Green Buildings and Sustainable Engineering: Proceedings of GBSE 2019 (Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering)

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Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Renewable Energy Solutions for Smart Cities
1 Feasibility Study of Liquid-Based Spectral Beam Splitting Technique for Solar Panel Cooling
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Conceptual System
	1.3 Experimental Setup and Measurements
		1.3.1 Uncertainty Analysis
	1.4 Results and Discussion
		1.4.1 Effect of Temperature on the PV Module
		1.4.2 Study of Fluids
		1.4.3 Effect of Fluid Filter on PV
	1.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
2 Estimation of Daily Global Solar Radiation (DGSR) in Different Cities of Tamil Nadu
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Research Objective
	2.3 Models Development
		2.3.1 Model Description
		2.3.2 Evaluation Criteria
		2.3.3 Sunshine-Based Models
		2.3.4 Temperature-Based Models
		2.3.5 Hybrid Model
	2.4 Model Description ANN
	2.5 Discussion
	2.6 Sensitivity Analysis
	2.7 Training Performance
		2.7.1 Testing Performance
	2.8 Performance Characteristics
	2.9 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
3 Solar-Fed Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter for Motor Drives
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Operation Principle of Hybrid MMC
		3.2.1 Topology of Hybrid MMC
		3.2.2 Operation of Sub-modules in MMC
	3.3 Control Scheme
		3.3.1 Overall Energy Balancing
	3.4 Phase Disposition PWM
		3.4.1 Multicarrier PWM Technique
		3.4.2 Phase Disposition PWM (PD-PWM) Technique
	3.5 Modelling of PV
		3.5.1 Photovoltaic Cell Circuit Model
	3.6 Simulation and Results
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Pine Needles Biomass Gasification Based Electricity Generation for Indian Himalayan Region: Drivers and Barriers
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Indian Energy Scenario
	4.2 Key Drivers
		4.2.1 Technical Feasibility
			4.2.1.1 Fuel Analysis of Pine Needles
			4.2.1.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
			4.2.1.3 Biomass Gasification Technology
		4.2.2 Climate Change Mitigation
		4.2.3 Availability
		4.2.4 Socio-economically Beneficial
	4.3 Barriers
		4.3.1 Economically Viable
		4.3.2 Feasibility of Collection, Transport and Storage
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 Enhancement of Biofuel Quality Through Sustainable In-bed Additives
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Materials and Methods
		5.2.1 Characterization of Biomass and Eggshell
		5.2.2 Experimental Investigation
	5.3 Results and Discussion
		5.3.1 Feasibility of Calcined Eggshell Based on Characterization
		5.3.2 Feasibility Based on Assessment of Gasification
		5.3.3 Tar Yield
	5.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Development of a Systematic Design Procedure for Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methods
		6.2.1 Materials
		6.2.2 Factors Affecting the Design
		6.2.3 Methods
	6.3 Detailed Design Development
		6.3.1 Minimum Fluidization Velocity Calculation
		6.3.2 Terminal Velocity Calculation
		6.3.3 Reactor Geometry Design
		6.3.4 Calculation of Riser Diameter
		6.3.5 Calculation of Riser Height
		6.3.6 Design of Distributor Plate
		6.3.7 Design of Cyclone Separator
	6.4 Results and Discussion
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Analysis of Dynamic Behavior of Fluidized Bed Gasifier Using CFD
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Numerical Modeling
		7.2.1 Governing Equations
		7.2.2 Computational Domain and Solution Procedure
	7.3 Experimental Setup
	7.4 Results and Discussion
		7.4.1 Grid Independence Study
		7.4.2 Experimental Validation
		7.4.3 Effect of Solid Viscosity Models
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Efficiency Improvement of Canal Top Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant with Reflectors
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Reflector Design
	8.3 Prototype Design
	8.4 Experimental Setup and Measurements
	8.5 Results and Discussions
		8.5.1 Ground-mounted System with and Without Reflector
		8.5.2 Canal Top System with and Without Reflector
		8.5.3 Ground-mounted and Canal Top System Without Reflectors
		8.5.4 Ground-mounted and Canal Top System with Reflectors
		8.5.5 Reflector Redesign
		8.5.6 Water Loss Studies
	8.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Load Frequency Control of Microgrid: A Technical Review
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Why Microgrid?
