Great Debates in American Environmental History

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
LIST OF ENTRIES......Page 8
InfluencE and Effects of Aridity......Page 14
Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Technologies and Weaponry......Page 15
Management of Resources......Page 16
Agriculture......Page 17
Ethics of Environmental Policies and Theories......Page 18
Pollution......Page 19
Miscellaneous......Page 20
PREFACE......Page 22
INTRODUCTION: WHAT LAY BELOW THE ARCTIC ICE CAP......Page 24
TIMELINE: THE STIRRING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION IN THE 1960S— 1970S......Page 26
Chopping Trees on the Plains and Arbor Day......Page 27
Entrusting Forests to the Federal Forest Service......Page 28
Gifford Pinchot, America’s First Forester......Page 29
Conclusion: Educating Foresters......Page 31
FIRE ON PUBLIC LANDS: TO BURN OR NOT?......Page 32
PROTECTING THE WILD IN THE ADIRONDACKS......Page 34
Perfecting the American Idea of Preservation......Page 35
WORLD WAR I PERFECTS KILLING TECHNOLOGY......Page 36
TURNING TO FOSSIL FUELS AND AN ELECTRIC LIFE......Page 37
Electricity Becomes Vital......Page 38
Canning a Stew......Page 39
Making Meat for the Masses......Page 40
Foraging in the Cities and Suburbs......Page 41
JUDGING THE HUMAN SPECIES: FROM SOCIAL DARWINISM TO THE MOVEMENT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS......Page 42
Chinese Exclusion Act......Page 43
Educating African Americans at the Tuskegee Institute......Page 44
DISCOVERING ALASKA......Page 46
Seward’s Folly......Page 47
Alaska Helps to Create a Preservation Ethic at the Century’s Close......Page 48
Conclusion: A Place Like No Other......Page 49
THE U.S. CORPS OF ENGINEERS CONSERVES NATION’S RIVERS AND COASTS......Page 50
Defining a Mandate: The 1927 Mississippi Flood......Page 51
Conclusion: The Best Laid Plans......Page 52
RIO GRANDE/RIO BRAVO......Page 53
UNITED STATES—MEXICO BORDER......Page 54
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE PUBLIC LANDS......Page 57
Energy for All?......Page 58
General Phases of Public Lands Administration......Page 59
Establishing the Legal Framework for Energy Mining......Page 61
Making Legal Exception: Native American Communities......Page 63
Getting Energy from the Public Lands......Page 64
The Beginnings with Coal......Page 65
Contested Development: Petroleum and Teapot Dome......Page 66
Debating Ownership: The Sagebrush Rebellion......Page 68
Conclusion: Battlelines in the Current Debate......Page 69
GRAZING RIGHTS IN THE WEST AND ON PUBLIC LANDS......Page 70
Case Study: Little Colorado River Basin......Page 71
Creating Federal Policies on Grazing......Page 72
Conclusion: Contemporary Developments......Page 75
MISSION 66 AND THE ERA OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE NATIONAL PARKS......Page 76
Accessing Wild America......Page 77
Case Study: Mission 66 at Gettysburg......Page 79
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES AND LESSONS OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING......Page 80
Manufacturing Perfection......Page 81
Green Manufacturing Meets the Automobile......Page 82
Creation-Evolution Controversy......Page 83
Conclusion: Revisiting the Evolution Debate......Page 84
Putting the Lead In......Page 85
Domestic Uses in the United States......Page 86
Changing Our Minds about Lead......Page 87
Conclusion: Lead All Around......Page 89
DONORA SMOG PROVIDES A LESSON ABOUT INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS......Page 90
THE CONTROVERSIAL EMERGENCE OF ECOLOGY......Page 91
Clements’s Idea of Plant Succession......Page 93
Aldo Leopold and the Land Ethic......Page 94
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT IMPLEMENTS CONSERVATION POLICIES......Page 96
A New Deal of Conservation......Page 97
Tennessee Valley Authority Creates a Model of Planning......Page 98
Conclusion: The Depression and Modern Land Planning......Page 100
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS EMERGE AS AN ESSENTIAL MECHANISM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION......Page 101
PLASTICS FORM THE CORE OF AMERICA’S DISPOSABLE SOCIETY......Page 103
