Green Infrastructure: Materials and Sustainable Management

Preface
Summary
Contents
Assessment of Entry Timing Decisions (AoETD) Towards Sustainable Operations of Malaysian Construction Firms in International Markets
	1 Research Background
	2 Entry Timing Decisions (ETD)
		2.1 The Determinants of Entry Timing Decisions
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Mounting the Measuring Models on the Smart PLS
		3.2 The Steps of Analysis by Using Smart PLS
		3.3 Measurement of AoETD
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Phase 1: The Relationship Between ET Decisions and the Sustainability of Malaysian Construction Firms in International Market
		4.2 Phase 2: Significant Determinants Influencing ET Decisions
		4.3 Phase 3: Measurement of ET Decisions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Pre-construction Complexity Factors Affecting Cost Performance of Infrastructure Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Sampling Design and Target Respondent
		3.2 Questionnaire Design
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Respondent Demographic Analysis
		4.2 Validity and Reliability Analysis
		4.3 Variable Map: Person Item Distributions Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Performance Measurement Criteria: Conceptual Framework for Subcontracting Management in the Malaysian Construction Supply Chain
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Definitions
		2.2 An Overview of the Construction Supply Chain
		2.3 A Review of the Performance Measurement Criteria in Construction and Non-construction Fields
		2.4 The Issues in Subcontracting Management
		2.5 Proposed Conceptual Framework
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Methods
		3.2 Data Analysis Techniques for the Questionnaire Survey
		3.3 Data Analysis of the Interviews
	4 Results
		4.1 Findings
	5 Conclusion
	References
Building Information Modelling Implementation Framework (BIMIF) for Government Building Construction Among Civil and Structural Engineering Consultants in Malaysia
	1 Background of Study
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Registration of Engineering Consultant in Malaysia
	3 Civil and Structural Engineering BIM Process
	4 Introduction of Case Study A
		4.1 Pusat Pendaftaran Rekod Negara
	5 Building Information Modelling Implementation Framework (BIMIF) and Process in Case Study A
		5.1 1Initial Stage of BIMIF
		5.2 C&S BIM Process
		5.3 Planning Stage
		5.4 Design Stage
	6 Conclusion
	References
Integrating Value Management: Determine Project Management Knowledge—Addressing Theory–Practice Gap
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Value Management
		2.2 VM Activities
		2.3 Project Management
		2.4 Project Management Body of Knowledge, PMBOK
	3 Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Demographic Study
		4.2 VM Activities and PM Processes
		4.3 Determining Project Management Process
	5 Conclusion
	References
Strategies of Carbon Reduction Management in Construction Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of Study
		2.1 Overview of Carbon Emissions in Malaysia
		2.2 Studies of Previous Literature
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Sample Size and Target Population
		3.2 Descriptive Analysis
		3.3 Cronbach’s Alpha
		3.4 Relative Importance Index
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Demographic Background
		4.2 Familiarity and Understanding of the Concept of Carbon Emissions in Construction
		4.3 Current Practices of Carbon Emissions Management in the Construction Industry Specifically in Construction Site
		4.4 Strategies of Carbon Reduction Management in the Construction Industry Specifically in Construction Site
		4.5 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Green Infrastructure Development in Malaysia: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Green Infrastructure in Malaysia
	3 Types of Infrastructure in Malaysia
	4 Overview of Past Research on Green Infrastructure Development in Malaysia
		4.1 Economic
		4.2 Environment
		4.3 Social
		4.4 Resilient
	5 Previous Research on Green Infrastructure Development in Malaysia
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Why Current Procurement Systems Require Modifications to Suit the Natures of Malaysian Pre-fabricated Construction
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Background
	3 Problem Statement
	4 Methodology
	5 Analysis and Discussion
		5.1 Characteristics of Prefabricated Construction Compared to Traditional Construction
		5.2 Major Differences Between Prefabricated Construction vs Traditional Construction
	6 Issues and Difficulties of Current Procurement System in Fulfilling the Natures of Malaysian Pre-fabricated Construction
		6.1 Payment
		6.2 Fragmentation Within Prefabrication Projects
		6.3 Procuring Prefabricated Components
		6.4 Components Production
		6.5 Logistics
		6.6 Installation and Supervision
		6.7 No Standard Regulation or Prefabricated Form of Contract
		6.8 Design
		6.9 Challenges of the Prefabrication Manufacturers
		6.10 Late Appointment of IBS Manufacturers
		6.11 Barriers to Maximize Prefabricated Components
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Green Open Space Implementation Towards Green City Development in Developing Countries
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Green City
		2.2 Green Open Space
		2.3 Ecosystem Services
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Identification
		3.2 Screening
		3.3 Eligibility
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Environmental Impacts of a Forensic Unit Construction at a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Magnitude and Rate of Material Waste Generated from the Construction Work
		3.2 Direct and Indirect Water Consumption at the Construction Site
		3.3 Amount of Energy Consumed for the Construction Activities
		3.4 Total Carbon Emissions of the Forensic Unit Construction
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing POFA as Cement and Sand Replacement
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials Selection
		2.2 Experimental Method
		2.3 Mix Proportion
		2.4 Casting and Curing
		2.5 Test Procedures
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 X-Ray Fluorescence
		3.2 Fresh Properties of POFA Concrete
		3.3 Compressive Strength Development with Age of POFA in Concrete
		3.4 . Relationship Between Strength and Age
