Green Hydrogen in Power Systems (Green Energy and Technology)

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: An Overview of Energy and Exergy Analysis for Green Hydrogen Power Systems
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Green Hydrogen as a Potential Source of Clean Energy
	1.2 Hydrogen Economy
	1.3 Economic and Environmental Effects of GH2 Production
		1.3.1 Economic Issues
			1.3.1.1 Expensive Production
			1.3.1.2 Investment Needed
			1.3.1.3 Infrastructure Limitations
		1.3.2 Environmental Issues
			1.3.2.1 Carbon Emissions
			1.3.2.2 Land Use
			1.3.2.3 Water Use
	1.4 GH2 Production Methods and Explanation of How Electrolysis Works
		1.4.1 Electrolysis
		1.4.2 Fuel Cells
	1.5 Energy Crisis
	1.6 Integration of GH2 Systems with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Hub
	1.7 Future of Energy Supply Systems and Related Works
	1.8 Energy and Exergy Analysis
	1.9 Related Works
	1.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Hydrogen-Incorporated Sector-Coupled Smart Grids: A Systematic Review and Future Concepts
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Integration in Smart Grids
		2.2.1 Introduction to Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
		2.2.2 Benefits and Challenges of Hydrogen Integration
		2.2.3 Benefits of Hydrogen Integration
			2.2.3.1 Decarbonization
			2.2.3.2 Energy Storage
			2.2.3.3 Versatility and Flexibility
			2.2.3.4 Energy Independence and Security
			2.2.3.5 Air Quality Improvement
		2.2.4 Challenges of Hydrogen Integration
			2.2.4.1 Cost and Infrastructure
			2.2.4.2 Hydrogen Production
			2.2.4.3 Storage and Transportation
			2.2.4.4 System Integration
			2.2.4.5 Market Development and Regulations
	2.3 Sector Coupling in Smart Grids
		2.3.1 Definition and Principles of Sector Coupling
			2.3.1.1 Digitalization and Automation
			2.3.1.2 Decentralization and Local Energy Systems
		2.3.2 Power-to-X in Sector-Coupled Smart Grids
			2.3.2.1 Power-to-Hydrogen (PtH2)
			2.3.2.2 Power-to-Gas (PtG)
			2.3.2.3 Power-to-Liquid (PtL)
			2.3.2.4 Power-to-Heat (PtH)
			2.3.2.5 Power-to-Mobility
			2.3.2.6 Hydrogen-to-Power (H2-to-Power)
			2.3.2.7 Hydrogen-to-Gas (H2-to-Gas)
			2.3.2.8 Hydrogen-to-Industry
			2.3.2.9 Hydrogen-to-Chemical
			2.3.2.10 Hydrogen-to-Fuel
		2.3.3 Energy Management
			2.3.3.1 Demand-Side Management (DSM)
			2.3.3.2 Demand Response
			2.3.3.3 System Optimization
			2.3.3.4 Energy Market Integration
		2.3.4 Power Market
		2.3.5 Hydrogen Economy
	2.4 Hydrogen-Incorporated Smart Grid Projects
		2.4.1 Haeolus Project (Denmark)
		2.4.2 SmartPowerFlow Project (Germany)
		2.4.3 HyEnergy Project (Netherlands)
		2.4.4 H2Future Project (Austria)
		2.4.5 Hydrogen Link Project (Japan)
	2.5 Technological Advancements and Innovations
		2.5.1 Emerging Technologies for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Distribution
			2.5.1.1 Advanced Electrolysis Technologies
			2.5.1.2 High-Temperature Electrolysis (HTE)
			2.5.1.3 Low-Temperature Electrolysis (LTE)
			2.5.1.4 Bipolar Membrane Electrolysis
		2.5.2 Renewable Hydrogen
			2.5.2.1 Biomass Gasification
			2.5.2.2 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water Splitting
		2.5.3 Hydrogen Storage
			2.5.3.1 Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)
			2.5.3.2 Metal Hydrides
			2.5.3.3 Nanostructured Materials
		2.5.4 Hydrogen Distribution
			2.5.4.1 Hydrogen Pipelines
			2.5.4.2 Liquid Hydrogen Carriers
		2.5.5 Hydrogen Infrastructure
			2.5.5.1 Hydrogen Refueling Stations
			2.5.5.2 Hydrogen Hubs and Networks
		2.5.6 Smart Grid Control and Management Systems for Efficient Hydrogen Utilization
			2.5.6.1 Demand Response and Load Management
			2.5.6.2 Energy Management Systems
			2.5.6.3 Grid Integration and Power Balancing
			2.5.6.4 Intelligent Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance
			2.5.6.5 Decentralized Control and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Energy Trading
	2.6 Economic and Environmental Considerations
		2.6.1 Cost Analysis of Hydrogen-Integrated Smart Grid Systems
		2.6.2 Evaluation of the Environmental Impacts and Sustainability Aspects
		2.6.3 Economic and Financial Incentives for Promoting Hydrogen Integration
			2.6.3.1 Carbon Pricing and Emissions Trading