NATIVE RIGHTS TO WHALE, FISH, AND HAVE WATER RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICA......Page 105
Collective Rights and Environmental Problems......Page 106
Case Study: Native American Fishing Rights......Page 107
Case Study: Native American Whaling......Page 108
Federal Attempts to Manage Native Water Quality......Page 109
INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION EMERGES FROM GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN......Page 112
Whaling Ban Fuels Global Cooperation......Page 113
DOWNWINDERS AND ATOMIC TESTING AS A QUESTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY......Page 115
Nuclear Testing......Page 116
Health Impacts for Downwinders......Page 117
Case Study: The Marshall Islands......Page 118
NATIVE RIGHTS AND LIVING WITH MINING’S RESIDUE......Page 119
General Mineral Extraction......Page 120
Uranium Mining......Page 122
NUCLEAR POWER AND ITS ROOTS......Page 125
Beginning as a Bomb......Page 126
Developing U.S. Nuclear Power......Page 127
Accidents Fuel Public Doubt: Three Mile Island......Page 128
Accidents Fuel Public Doubt: Chernobyl......Page 129
Growth in the International Market......Page 130
DAVE FOREMAN, EARTH FIRST!, ECO-RADICALISM, AND THE GREAT DIVIDE IN ENVIRONMENTALISM......Page 131
DEFINING PRESERVATION FOR THE MODERN ERA AT DINOSAUR......Page 134
Defining National Parks......Page 135
WILDERNESS ACT SHAPES ENVIRONMENTAL IDEALS FOR A GENERATION......Page 136
Basing Policy in Ecology......Page 137
John Saylor Crosses the Political Divide for the Environment......Page 138
Conclusion: An Environmental Ideal or a Problem......Page 139
Lake Erie Is Dead......Page 140
Oil Spills off Santa Barbara, California......Page 141
Environmental Protection in the 1970s......Page 142
Conclusion: Earth Day 1990......Page 144
Bring in the Federal Government......Page 145
The Contested Realm of Federal Healthcare......Page 146
THE ALL-AMERICAN CANAL......Page 147
BALD EAGLE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT......Page 150
437 U.S. 153 (1978) (The Snail Darter Case)......Page 151
Bald Eagle: An American Symbol in More Than One Way......Page 152
GREEN CULTURE SETS NEW STANDARDS FOR AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTALISM......Page 153
Imaging Conservation: Smokey and Woodsy......Page 154
Interpreting Green Culture......Page 155
Imaging Environmental Cataclysm:......Page 156
and Green Consumption......Page 157
Conclusion: What Is the Environmental Ethic of the Plastic Pink Flamingo?......Page 158
LOVE CANAL AND THE CONTROVERSIAL MANDATE FOR SUPERFUND......Page 159
A Story of Chemical Progress......Page 160
Development of the Superfund and the Legacy of Industrialization......Page 161
NATIVE RIGHTS AND NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL......Page 163
RECYCLING BECOMES AMERICA’S MOST ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICE......Page 165
Giddy over Grass......Page 166
Making a Better Blade......Page 167
A Nearly Green Era in Suburban Development......Page 168
Everyday Setting: The Xeriscaped Home......Page 169
New Urbanism Tries to Control Sprawl......Page 170
GREENWASHING DEMONSTRATES MAINSTREAM ENVIRONMENTAL EXPECTATIONS AND CONCERNS......Page 171
Businesses Go Green, Or So It Seems......Page 172
Wise Use and Greenwashing Politics......Page 173
ELECTRIC VEHICLES RISE AGAIN?......Page 175
Hybrids of the Twenty-First Century......Page 176
Timeline: Life and Death of the Electric Car......Page 177
WHAT IS THE PRIORITY OF AMERICAN AUTO DESIGN?......Page 179
Ralph Nader and Designing Cars for Everything but Safety......Page 180
Automobiles’ Contribution to Air Pollution......Page 181
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 182
The End of the Road: The American Junkyard and ‘‘Life-Cycle Analysis’’......Page 183
Conclusion: What Do American Drivers Really Want?......Page 184
THE EMERGENCE OF AMERICA’S ‘‘SUV HABIT’’......Page 185
The SUV as Unintended Consequence......Page 186
The Anti-Conservation Vehicle......Page 187
Conclusion: Super-Size My SUV, Please!......Page 188
Communities and Spatial Preference......Page 190
The American Suburb as an Architectural Form......Page 191
Transportation and Suburbia......Page 192
