Green and Software-defined Wireless Networks: From Theory to Practice

Contents
Preface
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	1.1 Why Green and Soft?
	1.2 Green: From UE to Infrastructure
	1.3 Soft: From Core Network to RAN
	1.4 Green vs. Soft: An Unsolvable Contradiction?
	1.5 Rethinking Green and Soft 5G Network Design
		1.5.1 Rethink Shannon
		1.5.2 Rethink Ring and Young
		1.5.3 Rethink Signaling and Control
		1.5.4 Rethink Antenna
		1.5.5 Rethink Spectrum and Air Interface
		1.5.6 Rethink Fronthaul
		1.5.7 Rethink Protocol Stack
		1.5.8 Rethink Big Data Analytics in Wireless Communications
	1.6 Skeleton of This Book
2 Theoretical Framework toward Green Networks
	2.1 Metrics for Green Radio
	2.2 EE Study from Information Theory
	2.3 Fundamental EE–SE Trade-Off
		2.3.1 EE–SE Relation
		2.3.2 Bounds on the EE–SE Curve
		2.3.3 Further Discussion
	2.4 EE Design in Orthogonal Systems
		2.4.1 Weighted Summation EE Maximization
		2.4.2 Maximum-Minimal EE Maximization
		2.4.3 Numerical Results
	2.5 EE Design in Non-Orthogonal Systems
		2.5.1 Utopia EE
		2.5.2 Pareto-Optimal EE
		2.5.3 Numerical Results
	Appendix 2.1 Optimization Theory for EE Design
		A2.1.1 Fractional Programming and the Dinkelbach Algorithm
		A2.1.2 Sum-of-Ratios Optimization
		A2.1.3 Generalized Fractional Programming
		A2.1.4 Multi-Objective Optimization and Weighted Tchebycheff Method
3 Green and Soft Network Design
	3.1 Green and Soft Wireless Communication Network Design
		3.1.1 E2E Network Architecture for 5G
		3.1.2 Next-Generation Core Network
		3.1.3 Next-Generation RAN
		3.1.4 Next-Generation Transport Network
		3.1.5 Key Issues of E2E Network Architecture
		3.1.6 Summary
	3.2 C-RAN: Revolutionary Evolution of RAN
		3.2.1 Introduction
		3.2.2 C-RAN Basics
		3.2.3 Evolution of C-RAN towards 5G
		3.2.4 NGFI: Next-Generation Fronthaul Interface
		3.2.5 CU-DU Architecture for 5G
		3.2.6 Rethink Protocol Stack for 5G: MCD
	3.3 Big-Data-Enabled Mobile Network Design
		3.3.1 Background of Big Data
		3.3.2 Wireless Big Data
		3.3.3 Artificial Intelligence in Wireless Networks
		3.3.4 Application of WBD and AI into Mobile Network
		3.3.5 Green and Soft Network Architecture with WBD
		3.3.6 Big-Data-Enabled Automatic Network Management and Operation
		3.3.7 Big-Data-Empowered MEC
		3.3.8 Big-Data-Assisted Protocol Stack and Signaling Procedure Optimization
		3.3.9 Big-Data- and AI-Enabled Radio Resource Management
		3.3.10 Big-Data-Assisted High-Efficiency Physical Layer Operation
		3.3.11 Big Data Platform Capabilities/Environment
		3.3.12 Enhanced System Performance with WBD
4 Energy-Efficient Signaling Designand Resource Management
	4.1 Sleeping Strategy and Cell Zooming
		4.1.1 Dynamic Base Station Sleep Control
		4.1.2 Cell Zooming for Green Cellular Networks
		4.1.3 Soft-Defined Network Architecture for Green Cellular Networks
	4.2 Joint Optimization of Uplink and Downlink Energy Efficiency
		4.2.1 System Model and Problem Formulation
		4.2.2 Joint Uplink and Downlink Resource Allocation
		4.2.3 Numerical Results
	4.3 Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in Homogeneous Networks
		4.3.1 System Model and Problem Formulation
		4.3.2 Problem Analysis and the Sub-Optimal Algorithm
		4.3.3 Numerical Results
	4.4 Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in Heterogenous Networks
		4.4.1 System Model and Problem Formulation
		4.4.2 The Multi-Objective Energy-Efficient Algorithm
		4.4.3 Numerical Results
5 Software-Defined Air Interface (SDAI) for a Greener Network
	5.1 SDAI Framework
	5.2 Wireless Propagation in 5G Use Cases
		5.2.1 The Importance of Propagation Channels
		5.2.2 Channel Modeling Principle and Fundamentals
		5.2.3 Channel Modeling Methods in Cellular Systems
		5.2.4 New and Exciting Challenges in Channel Modeling
		5.2.5 Concluding Remarks
	5.3 Flexible Frame Structure
		5.3.1 Frame Structure Design Principles
		5.3.2 Progress of Frame Structure in 3GPP 5G NR
		5.3.3 Concluding Remarks
	5.4 Flexible MIMO
		5.4.1 Unified Framework for MIMO Techniques for 5G
		5.4.2 Schemes of Hybrid Beamforming
		5.4.3 EE–SE Analysis of Hybrid Beamforming
		5.4.4 Standardization
		5.4.5 Summary
	5.5 New Waveform
		5.5.1 w-OFDM/f-OFDM
		5.5.2 UFMC
		5.5.3 FBMC
		5.5.4 GFDM
		5.5.5 OTFS
		5.5.6 Variants of DFT-s-OFDM
		5.5.7 Constant Envelope Waveform
		5.5.8 Unified Waveform Framework
		5.5.9 Waveform for 5G NR in 3GPP
		5.5.10 Summary
	5.6 Flexible Multiple Access Schemes
		5.6.1 Potential New Multiple Access Techniques for 5G
		5.6.2 Theoretical Analysis of a NoMA System
		5.6.3 A Unified Framework of Multiple Access Schemes
		5.6.4 Summary
	5.7 Full Duplex
		5.7.1 Interference Mitigation in Full Duplex Networks
		5.7.2 Full Duplex Frame Structure Design
		5.7.3 Extension of FDD and TDD to Full Duplex
		5.7.4 Summary
	5.8 Flexible Signaling, Control, and Protocol
		5.8.1 Introduction
		5.8.2 New SCP Function Components
		5.8.3 Summary
6 Energy-Saving Solutions and Practices
	6.1 Green Wireless Technologies in Cellular Networks
		6.1.1 Energy-Saving in GSM
		6.1.2 Energy-Saving in TD-SCDMA
		6.1.3 Energy-Saving in LTE
	6.2 Multi-RAT Cooperation Energy-Saving System (MCES)
		6.2.1 Basic Principle
		6.2.2 Functional Architecture
		6.2.3 Technical Characteristics
		6.2.4 Deployment Progress in China
	6.3 WLAN Energy-Saving Technology
		6.3.1 AP Device Shutdown
		6.3.2 AP RF Channel Shutdown
		6.3.3 AP Single/Dual Band Selection
	6.4 C-RAN Field Trials
		6.4.1 Introduction
		6.4.2 Demonstration of WDM-Based FH Solutions
		6.4.3 Test Methodology
		6.4.4 C-RAN-Based UL CoMP Test
	6.5 Green Application
		6.5.1 Key Factors for App Power Consumption
		6.5.2 Optimization
	6.6 “Invisible BS”
		6.6.1 Motivation
		6.6.2 Powerful Baseband Platform with a Unified Design
		6.6.3 SmarTile
		6.6.4 Flexible Over-the-Air Calibration Scheme
		6.6.5 High-Efficiency Heat Dissipation Testbed
Index