			2.6.3.2 Research and Development Funding
			2.6.3.3 Financing Mechanisms
	2.7 Future Prospects and Research Directions
		2.7.1 Identification of Key Challenges and Gaps in Current Hydrogen-Integrated Smart Grid Systems
			2.7.1.1 Cost-Effectiveness
			2.7.1.2 Scalability and Infrastructure Development
			2.7.1.3 Technology Efficiency and Reliability
			2.7.1.4 Safety Considerations
		2.7.2 Exploration of Future Prospects and Potential Advancements
			2.7.2.1 Advanced Electrolysis Technologies
			2.7.2.2 Renewable Hydrogen Sources
			2.7.2.3 Energy Storage and Conversion
			2.7.2.4 Hydrogen Grid Integration
		2.7.3 Research Directions and Areas for Further Investigation
			2.7.3.1 Techno-Economic Analysis
			2.7.3.2 Lifecycle Assessments and Sustainability
			2.7.3.3 System Modeling and Optimization
			2.7.3.4 Demonstration Projects and Real-World Applications
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Techno-Economic Analysis for Centralized GH2 Power Systems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Energy Democracy in Energy Communities
	3.3 Market Design in Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
		3.3.1 Centralized Peer-to-Peer Energy Market
		3.3.2 Role of the Aggregators in Energy Communities
		3.3.3 Prosumer Preferences in Energy Communities
	3.4 Feed-in-Tariffs (FiT) Mechanism in Energy Trading Market
	3.5 GH2 System Modeling
	3.6 Problem Formulation
	3.7 Simulation and Numerical Results
		3.7.1 Input Data
		3.7.2 Simulations Results
			3.7.2.1 Optimal Operation of Centralized P2P Trading
			3.7.2.2 Optimal Coalition Operation of Centralized P2P Transactions
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Techno-Economic Analysis for Decentralized GH2 Power Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Technological and Policy Approaches for the Integration of GH2 Resources in Renewable Energy Systems
	4.3 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Energy Trading Concept
		4.3.1 Decentralized P2P Trading Mechanism
	4.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS)
	4.5 Problem Formulation
		4.5.1 Cost Modeling
			4.5.1.1 Power Balance Constraint
			4.5.1.2 Plug-in Electric Vehicle Modeling
			4.5.1.3 Hydrogen Storage Unit Modeling
			4.5.1.4 ADMM Algorithm Implementation
	4.6 Result and Analysis
		4.6.1 Model Implementation and Data
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Hydrogenation from Renewable Energy Sources for Developing a Carbon-Free Society: Methods, Real Cases, and Standards
	5.1 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook
	5.2 Hydrogenation Using Renewable Energy
		5.2.1 Water Splitting
			5.2.1.1 Hydrogen Production Using Electrolysis Method
				5.2.1.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrolyzer Methods
			5.2.1.2 Hydrogen Production Using Photocatalyst Method
			5.2.1.3 Hydrogen Production Using Thermolysis of Water
		5.2.2 Biohydrogen (Production of Hydrogen from Biomass)
			5.2.2.1 Biological Methods
				5.2.2.1.1 Water Photolysis
				5.2.2.1.2 Photo-Fermentation
				5.2.2.1.3 Dark-Fermentation
				5.2.2.1.4 Dark-Photo Co-fermentation
			5.2.2.2 Chemical Methods
				5.2.2.2.1 Pyrolysis Reforming
				5.2.2.2.2 Supercritical Water Conversion
				5.2.2.2.3 Biomass Gasification
				5.2.2.2.4 Catalytic Reforming of Small Organic Molecules
	5.3 Applications of Hydrogen in Power and Energy Systems
		5.3.1 Facilitating the Operation of Renewable Resources and Their Integration
		5.3.2 Reducing the Emission of Polluting Gases
		5.3.3 Fuel Cell
		5.3.4 Use of Green Hydrogen in the Transportation System
	5.4 Hydrogen Storage Technologies and Issues and Problems of Hydrogen Storage and Transfer
		5.4.1 Storage Systems
			5.4.1.1 Hydrogen Storage by Gas or Compression
			5.4.1.2 Hydrogen Storage by Liquefaction
			5.4.1.3 Hydrogen Storage by Physical Absorption
				5.4.1.3.1 Carbon Materials
			5.4.1.4 Hydrogen Storage with Chemical Absorption
		5.4.2 The Best Hydrogen Storage Technology
		5.4.3 Hydrogen Transmission and Distribution Technology
			5.4.3.1 Transmission by Pipelines
			5.4.3.2 Transportation by Road and Rail or by Sea
	5.5 Green Hydrogen Standard
		5.5.1 Definition of Green Hydrogen
		5.5.2 System Boundary
		5.5.3 Greenhouse Gases Emissions Threshold
