Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound

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Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound
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Contents
About the Editors
Preface
1. Ultrasound Irradiation: Fundamental Theory, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Important Properties, and Physical Principles
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Cavitation History
		1.2.1 Basics of Cavitation
		1.2.2 Types of Cavitation
	1.3 Application of Ultrasound Irradiation
		1.3.1 Sonoluminescence and Sonophotocatalysis
		1.3.2 Industrial Cleaning
		1.3.3 Material Processing
		1.3.4 Chemical and Biological Reactions
	1.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
2. Fundamental Theory of Electromagnetic Spectrum, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties, Molecular Rotation, and the Green Chemistry of Microwave Heating Equipment
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Historical Background
		2.1.2 Green Chemistry Principles for Sustainable System
	2.2 Fundamental Concepts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Theory
	2.3 Electrical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties in Microwave Irradiation
	2.4 Microwave Irradiation Molecular Rotation
	2.5 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory in Microwave Irradiation
		2.5.1 Electromagnetic Radiations and Microwave
		2.5.2 Heating Mechanism of Microwave: Conventional Versus Microwave Heating
	2.6 Physical Principles of Microwave Heating and Equipment
	2.7 Green Chemistry Through Microwave Heating: Applications and Benefits
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
3. Conventional Versus Green Chemical Transformation: MCRs, Solid Phase Reaction, Green Solvents, Microwave, and Ultrasound Irradiation
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 A Brief Overview of Green Chemistry
		3.2.1 Definition and Historical Background
		3.2.2 Significance
	3.3 Multicomponent Reactions
	3.4 Solid Phase Reactions
	3.5 Microwave Induced Synthesis
	3.6 Ultrasound Induced Synthesis
	3.7 Green Chemicals and Solvents
	3.8 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
4. Metal-Catalyzed Reactions Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation
	4.1 Ultrasonic Irradiation
		4.1.1 Iron-Based Catalysts
		4.1.2 Copper-Based Catalysts
			4.1.2.1 Dihydropyrimidinones by Cu-Based Catalysts
			4.1.2.2 Dihydroquinazolinones by Cu-Based Catalysts
		4.1.3 Misalliances Metal-Based Catalysts
	4.2 Microwave‐Assisted Reactions
		4.2.1 Solid Acid and Base Catalysts
			4.2.1.1 Condensation Reactions
			4.2.1.2 Cyclization Reactions
			4.2.1.3 Multi‐component Reactions
			4.2.1.4 Friedel–Crafts Reactions
			4.2.1.5 Reaction Involving Catalysts of Biological Origin
			4.2.1.6 Reduction
			4.2.1.7 Oxidation
			4.2.1.8 Coupling Reactions
			4.2.1.9 Micelliances Reactions
			4.2.1.10 Click Chemistry
	4.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
5. Microwave- and Ultrasonic-Assisted Coupling Reactions
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Microwave
		5.2.1 Microwave‐Assisted Coupling Reactions
		5.2.2 Ultrasound‐Assisted Coupling Reactions
	5.3 Conclusion
	References
6. Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Under Microwave Irradiation Using Name Reactions
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Classical Methods for Heterocyclic Synthesis Under Microwave Irradiation
		6.2.1 Piloty–Robinson Pyrrole Synthesis
		6.2.2 Clauson–Kaas Pyrrole Synthesis
		6.2.3 Paal–Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis
		6.2.4 Paal–Knorr Furan Synthesis
		6.2.5 Paal–Knorr Thiophene Synthesis
		6.2.6 Gewald Reaction
		6.2.7 Fischer Indole Synthesis
		6.2.8 Bischler–Möhlau Indole Synthesis
		6.2.9 Hemetsberger–Knittel Indole Synthesis
		6.2.10 Leimgruber–Batcho Indole Synthesis
		6.2.11 Cadogan–Sundberg Indole Synthesis
		6.2.12 Pechmann Pyrazole Synthesis
		6.2.13 Debus–Radziszewski Reaction
		6.2.14 van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis
		6.2.15 van Leusen Oxazole Synthesis
		6.2.16 Robinson–Gabriel Reaction
		6.2.17 Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis
		6.2.18 Einhorn–Brunner Reaction
		6.2.19 Pellizzari Reaction
		6.2.20 Huisgen Reaction
		6.2.21 Finnegan Tetrazole Synthesis
		6.2.22 Four‐component Ugi‐azide Reaction
		6.2.23 Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis
		6.2.24 Bohlmann–Rahtz Pyridine Synthesis
		6.2.25 Boger Reaction
		6.2.26 Skraup Reaction
		6.2.27 Gould–Jacobs Reaction
		6.2.28 Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis
		6.2.29 Povarov Reaction
	6.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
7. Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Reactions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Influence Microwave Radiation on the Stability and Activity of Enzymes
	7.3 Principle of Ultrasonic‐Assisted Enzymolysis
	7.4 Applications of Ultrasonic‐Assisted Enzymolysis
		7.4.1 Proteins and Other Plant Components Can Be Transformed and Extracted
		7.4.2 Modification of Protein Functionality
		7.4.3 Enhancement of Biological Activity
		7.4.4 Ultrasonic‐Assisted Acceleration of Hydrolysis Time
	7.5 Enzymatic Reactions Supported by Ultrasound
		7.5.1 Lipase
		7.5.2 Protease
		7.5.3 Polysaccharide Enzymes
	7.6 Biodiesel Production via Ultrasound‐Supported Transesterification
		7.6.1 Homogenous Acid‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification
		7.6.2 Transesterification with Ultrasound Assistance and Homogenous Base Catalysis
		7.6.3 Heterogeneous Acid‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification
		7.6.4 Heterogeneous Base‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification
		7.6.5 Enzyme‐Catalyzed Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification
	7.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
8. Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Polymers
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers
	8.3 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Polymers
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9. Synthesis of Nanomaterials Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
	9.3 Synthesis of Carbon Dots
	9.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxides
	9.5 Synthesis of Silicon Dioxide
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10. Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF)
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Principles
		10.2.1 Principles of Microwave Heating
		10.2.2 Principle of Ultrasound‐Assisted Techniques
		10.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave‐ and Ultrasound‐Assisted Techniques
	10.3 MOF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method
		10.3.1 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of MOF
		10.3.2 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of MOFs
	10.4 Factors That Affect MOF Synthesis
		10.4.1 Solvent
		10.4.2 Temperature and pH
	10.5 Application of MOF
	10.6 COF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method
		10.6.1 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of COFs
		10.6.2 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of COF
		10.6.3 Structure of COF (2D and 3D)
	10.7 Factors Affecting the COF Synthesis
	10.8 Applications of COFs
	10.9 Future Predictions
	10.10 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
11. Solid Phase Synthesis Catalyzed by Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Wastewater Treatment
	11.3 Biodiesel Production
	11.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
	11.5 Alcoholic Fuel Cells
	11.6 Conclusion and Future Plans
	References
12. Comparative Studies on Thermal, Microwave-Assisted, and Ultrasound-Promoted Preparations
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Background on Preparative Techniques in Chemistry
		12.1.2 Overview of Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Promoted Preparations
		12.1.3 Significance of Comparative Studies in Enhancing Synthetic Methodologies
			12.1.3.1 Optimization of Conditions
			12.1.3.2 Efficiency Improvement
			12.1.3.3 Methodological Advances
			12.1.3.4 Sustainability and Green Chemistry
	12.2 Fundamentals of Thermal, Microwave‐Assisted, and Ultrasound‐Assisted Reactions
		12.2.1 Explanation of Thermal Reactions and Their Advantages and Limitations
		12.2.2 Introduction to Microwave‐Assisted Reactions and How They Differ from Traditional Method
		12.2.3 Understanding the Principles and Mechanisms of Ultrasound‐Promoted Reactions
	12.3 Case Studies in Organic Synthesis
		12.3.1 Examining Examples of Organic Reactions Performed Under Thermal Conditions
			12.3.1.1 Esterification Reaction Under Thermal Conditions
			12.3.1.2 Dehydration of Alcohols
			12.3.1.3 Oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Using Water
		12.3.2 Case Studies Showcasing the Application of Microwave‐Assisted Reactions
			12.3.2.1 Microwave‐Assisted CC Bond Formation
			12.3.2.2 Microwave‐Assisted Cyclization
			12.3.2.3 Microwave‐Assisted Dehydrogenation Reactions
			12.3.2.4 Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis
		12.3.3 Highlighting Successful Instances of Ultrasound‐Promoted Organic Synthesis
			12.3.3.1 Ultrasound‐Promoted in Organic Synthesis
			12.3.3.2 Ultrasound‐Promoted Oxidations
			12.3.3.3 Ultrasound‐Promoted Esterification
			12.3.3.4 Ultrasound‐Promoted Cyclization
	12.4 Scope and Limitations
		12.4.1 Discussing the Applicability of Each Method to Different Reaction Types
		12.4.2 Identifying the Limitations and Challenges Faced by Each Technique
		12.4.3 Opportunities for Combining Approaches to Overcome Specific Limitations
	12.5 Future Directions and Emerging Trends
		12.5.1 Overview of Recent Advancements and Ongoing Research in Thermal, Microwave, and Ultrasound‐Assisted Preparations
			12.5.1.1 Food Processing Technologies
			12.5.1.2 Chemical Routes to Materials: Thermal Oxidation of Graphite for Graphene Preparation
			12.5.1.3 Environmental and Sustainable Applications: Waste to Energy
		12.5.2 Recent Findings in Microwave‐Assisted Preparation
			12.5.2.1 Catalyst
			12.5.2.2 Nanotechnology
		12.5.3 Food Processing Technologies
		12.5.4 Ultrasound‐Assisted Preparations
			12.5.4.1 Biomedical
			12.5.4.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
	12.6 Identification of Potential Areas for Further Exploration and Improvement
		12.6.1 Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics
		12.6.2 Synergistic Effects
		12.6.3 Green Chemistry and Sustainability
		12.6.4 Scale‐Up and Industrial Application
		12.6.5 Catalysis and Selectivity
		12.6.6 In Situ Monitoring and Control
		12.6.7 Mechanistic Studies
		12.6.8 Temperature and Energy Management
		12.6.9 Materials Processing
		12.6.10 Biomedical Applications
	12.7 The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Approaches in Optimizing Preparative Techniques
	References
Index