Green Radio Communication Networks

Green Radio Communication Networks......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
List of contributors......Page 17
Preface......Page 22
Part I: Communication architectures and models for green radio networks......Page 30
1.1 Introduction......Page 32
1.2 Insight from Shannon’s capacity formula......Page 34
1.2.1 SE–EE trade-off......Page 35
1.2.2 BW–PW trade-off......Page 36
1.2.3 DL–PW trade-off......Page 37
1.2.5 Summary......Page 39
1.3 Impact of practical constraints......Page 41
1.4.1 SE–EE trade-off......Page 43
1.4.2 BW–PW trade-off......Page 45
1.4.3 DL–PW trade-off......Page 46
1.4.4 DE–EE trade-off......Page 47
1.5 Conclusion......Page 49
References......Page 50
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2 Energy-harvesting technologies......Page 55
2.3.1 Model and notation......Page 57
2.3.2 Stability......Page 58
2.3.3 Delay optimal policies......Page 59
2.3.4 Generalizations......Page 60
2.3.5 Simulations......Page 61
2.3.6 Model with sleep option......Page 63
2.3.7 Fundamental limits of transmission......Page 66
2.4 MAC policies......Page 68
2.4.2 Opportunistic scheduling for fading channels: orthogonal channels......Page 69
2.4.4 Simulations for MAC protocols......Page 71
2.5 Multi-hop networks......Page 73
2.5.1 Problem formulation......Page 74
2.5.2 Simulations......Page 77
2.6 Conclusion......Page 79
References......Page 80
3.1 Introduction......Page 82
3.2.1 No CSI at transmitter and retransmissions......Page 84
3.2.2 Power management with channel state information......Page 90
3.2.3 Simulation results......Page 95
3.3 Cross-layer implications in a multi-node network......Page 96
3.3.1 Multiple access selection algorithms......Page 98
3.3.4 Performance analysis......Page 99
3.3.5 Numerical results......Page 102
3.4 Conclusion......Page 103
References......Page 104
4.1 Introduction......Page 107
4.2.1 DTN architecture......Page 108
4.2.2 Routing in DTNs......Page 109
4.3 Mechanical relaying......Page 110
4.3.1 Mobile internet traffic mix......Page 112
4.3.2 Mechanical relaying strategies......Page 115
4.4 Real-world measurements......Page 118
4.5 Related standardization efforts......Page 121
4.6 Conclusion......Page 122
References......Page 123
Part II: Physical communications techniques for green radio networks......Page 126
5.1 Introduction......Page 128
5.2.1 Performance metric......Page 130
5.2.2 Channel model......Page 131
5.3.1 M-ary FSK......Page 132
5.3.2 M-ary QAM......Page 135
5.3.3 Offset-QPSK......Page 137
5.3.4 Numerical evaluations......Page 139
5.4 Energy-consumption analysis of LT coded modulation......Page 142
5.4.1 Energy efficiency of coded system......Page 143
5.4.2 Energy optimality of LT codes......Page 145
5.5.1 Experimental setup......Page 147
5.5.2 Optimal configuration......Page 148
5.6 Conclusion......Page 151
References......Page 152
6.1 Introduction......Page 154
6.2 Energy-efficiency metrics for wireless networks......Page 155
6.2.1 Instantaneous EE metrics......Page 157
6.2.2 Average EE metrics......Page 158
6.3 Energy-efficient cooperative networks......Page 159
6.3.1 Single relay cooperative network......Page 160
6.3.2 Multi-relay cooperative network......Page 165
6.3.3 Multi-hop cooperative network......Page 166
6.4.1 Modulation constellation size......Page 168
6.4.2 Power allocation......Page 170
6.5 Energy efficiency in cooperative base stations......Page 172
6.6 Conclusion......Page 175
References......Page 176
7.1 Introduction......Page 179
7.2.1 System model......Page 181
7.2.2 Cooperation protocols......Page 182
7.3.1 System model......Page 184
7.3.2 Cooperation protocols......Page 185
7.5 Stable throughput computation......Page 187