		5.5.4 Qualification Level and Qualifying Technical Route
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: The Role of Green Hydrogen in Achieving Low and Net-Zero Carbon Emissions: Climate Change and Global Warming
	6.1 Overview and General Background Outlook
	6.2 Low and Net-Zero Emission Clarification
		6.2.1 Barriers and Required Infrastructure for Reaching Low-Net-Zero Emission
		6.2.2 How Penalties and Taxes on Available Technology Can Lead to Low-Net-Zero Emission
	6.3 Road to Carbon Neutrality
		6.3.1 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization Versus Pollution Emitting
		6.3.2 Economic and Environmental Aspects of Carbon Neutrality
	6.4 Green Hydrogen Explanation and Definition
		6.4.1 How Can We Pass Through Different Types of H2 to GH2
		6.4.2 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook to Achieving and Developing GH2: Infrastructure, Limits, and Policies
		6.4.3 The Intermittency Effect of Renewable Units for Transition to GH2
	6.5 How Can GH2 Help to Achieve Low and Net-Zero Emissions?
		6.5.1 Utilizing GH2 in the Residential and Mobility Sectors: GH2 Route in Energy Sectors
		6.5.2 Future Scopes and Effects of GH2 on Pollution Emission
	6.6 Renewable-Based Units´ Role in Smoothing the Way to Reach Low-Net-Zero Emission: Clean and Adequate GH2 Generation
	6.7 Numerical Analysis of GH2
	6.8 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Bioreactor Design Selection for Biohydrogen Production Using Immobilized Cell Culture System
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Immobilization of Microbial Culture in Biohydrogen Production
		7.2.1 Cell Entrapment
		7.2.2 Adsorption
		7.2.3 Encapsulation
		7.2.4 Containment Within Synthetic Polymers
	7.3 Types of Bioreactors
		7.3.1 Bioreactor for Batch System
		7.3.2 Bioreactor for Continuous System
		7.3.3 Bioreactor Performance
	7.4 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook
	References
Chapter 8: Biomass-Based Polygeneration Systems with Hydrogen Production: A Concise Review and Case Study
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Biomass-Driven Polygeneration Systems
		8.1.2 Hydrogen
		8.1.3 Thermodynamic Evaluation of Polygeneration Systems
		8.1.4 The Objective of This Work
	8.2 Hydrogen Production in Biomass-Based Polygeneration Systems
		8.2.1 Biomass as a Fuel for Driving Hydrogen Production Unit
		8.2.2 Biomass as a Feedstock for Hydrogen Production
	8.3 Case Study
		8.3.1 System Description
		8.3.2 Materials and Methods
			8.3.2.1 Energy Analysis
			8.3.2.2 Exergy Analysis
			8.3.2.3 Exergoeconomic Analysis
			8.3.2.4 Exergoenvironmental Analysis
		8.3.3 Results and Discussion
	8.4 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Integration of Solar PV and GH2 in the Future Power Systems
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook
	9.3 Related Works
	9.4 Operation of Solar and GH2 Integrated Energy System
		9.4.1 Solar Panels
		9.4.2 Inverter
		9.4.3 Electrolyzers
		9.4.4 Fuel Cells
		9.4.5 Hydrogen Storage Tanks
		9.4.6 Objective Function
		9.4.7 Constraints
		9.4.8 Case Study
	9.5 Planning of Solar and Gh2 Integrated Energy System
		9.5.1 Reliability Indexes
		9.5.2 Objective Function
		9.5.3 Constraints
		9.5.4 Solving Method
		9.5.5 Case Study
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: GH2 Networks: Production, Supply Chain, and Storage
	10.1 Definition of Green Hydrogen
	10.2 Characteristics and Initiatives of Green Hydrogen
	10.3 Hydrogen Supply Chain Network (HSCN)
	10.4 Green Hydrogen Production Energy Sources
		10.4.1 Wind Power
		10.4.2 Solar Energy
	10.5 Green Hydrogen Production Methods
		10.5.1 Water Electrolysis
		10.5.2 Photocatalysis
		10.5.3 Biomass
	10.6 Green Hydrogen Transportation
	10.7 Green Hydrogen Safety
	10.8 Green Hydrogen Technologies in Region
		10.8.1 Patterns
		10.8.2 Other Policies Related to GH2 in Different Continents
	10.9 Standards of Green Hydrogen Refueling Places
	10.10 Challenges and Outlook
		10.10.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
		10.10.2 Continuous and Economical GOs Scheme
		10.10.3 Emission Intensity Threshold
	10.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Supply Chains of Green Hydrogen Based on Liquid Organic Carriers Inside China: Economic Assessment and Greenhouse ...