		9.2.1 Advantages
		9.2.2 Disadvantages
	9.3 Types of Microgrid
		9.3.1 AC Microgrid
		9.3.2 DC Microgrid
		9.3.3 Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid
	9.4 Operating Modes of Microgrid
		9.4.1 Grid-Connected Mode
		9.4.2 Islanded Mode
	9.5 Microgrid Architecture
		9.5.1 Centrally Controlled Architecture
		9.5.2 Autonomous Control Architecture
		9.5.3 Unit Power Control Configuration
		9.5.4 Feeder Flow Configuration
		9.5.5 Mixed Control Configuration
	9.6 Control Strategies of Microgrid
		9.6.1 PQ Control
		9.6.2 V/f Control
	9.7 Control Aspects of Microgrid
		9.7.1 Inner Control Loop
		9.7.2 Primary Control
		9.7.3 Secondary Control
		9.7.4 Tertiary Control
	9.8 Load Frequency Control of Microgrid
	9.9 Future Trends
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
Energy Efficient Buildings and Intelligent Technologies for Smart Cities
10 ICT as a Tool for the Structured Management of Urban Sprawl
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 What Is ICT?
	10.3 ICT Statistics of India
	10.4 How ICT Can Tame the Negative Effects of Urban Sprawl?
		10.4.1 ICT Applications in Residential Land-Uses to Tame Urban Sprawl
		10.4.2 ICT Applications in Transportation Sector to Tame Urban Sprawl
		10.4.3 ICT Applications in Service Sector
	10.5 Discussions
		10.5.1 ICT-enabled Urban Sprawl Control by Developed Countries and Developing Countries
		10.5.2 Need for ICT Literacy of Citizenry
		10.5.3 Requirements for Making the ICT System State-of-the-Art
		10.5.4 Need for a Comprehensive and Updated GIS Database for Efficient Sprawl Control
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11 Modelling and Simulating the Thermal Comfort Aspects of Natural Ventilated Classrooms in Hot-Humid Climates
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Development of Classroom Model and Validation
		11.2.1 Reference Classroom Model
		11.2.2 Validation of the EnergyPlus Model
		11.2.3 Thermal Performance of the Model
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 Scheduling
		11.3.2 Occupant Density
		11.3.3 Wall Shading and Window Overhang
		11.3.4 Nocturnal Natural Ventilation
		11.3.5 Use of Reflective Coatings (Cool Paints)
		11.3.6 Effect of Individual and Combined Techniques for Complete Year
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
12 Green Building Rating Systems and Energy Efficiency of a Building from the Building Lifecycle Perspective
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Research Methodology
	12.3 Literature Survey
		12.3.1 Energy Statistics
		12.3.2 Sustainability and Building Sustainability
		12.3.3 Existing Rating Systems for Buildings
		12.3.4 Energy Efficiency and Green Building Rating Systems
	12.4 Tabulation of Weight for Building Lifecycle Stages
		12.4.1 Mandatory Requirements
		12.4.2 Criteria
	12.5 Analysis and Discussion
		12.5.1 Mandatory Requirements—Weight for Building Lifecycle Stages
		12.5.2 Criteria—Weight for Building Lifecycle Stages
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Recent Trends in Use of Phase Change Materials for Sustainable Thermal Management of Buildings: A Review
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Experimental Studies on Buildings with PCMs
	13.3 Numerical Studies on Buildings
	13.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
14 Energy Analysis, Simulation, and Comparison of a Commercial Building Using Standard Approach and AECOsim
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 History of Energy Simulation
		14.2.1 Direct Search Technique
		14.2.2 Genetic Algorithm
	14.3 Simulation Software—AECOsim Energy Simulator
	14.4 Methodology
		14.4.1 Various Approaches to Attain Energy Efficiency
		14.4.2 Identification and Selection of an Existing Commercial Building
		14.4.3 Estimation of Material Quantity and Electricity Consumption
		14.4.4 Embodied Energy
		14.4.5 Selection of the Suitable Approach and Alternate Materials
		14.4.6 Energy Modeling and Simulation
	14.5 Results and Discussion
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15 Effect of Column Configuration on the Behaviour of Stone Column Supported Ground
