Green Circular Economy: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Development (Circular Economy and Sustainability)

Contents
1 Circular Economy Aspirations: Three Strategies in Search of a Direction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 What Does the Circular Economy Mean?
		1.2.1 Working Definitions of the CE in the US, EU, and China
	1.3 The CE from a Policy Perspective
	1.4 EU's CE Policy
	1.5 Chinese CE Policies
	1.6 CE Meso-Level Experiments – Eco-Industrial Parks
		1.6.1 Limitations of Eco-Industrial Parks
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 The Environment Value System and Green Circular Economy
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Benefits of the Circular Economy
		2.2.1 Environmental Benefits
		2.2.2 Social Benefits
		2.2.3 Economic Benefits
	2.3 The Cost of No Action
	2.4 Environmental Externalities
		2.4.1 Internalisation of Externalities
		2.4.2 Methods to Quantify Environmental Value in Monetary Terms
			2.4.2.1 Contingent Valuation Method
			2.4.2.2 Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method
			2.4.2.3 Demand Curves: Econometric Modelling and Mathematical Programming
			2.4.2.4 Travel Cost Method
			2.4.2.5 Hedonic Price Method
			2.4.2.6 Choice Experiment Method
			2.4.2.7 Shadow Prices
			2.4.2.8 Cost-Benefit Ratio
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
3 Circular Economy and Sustainable Production and Consumption
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Why Circular Economy?
	3.2 Principles of Circular Economy
	3.3 Circular Economy in the Agricultural Sector
	3.4 How Circular Economy Supports Sustainable Development
		3.4.1 Cradle-to-Cradle
		3.4.2 Performance Economy
	3.5 Challenges in Circular Economy
		3.5.1 Waste Treatment Infrastructure
		3.5.2 Convenience-Oriented
		3.5.3 The Current Recycling Technology
		3.5.4 The Business Frameworks
		3.5.5 Energy System Transformation
	3.6 Challenges to Implementing Circular Economy in India
	3.7 Limitations of Circular Economy
	3.8 Recent Initiatives in Circular Economy
	3.9 Conclusions
	References
4 Green Human Resource Management and Circular Economy
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Circular Vs. Linear Economy
	4.3 Circular Economy and Green Jobs
	4.4 Green Thinking for Circular Economic Growth
	4.5 Employee Participation in Green HR Practices for Circular Economy Growth
	4.6 Green Human Resources Management and Sustainable Business Solution
	4.7 Green Human Resources Management Techniques for Circular Sustainable Economy
		4.7.1 Selection and Hiring
		4.7.2 Training and Growth
		4.7.3 Pay and Benefits
	4.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
5 Economies of Scale in Green Circular Economies
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Status of Water Resources
	5.3 Assessing the Economies of Scale in the Wastewater Treatment Sector
		5.3.1 Existing Methodologies to Assess the Existence of Economies of Scale
		5.3.2 Empirical Approach
			5.3.2.1 Efficiency Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants
			5.3.2.2 Link Between Process Efficiency, Nutrients Recovery and Economies of Scale
			5.3.2.3 Potentialities of Wastewater Treatment Process within the Circular Economy Framework
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 Temporal Study of the Interrelationship Between Economics and Environmental Degradation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Pre-history (Stone Age)
		6.2.1 Hunter-Gatherer Societies (HGS)
		6.2.2 Neolithic Revolution
	6.3 Pre-industrial
	6.4 Industrial Age
	6.5 Information Age
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Cities as Emerging Centers in a Circular Economy:An Assessment of Indian Cities
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Role of Cities in Circular Economy
		7.2.1 The RESOLVE Framework
		7.2.2 The Circular City Framework
	7.3 Assessing Indian Cities for Circularity
		7.3.1 SDG 11 and Sustainable Cities in India
		7.3.2 Policies and Schemes for Promoting Circularity in Indian Cities
		7.3.3 Initiatives for Circular Actions
		7.3.4 Initiatives for Supporting Actions
	7.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
8 Trade and Management of Waste
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 A Literature Review of the Economics of Waste Trade
	8.3 Trends in the Generation, Processing and Trading of Waste
	8.4 The Plastic Waste Industry and Trade
	8.5 Some Concluding Remarks
	References
9 Carbon Emission from Liquid Fuel and Pollution HavenHypothesis
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Financial Development, Energy Consumption, and Carbon Emission
		9.1.2 FDI, Trade, Carbon Emission, and Pollution Haven Hypothesis
		9.1.3 Conceptual Framework
		9.1.4 Result Summary
	9.2 Data
		9.2.1 Summary Statistics and Distribution
		9.2.2 Bivariate Relationship Between Variables of Interest