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook
		11.1.2 Problem Definition and Research Aim
	11.2 Hydrogen Storage and Transport: State of the Art
		11.2.1 Road Transportation
		11.2.2 Rail Transportation
		11.2.3 Pipeline Transportation
	11.3 Case Study
		11.3.1 China´s Main Consumption Centres: Jing-Jin-Ji, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta
		11.3.2 China´s Main Renewable Power Producer Provinces: Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu
	11.4 Methodology
		11.4.1 Supply Chain Steps
			11.4.1.1 Potential for Green H2 Production
			11.4.1.2 Projected Demand for Green H2
			11.4.1.3 Transportation
		11.4.2 Green H2 Cost-Price
		11.4.3 CO2-eq Emission Savings
	11.5 Results and Discussion
		11.5.1 Final Cost-Price of H2 Per Region
		11.5.2 Total Primary Energy Supply Per Region
		11.5.3 Total Final Energy Consumption Per Region
		11.5.4 CO2-eq Emission Savings Per Region
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Green Hydrogen Research and Development Projects in the European Union
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 The Hydrogen Technology Ecosystem
		12.2.1 Hydrogen as a Sustainable Energy Source
		12.2.2 Fuel Cells
			12.2.2.1 Working Principles of Fuel Cells
			12.2.2.2 Advantages of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
		12.2.3 Challenges and Considerations
	12.3 Hydrogen Policy of the European Union (EU)
		12.3.1 European Hydrogen Bank
	12.4 Advantages of Hydrogen in Connection with Renewable Energy Sources
	12.5 GH2 Projects in the World
	12.6 Hydrogen Roadmap in Europe
		12.6.1 Horizon 2019
		12.6.2 Horizon 2020
			12.6.2.1 REFHYNE Project
			12.6.2.2 GENCOMM Project
		12.6.3 Horizon Europe Projects
		12.6.4 Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
			12.6.4.1 Green Hysland Project
			12.6.4.2 H2FUTURE Project
			12.6.4.3 Hybalance Project
	12.7 Implications and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Hydrogen-Combined Smart Electrical Power Systems: An Overview of United States Projects
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Hydrogen Technologies
		13.2.1 Description of NREL´s Involvement in Advancing Green Hydrogen Technologies
		13.2.2 Overview of Projects Related to Hydrogen Production, Storage, Fuel Cells, and Integrated Energy Systems in NREL
	13.3 Western Green Hydrogen Initiative
		13.3.1 Explanation of the Initiative´s Goals to Develop a Regional GH2 Economy in the Western United States
		13.3.2 Collaborative Efforts Among Stakeholders to Accelerate GH2 Deployment
		13.3.3 Gulf Coast Clean Energy Application Center
	13.4 Hawaii Hydrogen Initiative
	13.5 California Hydrogen Infrastructure Project
		13.5.1 California Energy Commission´s Support for Hydrogen Infrastructure Development
	13.6 Los Angeles Green Hydrogen Power-to-Gas Project
	13.7 Advanced Clean Energy Storage (ACES)
	13.8 Utah Advanced Clean Energy Storage (UACES)
	13.9 New York Offshore Wind-to-Hydrogen Project
	13.10 Texas Gulf Coast Hydrogen Hub
	13.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: An Overview of the Pilot Hydrogen Projects
	14.1 Status Quo, Challenges, and Outlook
	14.2 Introduction
	14.3 Definitions and Classification of Hydrogen
		14.3.1 Production
		14.3.2 Purification
		14.3.3 Compression
	14.4 Background and Motivations
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Index