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Green Space and Dengue
	9.3 Green Space and Malaria
	9.4 Green Space and COVID-19
	9.5 Green Space and Other Infectious Diseases
	9.6 Comparisons Between China and the Rest of the World
	9.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Green Space, Biomarkers, and Other Health Outcomes
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Evidence in China
		10.2.1 Additional Health Outcomes for China
			10.2.1.1 Pregnancy Outcomes
			10.2.1.2 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases: Greenness Associations
			10.2.1.3 Mental Health, Neural Functions, and Greenness Associations
			10.2.1.4 Infectious Diseases-Greenness Associations
	10.3 Global Study Evidence
	10.4 Outlook
	References
Chapter 11: Urbanization, Urban Greening, Planning Policies in China
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Evolving Roles of Green Space with Recently Strengthened Focuses on Health
		11.2.1 By-products of Urbanization under Planned Economy (1949–1978)
		11.2.2 Political Tools for Urban Growth Under Market Economy (1979–2002)
		11.2.3 Optimization of Green Spaces for Revenue Benefit Under Land and Real Estate Economy (2003–2011)
		11.2.4 Ecological Infrastructures for Sustainable Development and City Health (2013–Current)
	11.3 Changing Policies of Hygiene City and Healthy City with Increasing Concern of Green Space
		11.3.1 Patriotic Hygiene Campaign: For Infectious Disease Control (1949–1988)
		11.3.2 Hygiene City and Healthy City: Two-pronged Approach to Improve Urban Health (1989–Current)
		11.3.3 Healthy China: National Strategy for Mass Health-Care (2012–Current)
	11.4 Discussion of the Future with International Comparisons
		11.4.1 Emerging Integration of Green Space and Public Health
		11.4.2 Developing Shared Indicators in Urban Planning and Health Governance
		11.4.3 Enhancing Health Impact Assessment in Future Planning Process
	11.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 12: Perspectives for Future Studies on Greenspace and Health in China