Green communications and networking

Content: Power-Efficient Last Mile Access Using Fiber-Connected Massively Distributed Antenna SystemEvolution of Cellular Networks and Power Efficiency Considerations     Power Consumption     Traffic Density      Equipment Cost     The Goals and Organization of This ChapterBWA-FMDA Architecture      A Brief Background on RoF Solutions      Antenna Elements      Optical Communication Medium      Central Processing EntityPower Consumption and Simulation Models      Power Consumption Model      Signaling Overhead      Simulation Model Numerical Results     Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)     Energy Efficiency (bit/Joule)      Tradeoff between energy efficiency and spectral efficiency Conclusions Bibliography Wireless Networks Resources Trading for QoS Performance Guaranteed Green CommunicationsDemanding-Based Communications Model Resources Trading in Wireless Networks      Wireless Resource Trading      The Tradeoff between Energy and Bandwidth/Delay      The Tradeoff between Energy and the Number of Antennas     The Tradeoff between Energy and Coding Schemes Example-Case Study of Using Resource Trading in Cellular Networks Example-Case Study of Using Resource Trading in Femtocell Networks      System Model     Model for Energy Consumption in Downlink Channels      Spectrum Allocation for Green Radio      Simulations Results and Performance Analyses Conclusions Bibliography Green Relay Techniques in Cellular SystemsIntroduction Spectrum and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Relay-assisted Systems     System Model      Spectrum Efficiency Analysis      Energy Efficiency Analysis      Insights and discussionsH-ARQ Relaying and H2-ARQ Relaying      H2-ARQ Relaying Strategy      Performance Analysis      Insights and Discussions Energy Efficient RNs in Cellular Networks      Cellular System and Power Model      Optimization of RN Deployment      Outdoor-to-Indoor Relaying Bibliography Cross-layer Design and Optimization for Green Wireless Communications and NetworkingEnergy Efficient Design at Different Layers      Energy Efficient Hardware Platforms      Energy Efficient OS      Energy Efficient MAC      Energy Efficient Networking      Energy Efficient ApplicationCross-layer Optimization in Energy Static Networks     Network Model      Network Protocols Cross-layer Designs in Energy Dynamic Networks      Hardware and Communication      Sensing Bibliography Energy-Efficient Rate Adaptation in Long-Distance Wireless Mesh NetworksIntroduction Background: Long Distance Wireless Mesh Networks      Inter-link interference model      2PMAC Protocol Overview: Rate Adaptation in Wireless Networks ERAA: Rate Adaptation Algorithm for Outdoor Long Distance 802.11 Links     Network Model and Operations      Design Overview      The Probing Stage      The Adapting Stage           Path Loss Calculation and RSSI Prediction           Energy Efficient Bit Rate Selection           CNP-CUSUM to Handle External Interference     Performance Evaluation          CNP-CUSUM: Interference Intensity Change Detection          Rate Adaptation Performance Concluding Remarks Bibliography Graph-Theoretic Algorithms for Energy Saving in IP NetworksElements of the Graph Theory Used in GES      Shortest Path Tree      Edge between      Algebraic connectivity ESACON algorithm ESTOP algorithm EAR algorithm A practical example of GES application Performance behavior of the GES algorithms      Path length increase      Percentage of links that are switched off      Power saving     Impact in terms of traffic utilization Practical implementation of the GES algorithms Conclusions Bibliography Architectural Design of An Energy-Efficient RouterOpportunities and Challenges Architecture of Green Reconfigurable Router Power Aware Routing through Green Traffic Engineering     The General Problem Formulation      A Practical Heuristic Rate Adaptive Processing inside Routers      Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling      Adaptive Link Rate Interface      A Multi-Frequency Scaling Prototype Power Efficient Architectures for Router Functions      Routing Lookup      Packet Classifier      Packet Queuing      Traffic Manager Summary Bibliography The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources in the CO2 Emissions of Converged Optical Network and Cloud InfrastructuresIntroductionEnergy Consumption Models for the Physical Infrastructure     Optical Network Elements      Energy consumption models for computing resources Energy aware VI planning     VI Problem Formulation Numerical Results Conclusions Bibliography Low Power Dynamic Scheduling for Computing SystemsTask Scheduling with Processing Rate Constraints      Examples of Energy-Aware Processing      Time Averages as Ratios of Frame Averages     Relation to Frame Average Expectations      An Example with One Task Class           No constraints           One Constraint      The Linear Fractional Program for Task Scheduling     Virtual Queues      The Drift-Plus-Penalty Ratio           Bounding the Drift-Plus-Penalty Ratio          The Task Scheduling Algorithm           Steps to minimize (9.24)           Performance of the Task Scheduling Algorithm           Simulation Optimization with General Attributes      Mapping to the Task Scheduling Problem      The General Algorithm      Random Task Arrivals and Flow Control      The Dynamic Algorithm for Random Task Arrivals     Deterministic Queue Bounds and Constraint Violation Bounds      Simulations and Adaptiveness of Random Task Scheduling     Task Scheduling: Extensions and Further Reading      Exercises for Section 9.2 Reacting to Randomly Observed Events           Algorithm1          Algorithm2          Comparison of Algorithms 1 and 2      Efficient Computation and Transmission for a Wireless Smart Device      Exercises for Section 9.3 Conclusions Bibliography Smart Grid Communication Network and Its ApplicationsIntroduction AMI and Its Applications      Background      The AMI Infrastructure           The AMI Metering System           AMI Communication Network          The Meter Data Management System      The Standardization of the AMI Infrastructure           The Standardization of AMI Communication Protocols           The Standardized AMI Information Model      Advanced DMS Applications           Distribution System State Estimation           Advanced Outage Management           Demand Response           Dependency on the AMI System SCADA -The Utility Monitoring and Control Network and Its Applications      Background      Components of SCADA           Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)          Remote Terminal Units (RTU)           Automation Controllers      Communication Protocols in SCADA           Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)          IEC 61850           Discussion     Distribution Automation           Fault Detection, Isolation, and Service Restoration          Voltage and Var Control Conclusion Bibliography Demand and Response in Smart GridDemand and Response Overview      Significance of Demand Response      Demand Response in Traditional Grid     New Requirements in Smart Grid Representative DR Algorithms in Smart Grid      Classifications      Customer Profit Optimization Algorithms     Operation Cost of Electric Utility Reduction      Social Welfare Maximization Summarize the DR Methods and Future Directions Conclusion BibliographyGreen Wireless Cellular Networks in the Smart Grid EnvironmentIntroduction Background      GreenWireless Cellular Networks           Energy-Efficient Solutions           Key Trade-offs in the Network      Smart Grid           Demand-Side Management System Models      Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) Communication     Service Blocking Probability Model in the Cellular Network     Electricity Consumption Model for Base Stations Problem Formulation      Cellular Network Level Game      Smart Grid Level Game Analysis of the Proposed Two-Level Game      Analysis of the Cellular Network Level Game      Analysis of the Smart Grid Level Game      Existence of Stackelberg Equilibrium for the Proposed Two-Level Game      Uniqueness of the Stackelberg Equilibrium for the Proposed Two-Level GameSimulation Results and Discussions Conclusions Bibliography