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Finite Element Analyses
		15.2.1 Finite Element Scheme of the Present Study
		15.2.2 Properties of Materials Used for Modelling
		15.2.3 Models Developed for the Analyses
		15.2.4 Boundary Conditions
		15.2.5 Elements Used for Meshing
		15.2.6 Methodology
	15.3 Results and Discussion
		15.3.1 Load-Carrying Capacity—Settlement Behaviour
	15.4 Conclusions
	References
16 A Novel Machine Learning System to Improve Heart Failure Patients Support
	16.1 Medical Background
	16.2 Introduction
		16.2.1 Project Goals (Final Output)
		16.2.2 Supervised Training
	16.3 The HF_ADMIN Device
		16.3.1 Scope of Device
		16.3.2 Device Design
		16.3.3 Patient Management
		16.3.4 Enrollment Mark
		16.3.5 Parameters Attainment
		16.3.6 Follow-Ups Display
		16.3.7 Smart Therapy Unit
	16.4 Core of Intelligence
		16.4.1 Database
		16.4.2 Details of Machine Learning Techniques
	16.5 Performance Evaluation
	16.6 Discussion of Results
	16.7 Conclusion
	References
17 Study of Air Distribution in Operating Room
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Methodology
		17.2.1 Description of Baseline Model
	17.3 Results and Discussion
	17.4 Conclusions
	References
18 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in India: A Framework for TRIZ-Based Parametric Design
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Literature Review
		18.2.1 Indian Scenario
	18.3 Methodology
	18.4 Results
	18.5 Discussion
	18.6 Conclusion
	References
Green Materials and Green Manufacturing
19 Production of Semi-lightweight Concrete Using Calcite Powder Pellets as Coarse Aggregates
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Materials Used
	19.3 CPP Production
	19.4 Experiments Conducted on CPP
	19.5 Results and Discussion on the Properties of CPP
	19.6 Results and Discussion on sLWC
	19.7 Conclusions
	References
20 Solar Desalination Using Modified Parabolic Trough Concentrator
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Literature Review
	20.3 Solar Thermal Collector
		20.3.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrator (PTC)
		20.3.2 Design Parameters of PTC
		20.3.3 Thermal Performance of PTC
	20.4 Desalination System with Modified PTC
		20.4.1 Modification in PTC
		20.4.2 Desalination Unit
	20.5 Thermal Performance of a Solar Desalination Unit
	20.6 Experiment
	20.7 Results and Discussion
	20.8 Conclusions
	References
21 Thermal Performance of Loop Heat Pipes Using Nanofluids
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Numerical Modelling
	21.3 Governing Equations
	21.4 Grid Independence Study and Validation
	21.5 Results and Discussions
		21.5.1 Effect of Nanofluids on Evaporator Temperature
		21.5.2 Effect of Nanofluids on Transient Temperature Distribution of LHP
		21.5.3 Effect of Nanofluids on the Thermal Resistance of LHP
	21.6 Conclusions
	References
22 Life Cycle Assessment of Traditional Handloom Silk as Against Power-loom Silks: A Comparison of Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 The Making of Silk Fabric
	22.3 Methodology
	22.4 Case Study
		22.4.1 Functional Unit and Scope of Analysis
	22.5 Results
	22.6 Conclusion
	References
23 Nano Lithium Grease (NLG): Tribological Property Evaluation of Coconut Oil-Based Lithium Grease Added with Ceria Nanoparticles
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Experimental Methodology
		23.2.1 Materials
		23.2.2 Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles
		23.2.3 Preparation of Nano-grease
	23.3 Results and Discussion
		23.3.1 Characterization of Nanoparticles
		23.3.2 Tribo-Tests
	23.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
24 Exploiting the Potentials of Graphene Nano-platelets for the Development of Energy-Efficient Lubricants for Refrigeration Systems
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Methodology
		24.2.1 Preparation of Nanolubricant
		24.2.2 Determination of Thermal Conductivity
		24.2.3 Measurement of Rheological Behaviour
		24.2.4 Measurement of Tribological Characteristics