7.6.1 Relay cooperation......Page 188
7.6.2 User cooperation......Page 190
7.7 Conclusion......Page 191
References......Page 192
Part III: Base station power-management techniques for green radio networks......Page 194
8.1 Introduction......Page 196
8.2.1 Opportunistic load management to power down radio network equipment......Page 198
8.2.2 Opportunistic spectrum management to improve propagation characteristics......Page 200
8.2.3 Power saving by channel bandwidth increase or better bandwidth balancing......Page 202
8.3.1 Example reflecting GSM networks......Page 203
8.3.2 Example reflecting LTE networks......Page 209
8.3.3 Example reflecting HSDPA networks – combining opportunistic reallocation to power down radio network equipment and opportunistic reallocation to improve propagation......Page 214
8.3.4 Power saving by channel bandwidth increase or better bandwidth balancing......Page 216
References......Page 217
9.1 Introduction......Page 219
9.2 Energy-consumption model of RBS......Page 220
9.3 EE metric......Page 221
9.4 RBS energy-saving methods......Page 223
9.4.1 Time-domain approaches......Page 224
9.4.2 Frequency-domain approaches......Page 225
9.4.3 Spatial-domain approaches......Page 226
9.4.4 Performance comparison......Page 227
9.5.1 System model and assumptions......Page 228
9.5.2 Energy-consumption model of RBS......Page 229
9.5.3 Energy-aware handover mechanism......Page 230
9.5.4 Simulation study......Page 232
9.6 Conclusion......Page 235
References......Page 236
10.1 Introduction......Page 238
10.2.1 Green communications in centralized wireless networks......Page 239
10.2.2 Approaches for power management in a base station......Page 241
10.2.3 Open research issues......Page 244
10.3.1 Components of a base station......Page 245
10.3.3 Assumptions and power-consumption model for a micro base station......Page 247
10.4.1 System model......Page 249
10.4.2 Demand-response for base station in smart grid......Page 251
10.4.3 Optimization formulation for power management......Page 252
10.4.4 Performance evaluation......Page 255
10.5 Conclusion......Page 259
References......Page 260
11.1 Introduction......Page 265
11.2 Cell splitting......Page 267
11.3.1 Transmission and channel model......Page 268
11.3.2 User-position-aware multicell processing......Page 271
11.4.1 MBF using instantaneous CSIT......Page 272
11.4.2 MBF using second-order statistical CSIT......Page 274
11.4.3 An iterative MBF using second-order statistical CSIT......Page 275
11.5 Coordinated beamforming......Page 277
11.6.1 A protocol for information circulation in the backhaul......Page 279
11.6.2 Power calculation for the ring protocol......Page 280
11.7.1 Performance evaluation under ideal backhaul......Page 281
11.7.2 Performance evaluation under limited backhaul......Page 283
11.8 Cooperative routing......Page 284
11.8.1 Power-aware cooperative routing algorithm......Page 285
11.9 Conclusion......Page 287
References......Page 288
Part IV: Wireless access techniques for green radio networks......Page 290
12.1 Introduction......Page 292
12.2 Related work......Page 293
12.3 Importance of cross-layer optimized design......Page 294
12.4 Why cross-layer adaptation is important for green radio networks......Page 295
12.5 Cross-layer interactions, models, and actions......Page 296
12.6 Cross-layer vs. single-layer adaptation techniques......Page 300
12.7 How to solve the cross-layer design problem......Page 302
12.8 Power savings in the cross-layer optimized system......Page 305
12.9 Other literature on energy-efficient cross-layer techniques......Page 307
12.10 Challenges and future directions......Page 310
References......Page 311
13.1 Introduction......Page 315
13.2.1 Energy-saving techniques......Page 317
