Great Power Cyber Competition (Routledge Advances in Defence Studies)

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	References
1 A Strategic Cyberspace Overview: Russia and China
	Introduction
	Russian Cyberspace Operations
	Chinese Cyberspace Operations
	Looking Ahead
	Notes
	References
2 On Competition: A Continuation of Policy By Misunderstood Means
	Introduction
	Section One: Qualitative and Empirical Observations On the Essence of Competition
		What Competition Is Not …
		What Competition Is …
	Section Two: Quantitative Indicators of Bias in the Great Power Competition Literature
		Data Collection and Automated First-Tier Analysis
		Methodology: Specific Term Use Frequency
		Tendency #1: An Unintegrated Approach to Great Power Competition
		Tendency #2: Great Power Competition as a Military Struggle
		Tendency #3: Great Power Competition Compared to Cold War Experience
		Way Forward: The Need for a Second Generation of Research and Thinking Differently
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
3 Russian New Generation Warfare in the Baltic States and Beyond
	Introduction
	Kinetic Approaches in the Baltics
	Russia’s New Approach to Conflict
	Russian Organizations Involved in Information Operations
	Russia in Cyberspace
	Russian Information Operations in the Baltics
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
4 Russian Cyberspace Operations Against Ukraine in the 2022 War: How Effective Have They Been and What Lessons for NATO Can Be Drawn?
	Introduction
	The Russian Understanding of Cyberspace Operations
	A History of Russian Cyberattacks Against Ukraine
		Offensive Cyberspace Operations Against Ukraine in the Cyber-Technical Realm
		Offensive Cyberspace Operations Against Ukraine in the Cyber-Psychological Realm
		Offensive Cyberspace Operations Against States Supporting Ukraine
		Assessing Russia’s Cyberspace Operations in the Ukraine War
	The Future
	Notes
	References
5 Everyone a Sensor: The Implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the Democratization of Intelligence for Great Power Competition
	Introduction: Intelligence Beyond the State
	Definitions
	Democratized Intelligence Collection
	Beyond Collection: Democratized Intelligence Analysis
	Future Implications of Democratized Intelligence for GPC
	Conclusion: Democratized Intelligence Matters for GPC
	Notes
	References
6 In Africa, Great Power Competition Requires a Great Strategy for Information Operations
	Introduction
	People’s Republic of China
		Influence Through the Promotion of Soft Power
		Influence Through Military Expansion
	Russia in Africa
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
7 Competing for Influence: Authoritarian Powers in the Cyber Domain in Latin America
	Introduction
	Latin America as a Place With Vulnerabilities in Governance
	Weak Governance Creates Opportunities for Authoritarian Powers
		What Goals Are Competitors Pursuing?
	Cyber Security in Latin America
	Russia and Cyber in Latin America
	China and Cyber in Latin America
	Conclusion
	References
8 The Logic of Protraction in Cyber Conflict: Peace Would Ruin Me
	Introduction – A Stable Insecurity
	Defining the Bounds
		The Ceiling
	The Floor
		Protraction
		Exploiting Chaos
	Creating Space for Competition
	Moving Forward
	Notes
	References
9 Digital IEDs On the Information Highway: PSYOPS, CYBER, and the Info Fight
	Introduction
	Critical Context
	Doctrinal Foundations and Challenges
	Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Targeted Cyber Effects
	Irregular Warfare’s Place in Cyberspace
	Massing Effects Requires Synergy, Not Silos
	Conclusion
	References
10 Cybersecurity as a Public Good: Government Intervention Is Only Part of the Solution
	Introduction: Ransomware, An Equal Opportunity Threat
	Why Ransomware? It’s Profitable!
	Cybersecurity Is Not a Pure Public Good: The Limits of Government Intervention
	The Realities of Ransomware and Cybercrime: There’s No Silver Bullet
	What Can Be Done?
	Incentivize Critical Service Continuity
	Incentivize Risk Management and Mitigation
	Reporting Standards and Requirements
	A System of Systems Approach
	References
11 Unconventional Warfare in the Information Environment
	Introduction
	The Problem
	Russian OIE in Eastern Europe and the Baltics
	Eastern European and Baltic Resilience in the Information Environment
	Russian OIE in the United States
	Russian OIE and Disruption
	Chinese OIE Against Taiwan
	People’s Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
	PRC Attacks Against Taiwan
	Taiwanese Resilience Against PRC Attacks
	Chinese OIE in the U.S.
	PRC Conceptions of OIE
	U.S. Cognitive Tools
	Recommendations
	References
12 Ubiquitous Technical Surveillance and the Challenges of Military Operations in the Era of Great Power Competition
	Introduction
	SOF, Cyber, and Great Power Competition
	Ubiquitous Technical Surveillance
	Digital Dust
	The Surveillance Economy
	Digital Signature Management
	Protect the Force, Preserve the Mission
	“Defend Forward”
	References
13 Toward a Whole-of-Society Framework for Countering Disinformation
	Introduction
	Communication
	Resilience
	Disruption
	Regulation
	Weaving It All Together
	A Real-Time Ukraine Case Study
	“Digital Militias” Take Up Arms Against Russia
	Mainstream Social Media Platforms Offer Partial Solutions to Russian Disinformation
	A War of Images
	The Galvanizing Effects of an Existential Threat
	References
14 Enduring Challenges in Cybersecurity: Responding Quickly and Credibly to Asymmetric Threats
	Introduction
	Balancing Agility and Coordination
	Asymmetric Vulnerabilities
	The Perennial Problem of Credibility
	The Road Ahead
	Notes
	References
Index