	24.3 Results and Discussion
		24.3.1 Thermal Conductivity
		24.3.2 Rheological Studies
		24.3.3 Anti-wear Characteristics of Nanolubricants
	24.4 Conclusions
	References
25 Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Areca Nut Fibre-Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Experimental Details
		25.2.1 Materials Used
		25.2.2 Methods
	25.3 Results and Discussion
		25.3.1 Fresh Concrete Mixes
		25.3.2 Hardened Concrete Mixes
	25.4 Fibre Distribution in Matrix
	25.5 Conclusions
	25.6 Suggestions for Future Directions
	References
26 Development of Eco-friendly Geopolymer Concrete Using M-Sand
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Geopolymer Concrete
	26.3 Properties of Materials
		26.3.1 Cement
		26.3.2 Fly Ash
		26.3.3 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
		26.3.4 Manufacturing Sand (M-Sand)
		26.3.5 Coarse Aggregate
		26.3.6 Alkaline Solution
		26.3.7 Super Plasticizer
	26.4 Experimental Findings
		26.4.1 Mix Proportion
		26.4.2 Casting and Mixing of Conventional Concrete
		26.4.3 Casting and Mixing of Geopolymer Concrete with and Without M-Sand
		26.4.4 Curing and Testing of Specimens
	26.5 Results and Discussions
	26.6 Conclusions
	References
27 Mechanical and Durability Study of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Experimental Procedure
		27.2.1 Materials Used
		27.2.2 Methods
	27.3 Results and Discussion
		27.3.1 Fresh Concrete Mixes
		27.3.2 Tests on Hardened Concrete Mixes
	27.4 Conclusions
	References
28 Performance of Plantain Fibre in Nutmeg Shell Concrete
	28.1 Introduction
		28.1.1 Use of Agro-Waste in Concrete
	28.2 Experimental Investigation
	28.3 Materials Used
	28.4 Preparation of Concrete Specimens
	28.5 Results and Conclusions
		28.5.1 Compressive Strength
		28.5.2 Flexural Strength
		28.5.3 Split Tensile Strength
	28.6 Conclusions
	References
29 Performance Evaluation of Composite Shear Wall
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Background
	29.3 Numerical Analysis
		29.3.1 Variation of Stiffener Spacing
		29.3.2 Variation of Shear Stud Spacing
		29.3.3 Analysis of Composite Shear Wall Models with Different Aspect Ratio
		29.3.4 Analysis of Scaled Model
			29.3.4.1 Analysis of RC Shear Wall Model
			29.3.4.2 Analysis of Model with Corrugated Sheet
			29.3.4.3 Analysis of Model with Corrugated Sheet and Shear Studs
	29.4 Conclusion
	References
30 Condensation and Associated Microbial Growth in Air-Conditioned Healthcare Facilities in Tropical Climate—A Case Study
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 The Case Study
		30.2.1 On the Walls Separating Conditioned and Unconditioned Zones
		30.2.2 Inside the Air-Conditioned Zone Adjacent to Another Zone with a Different Set Temperature
		30.2.3 In an Air-Conditioned Zone Which Is not Conditioned Round the Clock
		30.2.4 Return Grills of the Operating Rooms
	30.3 Thermo-hygrometric Explanation of the Problem
		30.3.1 Case 1 and 2
		30.3.2 Case 3 and 4
	30.4 Remedial Measures
	30.5 Conclusions
	Disclaimer
	References
31 Numerical Evaluation of Composite Slabs
	31.1 Introduction
		31.1.1 Behaviour of Composite Slab
	31.2 Background
	31.3 Validation
		31.3.1 Modelling
		31.3.2 Result
	31.4 Numerical Study
		31.4.1 Description of Model
		31.4.2 Variation of Shear Span
		31.4.3 Variation of Stiffener Spacing
		31.4.4 Variation of Shear Stud Spacing
	31.5 Conclusion
	References
Environmental Technologies
32 Numerical Investigation on the Temperature Distribution of a Steel Reactor with Copper Bottom Surface for Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste Plastics
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Modelling
		32.2.1 Geometry
		32.2.2 Boundary Conditions
		32.2.3 Grid Independence Study
		32.2.4 Validation
	32.3 Result and Discussion
		32.3.1 Temperature Contour
		32.3.2 Temperature Distribution in Axial Direction
	32.4 Conclusions
	References
33 Soil Organic Carbon Estimation Using Remote Sensing Technique
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Study Area
	33.3 Soil Sample Collection and Analysis
	33.4 Data Collection and Processing