Sprawl Binds Together the Nation......Page 193
Questioning Sprawl......Page 195
Defending Sprawl......Page 196
Conclusion: Designing Beyond Sprawl......Page 197
Golf Courses and the American Taste for Grass......Page 198
Sports Fields: Green Cathedrals......Page 199
THE GREEN REVOLUTION CHANGES RURAL SOCIETIES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD......Page 201
THE GREEN REVOLUTION INITIATES AN ERA OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION......Page 203
Garrett Hardin and the ‘‘Tragedy of the Commons’’......Page 204
Fostering Mechanisms for Cooperation......Page 205
Forming a Discourse of International Cooperation......Page 206
NAFTA and Regional Agreements......Page 207
Conclusion: Global Warming......Page 208
NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES......Page 209
OPEC Emerges as a New Kind of World Power......Page 212
Oil Embargo Spurs Policy Shift......Page 215
Amory Lovins’ ‘‘Soft Energy Paths’’......Page 216
BOSTON HARBOR AS POLITICAL FOOTBALL......Page 217
CAN YOU DIG THE BIG DIG?......Page 219
IMMIGRATION ALONG THE UNITED STATES—MEXICO BORDER......Page 220
MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL IN APPALACHIA......Page 222
Coal’s Legacy on the Land......Page 223
The Process of Mountaintop Removal......Page 224
Long-Term Impacts for the Region......Page 225
Regulating Reclamation......Page 227
Conclusion: Mountaintop Removal in the Twenty-First Century......Page 230
THE WESTERN UNITED STATES, URBAN GROWTH, AND THE NEW WEST......Page 231
WORLD NETWORK OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES......Page 234
MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER......Page 236
ECOTOURISM......Page 238
ANTARCTICA......Page 240
THE GREEN PARTY IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 242
LYNDON AND LADY BIRD JOHNSON TAKE FEDERAL ACTION AGAINST BLIGHT......Page 243
THE VALDEZ OIL SPILL AND ITS AFTERMATH......Page 246
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FIXING POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN THE HUDSON RIVER?......Page 249
YELLOWSTONE TO YUKON CONSERVATION INITIATIVE......Page 252
YUCCA MOUNTAIN REPOSITORY......Page 253
PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS (PETA)......Page 255
TIMBER CERTIFICATION/CERTIFIED WOOD PRODUCTS......Page 257
DEBT FOR NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT SWAPS......Page 259
THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA......Page 261
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 262
Oil Spills and the Environment......Page 265
Acid Rain and Ground Level Ozone......Page 266
Harvesting Federal Lands: The Debate Over ANWR......Page 267
Conclusion: Carbon Counting and the Hidden Costs of Mined Energy Resources......Page 268
OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING IN THE GULF OF MEXICO......Page 269
New Technologies and Opportunities......Page 270
Difficulties of Design in the Gulf......Page 271
Using Federal Regulation to Stimulate Growth......Page 272
ENRON BANKRUPTCY AND THE NEW ROLE OF ENERGY BROKERS......Page 273
The Bottom Falls Out......Page 274
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC—CENTRAL AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT......Page 275
ROADLESS AREA CONSERVATION RULE (‘‘THE ROADLESS RULE’’)......Page 277
Establishing the Roadless Rule......Page 278
BRINGS CLIMATE CHANGE MAINSTREAM......Page 281
INVASIVE SPECIES......Page 283
IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER......Page 285
WIND POWER DEBATE ALONG CAPE COD......Page 287
SLOW FOOD MOVEMENT......Page 289
SUSTAINABLE COFFEE......Page 290
CELEBRITY ACTIVISM IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES......Page 292
INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARKS/TRANSNATIONAL PARKS/ TRANSNATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS......Page 294
WILDFIRES ON PUBLIC LANDS......Page 297
WOLVES IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK......Page 299
EPILOGUE......Page 302
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 304
OTHER RESOURCES......Page 329
INDEX......Page 330
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 346