		9.2.3 Relationship Between Emission and Income Across Distribution
	9.3 Unit Root Test
	9.4 Methodology
		9.4.1 Panel ARDL (Pooled Mean Group Estimator)
		9.4.2 Panel Quantile Regression with Fixed Effects
		9.4.3 Fixed Effect and Threshold Fixed Effect Regression
	9.5 Results and Analysis
		9.5.1 Pooled Mean Group Estimator (Panel ARDL)
		9.5.2 Quantile Regression
		9.5.3 Panel Fixed Effect Regression
		9.5.4 Threshold Panel Regression with Fixed Effects
		9.5.5 High-Income Countries When They Had Low Income
	9.6 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix
		List of Countries
		High-Income Countries Based on World Bank Classification
	Results
	References
10 The Development Practice and Reform Optimization Path of Green Circular Economy in Erhai Lake of China
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Introduction to Erhai Lake Basin
		10.2.1 General Situation of Natural Environment in Erhai Lake Basin
		10.2.2 General Situation of Social and Economic in Erhai Lake Basin
		10.2.3 The General Situation of Green Circulation Development in Erhai Lake Basin
	10.3 The Main Problems Existing in the Development of Green Circular Economy
		10.3.1 Large Gap in Local Governance Funding
		10.3.2 Local Government Governance Is Inefficient
		10.3.3 Green and Circular Economic Linkage Is Insufficient
		10.3.4 Low Degree of Marketization
		10.3.5 The Tourist Market Is in Chaos
		10.3.6 Agricultural Non-point Sources and Domestic Pollution Are Serious
	10.4 Innovative Ideas to Further Enhance the Green Circular Economy in Erhai Lake Basin
		10.4.1 Design of Linkage Mechanism Based on Cross-regional Green Circular Development
		10.4.2 Selection of Cross-regional Green Circular Economy Linkage Marketization Tools
		10.4.3 Optimize the Industrial Structure of the Basin
	10.5 Conclusion
	Bibliography
11 Recent Trends in Biohydrogen Economy: Challenges and Future Perspectives
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Sources for Biohydrogen Production
	11.3 Key Technologies for Biohydrogen Production
		11.3.1 Fermentation
			11.3.1.1 Photofermentation (PF)
			11.3.1.2 Dark Fermentation (DF)
			11.3.1.3 Integrated Dark and Photo Fermentation
		11.3.2 Biophotolysis
			11.3.2.1 Direct Biophotolysis
			11.3.2.2 Indirect Biophotolysis
		11.3.3 Microbial Electrolysis Cell
	11.4 Techno-economic Analysis of Various Biohydrogen Production Methods
		11.4.1 Dark Fermentation
		11.4.2 Photobiological Hydrogen Production
	11.5 Challenges in Commercialization of Biohydrogen Production
		11.5.1 Economical Barriers
		11.5.2 Technical Barriers
	11.6 Future Perspectives
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12 Strategic Planning and Business Sustainability in Agribusiness: Analysis in a Model Farm in Brazil
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Brief Theoretical Considerations
	12.3 Methodological Procedures
	12.4 Characterization of the Company
		12.4.1 Analysis of the External Environment
			12.4.1.1 Characterization of the Sector
			12.4.1.2 Diagnosis of the External Environment
		12.4.2 Analysis of the Internal Environment
			12.4.2.1 Diagnosis of the Internal Environment
			12.4.2.2 Survey of Current Strategies
		12.4.3 Proposition of Strategies to Be Adopted Based on the Analysis of the Environment
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Application of Industrial Ecology Principles In and Around Cement Industry in NCR of Delhi: Potentials, Problems and Possibilities
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Contextualising the Research Problem
		13.2.1 Why Cement Industry?
		13.2.2 Research Area
	13.3 Some Empirical Matters
		13.3.1 Environmentally Extended Input Output Matrix
		13.3.2 Locating Exchange Possibilities
			13.3.2.1 Alternative Raw Materials as Inputs
			13.3.2.2 Alternative Fuel Source
	13.4 Three Scenarios of Waste Exchange
		13.4.1 Using Rejected Plastic as Fuel for the Burner (Scenario 1)
		13.4.2 Fly-Ash Used in Manufacturing Cement (Scenario 2)
		13.4.3 Using Briquettes Made by Crop Residue as Fuel for the Burner (Scenario 3)
	13.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
14 Challenges and Recommendations for a Green Circular Economy
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 The Current Situation of Natural Resources and the Environment
		14.1.2 The Concept of the Circular Economy
		14.1.3 Guaranteeing a Sustainable Use of Resources
	14.2 Obstacle and Enablers of Circular Economy
		14.2.1 Description of the Main Factors to Enhance a Circular Economy Model
			14.2.1.1 Technological
			14.2.1.2 Economic and Financial
			14.2.1.3 Regulation and Policies
			14.2.1.4 Social/Cultural
		14.2.2 Synergies Among Factors to Scale Up Circular Economies
	14.3 Cutting-Edge Practices to Enhance Circular Economy
		14.3.1 Innovation
		14.3.2 Digitalisation
	14.4 Conclusions
	References