		33.4.1 Bare Soil Index and NDVI
	33.5 Analysis and Mapping
	33.6 Results and Discussion
	33.7 Conclusion
	References
34 Assessment of Water Pollution Using GIS: A Case Study in Periyar River at Eloor Region
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Study Area
	34.3 Methodology
		34.3.1 Data Collection
		34.3.2 Spatial Variation Map
	34.4 Results and Discussion
		34.4.1 Spatial Variation Map
	34.5 Conclusion
35 Scale Control on Pipe Materials: A Review
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Scale Control by Chemical Methods
	35.3 Scale Control by Magnetic Methods
	35.4 Scale Control by Surface Modification of Pipe Material
	35.5 Conclusions
	References
36 Smart and Sustainable Urine-Powered Microbial Fuel Cells Eco-Technology
	36.1 Introduction
		36.1.1 Methodology-Working of Microbial Fuel Cell
		36.1.2 Biological Mechanism Inside the Bacteria
		36.1.3 Material Used
		36.1.4 Effect of Various Parameter MFC
	36.2 Effect on pH
	36.3 Effects of MCF Design
		36.3.1 Small, Medium and Large Scale
		36.3.2 Stacked MFC
	36.4 Applications of Urine-Powered MFC
	36.5 Conclusions
	References
37 Gasification of Sawdust in Bubbling Fluidised Bed Gasifier
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Biomass
	37.3 Experimental Investigation
		37.3.1 Experimental Setup
		37.3.2 Experimental Procedure
	37.4 Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model
		37.4.1 Model Development
		37.4.2 Model Validation
	37.5 Results and Discussion
	37.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Digitization of Energy Sector, E-Mobility and Sustainable Transportation Systems
38 Numerical Simulation and Performance Analysis of MLI During Reentry of Hypersonic Vehicles
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Mathematical Modeling
		38.2.1 Numerical Simulation and Validation
			38.2.1.1 Boundary Condition and Grid Independence Study
			38.2.1.2 Validation
	38.3 Results and Discussions
		38.3.1 Effect of Emissivity of Foil
		38.3.2 Effect of Spacer Configuration
	38.4 Conclusions
	References
39 Detachable Module for Semi-automating a Conventional Wheelchair
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Mechanical Design
		39.2.1 Material Selection for Coupling Lock
			39.2.1.1 Characteristics of Mild Steel
	39.3 Electrical Design
		39.3.1 Motor Selection
			39.3.1.1 Drive Wheel Motor Torque Calculations
		39.3.2 Selection of Drive Motor
	39.4 Analysis
	39.5 Conclusion
	Reference
40 Brainwave-Assisted Drive for Electric Vehicles
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 System Design
		40.2.1 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
		40.2.2 Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
		40.2.3 Types of Brainwaves
			40.2.3.1 Alpha Waves
			40.2.3.2 Beta Waves
			40.2.3.3 Gamma Waves
			40.2.3.4 Theta Waves
			40.2.3.5 Delta Waves
		40.2.4 Arduino Mega Microcontroller
	40.3 Methodology
	40.4 Result
	40.5 Conclusion
	References
41 Suitability of an LRT Connecting Thoppumpady and Goshree
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Existing Scenario in Kochi
	41.3 Proposed Route
	41.4 Data Collection and Analysis
		41.4.1 Traffic Volume Count (TVC)
		41.4.2 Road Inventory Survey
		41.4.3 Population Forecast and Accident Data
		41.4.4 Boarding Alighting Survey
	41.5 Preparatory Works for MRTS
	41.6 Conclusion
	References
42 Parameter Study of Electric Vehicle (EV), Hybrid EV and Fuel Cell EV Using Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) for Different Driving Cycles
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 ADVISOR Simulation Tool
	42.3 Pure EV
	42.4 Parallel HEV
	42.5 Fuel Cell EV
	42.6 Parameter Study of EV, Parallel HEV and FCEV
	42.7 Conclusion
	References
43 Pre-feasibility Study on Light Rail Transit Connecting Kakkanad and Padma Junction
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Literature Review
		43.2.1 Existing Public Transport System in Kochi
		43.2.2 Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)
		43.2.3 Study Area
	43.3 Methodology
	43.4 Results and Discussion
	43.5 Conclusion
	References