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Graphene Research and Its Outputs: Waste Carbon Source and Synthesis Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Precursor
		2.1 Waste Cooking Oil
		2.2 Waste Engine Oil
		2.3 Coconut Shells
		2.4 Plastic
	3 Graphene Synthesis Technique
		3.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition
		3.2 Hummer’s Method
		3.3 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
		3.4 Pyrolysis
	References
Influence of Waste Paper Sludge Ash on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Self-consolidating Lightweight Foamed Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Materials Selection
		2.2 Mix Proportion
		2.3 Casting and Curing
		2.4 Test Methods
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Slump Flow Test
		3.2 Compressive Strength
		3.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
		3.4 Water Absorption Test
		3.5 Porosity Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Tendon Directions to The Analysis and Design of Transfer Slab—A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Modeling Process
		2.2 Checking for Column Surface Punching
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	Referencess
Perception on Impact Land Reclamation from Pan Borneo Highway Project—Pilot Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Challenges, Characteristics, and Success Factors in Implementing Green Highway Using SEM-PLS Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Literature Review
		2.2 Unstructured Interview
		2.3 Design of Questionnaires
		2.4 Pilot Test
		2.5 Criticality Index Assessment
		2.6 Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)
		2.7 Partial Least Squares (PLS)
		2.8 Partial Least Squares—Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)
	3 Results and discussion
		3.1 Demographic Profiles of Respondent
		3.2 Main Challenges of Green Highway
		3.3 Main Characteristics of Green Highway
		3.4 Main Success Factors to Implement Green Highway
		3.5 Model Development
	4 Conclusion
	Referencess
Proposed Development of an Integrated Framework for Public–Private Partnership and Value for Money Evaluation System of Urban Rail Transit in China
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Research on PPP Mode of Urban Rail Transportation
		2.2 Current Situation of Rail Transit PPP Model in China
		2.3 Value for Money (VFM) Qualitative Evaluation Study
		2.4 Value for Money (VFM) Quantitative Evaluation Study
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Conclusion
	References
Pavement Maintenance in Malaysia: The Key to Pavement Sustainability
	1 Introduction
	2 Pavement Maintenance Techniques
		2.1 Crack Sealing
		2.2 Thin Hot Mix Asphalt Surfacing
		2.3 Chip Seal
		2.4 Micro Surfacing
		2.5 Hot In-Place Recycling
	3 Selection of the Preferred Maintenance Treatment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation on Volumetric Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt Mix Containing Steel Fibre Using Response Surface Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Aggregate Properties
		2.2 Binder Properties
		2.3 Steel Fibre
		2.4 Marshall Mix Design
		2.5 Central Composite Design Method (CCD)
		2.6 Response Surface Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb
		3.2 Marshall Stability
		3.3 Flow
		3.4 Air Voids, AV
	4 Conclusion
	References
Envisaging the Potential Use of Resistance Micro Drilling on Wood Density Assessment: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Non-destructive Testings for WD Assessment
		2.1 Incremental Borer
		2.2 Pilodyn Wood Tester
	3 Types of Resistance Micro Drilling, Resistograph
	4 Roles of Resistograph in Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Management
		4.1 Tree Care Industry
		4.2 Tree Stand Assessment in Forest Sustainable Management Operation
	5 Wood Density Assessment and Prediction Using Resistance Micro Drilling
	6 Research Challenges and Way Forwards to Predict WD in Living Tree Using Resistance Micro Drilling
	7 Potential Use of Resistance Micro Drilling on Predicting and Assessing WD for Forest AGB and Carbon Stock Estimation
	8 Conclusion
	References
Phytochemical Research for the Sustainability of Moringa Species Using Different Extraction Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Extraction of M. oleifera Leaves
		2.3 Crude Extracts Profiling via Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
		2.4 Phytochemical Screening via HPLC
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Extraction of M. oleifera Leaves
		3.2 Crude Extracts Profiling via TLC
		3.3 Phytochemical Screening via HPLC
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance of Kapok Fibres and Kapok Ash Wood as Oil Absorption Materials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Kapok Fibre
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Specimen’s Preparation
		2.2 Absorption Test
		2.3 Oil Absorption Behaviour Study
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Oil Absorption Test
	4 Conclusions
	References
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Podo Wood-Xylem Filtered
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Wood-Xylem Filter Preparations
		2.3 Imaging
		2.4 Oil Absorption Behaviour Study
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Water Quality
		3.2 Physical Characteristics
		3.3 Chemical Quality Tests
		3.4 Observation and Imaging of Wood-Xylem
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Tunnel Form Building Under 10 Past Earthquake Records Analyzed Using Ruaumoko 2D
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Analysis of Result
		3.1 Hysteresis Loops
		3.2 Lateral Capacity of Single Unit TFB Subjected to Multilevel of Seismic Events
		3.3 Pseudo-Spectral Displacement
		3.4 Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Analysis of Seismic Responses Interior Beam-Column Joint with and Without Fuse Bars Under In-Plane Lateral Cyclic Loading
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Design Fuse Bars
		2.2 Construction of Two Specimens
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Comparison Visual Observation Damages of Specimen EJ-3B and BC2-3I
		3.2 Comparison of Ultimate Lateral Strength Capacity
		3.3 Comparison of Stiffness
		3.4 Comparison of Ductility
		3.5 Comparison of Equivalent Viscous Damping
		3.6 Comparison Between Experimental and Modeling of Hysteresis Loops
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References