13.2.2 Energy-efficiency criteria......Page 318
13.3 Energy-efficient cooperative communication based on selective relay......Page 319
13.3.1 Relay selection schemes......Page 320
13.4 System model for the relay selection problem......Page 322
13.4.2 R2D channel......Page 323
13.4.3 Energy model......Page 324
13.5.1 Relay states......Page 325
13.5.2 System reward......Page 326
13.5.3 Solution to the restless bandit problem......Page 327
13.6.1 Available relay candidates......Page 329
13.6.2 Relay selection process......Page 330
13.7 Simulation results and discussions......Page 331
13.7.2 Error propagation mitigation......Page 332
13.7.4 Network lifetime......Page 334
13.8 Conclusion......Page 335
References......Page 336
14.2 Structure of relay stations and power consumption......Page 338
14.2.1 Random relay station (RRS) structure......Page 340
14.3 Time-slot allocation schemes......Page 341
14.3.2 Dynamic time-slot allocation (DTSA)......Page 342
14.3.3 Multi-link fixed time-slot allocation (ML-FTSA)......Page 343
14.4 System model......Page 344
14.5 Simulation results and discussions......Page 346
14.5.1 Blocking and dropping probabilities for high and low data rate traffic......Page 349
14.5.2 Energy consumption for single-hop and multi-hop transmission using FRS......Page 351
14.5.3 Energy consumption for RRS structure......Page 354
14.6 Conclusion......Page 357
References......Page 359
15.1 Introduction......Page 360
15.2.3 Network level......Page 361
15.3 Relay-based green CCN......Page 362
15.3.1 Implementation issues and challenges......Page 363
15.3.2 Advantages of fixed relay-based CCN......Page 365
15.4 Resource-allocation schemes for CCN: a brief survey......Page 366
15.4.2 QoS-aware transmit power minimization schemes......Page 367
15.5 Design of a green power allocation scheme......Page 368
15.5.1 System model......Page 369
15.5.2 Green power allocation scheme......Page 371
15.5.3 Performance analysis of GPA scheme......Page 373
15.5.5 Simulation results......Page 374
15.6 Green performance versus system capacity......Page 380
15.6.1 Performance analysis......Page 381
15.7 Conclusion......Page 383
References......Page 384
Part V: Green radio test-bed, experimental results, and standardization activities......Page 386
16.1 Introduction......Page 388
16.2 Energy-efficiency evaluation framework (E³F)......Page 389
16.2.2 Global E³F......Page 390
16.3.1 Base station power-consumption breakdown......Page 392
16.3.2 BS power consumption at variable load......Page 395
16.4.1 Deployment areas of Europe......Page 396
16.4.2 Long-term large-scale traffic models......Page 397
16.5 Green metrics......Page 401
16.5.1 Efficiency metrics vs. consumption metrics......Page 402
16.5.2 Energy-consumption metrics in cellular networks......Page 403
16.6.1 Assessment methodology......Page 404
16.6.2 Small-scale short-term evaluations......Page 405
16.7 LTE technology potential in real deployments......Page 406
16.7.1 Global radio access networks......Page 407
16.7.3 Evolution of LTE energy-efficiency over time......Page 409
16.8 Fundamental challenges and future potential......Page 410
16.9 Conclusion......Page 411
References......Page 412
17.1 Introduction......Page 414
17.2 Standardization fora......Page 415
17.2.1 ETSI......Page 416
17.2.2 3GPP......Page 418
17.2.3 TIA and 3GPP2......Page 423
17.2.5 IETF/EMAN......Page 424
17.3.1 NGMN alliance......Page 425
17.3.2 FP7 EARTH project......Page 427
17.3.3 GreenTouch initiative......Page 429
17.4.1 Technology and component level......Page 432
17.4.2 Base station adaptation to traffic load......Page 433
17.4.4 Heterogeneous networks......Page 434
17.4.5 Air interface......Page 435
References......Page 436
Index......Page 438