Gray’s Anatomy for Students

Front Cover
1 The Body
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 1, The Body, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com)
	What is anatomy?
		How can gross anatomy be studied?
		Important anatomical terms
			The anatomical position
			Anatomical planes
			Terms to describe location
				Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, superior and inferior
				Proximal and distal, cranial and caudal, and rostral
				Superficial and deep
	Imaging
		Diagnostic imaging techniques
			Plain radiography
				Contrast agents
				Subtraction angiography
			Ultrasound
				Doppler ultrasound
			Computed tomography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
			Diffusion-weighted imaging
		Nuclear medicine imaging
			Positron emission tomography
			Single photon emission computed tomography
		Image interpretation
			Plain radiography
				Chest radiograph
				Abdominal radiograph
				Gastrointestinal contrast examinations
				Urological contrast studies
			Computed tomography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
			Nuclear medicine imaging
		Safety in imaging
	Body systems
		Skeletal system
			Cartilage
			Bone
			Joints
				Synovial joints
					Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement
					Specific types of synovial joints (Fig. 1.20)
				Solid joints
		Skin and fascias
			Skin
			Fascia
		Muscular system
		Cardiovascular system
		Lymphatic system
			Lymphatic vessels
			Lymph nodes
			Lymphatic trunks and ducts
		Nervous system
			Central nervous system
				Brain
				Spinal cord
				Meninges
			Functional subdivisions of the CNS
				Somatic part of the nervous system
				Dermatomes
				Myotomes
				Visceral part of the nervous system
					Terminology
				Sympathetic system
					1. Peripheral sympathetic innervation at the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber
					2. Peripheral sympathetic innervation above or below the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber
					3. Sympathetic innervation of thoracic and cervical viscera
					4. Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen and pelvic regions and the adrenals
				Parasympathetic system
					Sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
					Cranial nerve preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
					Visceral sensory innervation (visceral afferents)
					Visceral sensory fibers accompany sympathetic fibers
					Visceral sensory fibers accompany parasympathetic fibers
				The enteric system
				Nerve plexuses
					Somatic plexuses
					Visceral plexuses
		Other systems
	Clinical cases
2 Back
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 2, Back, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General description
		Functions
			Support
			Movement
			Protection of the nervous system
		Component parts
			Bones
				Typical vertebra
			Muscles
			Vertebral canal
			Spinal nerves
		Relationship to other regions
			Head
			Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
			Limbs
		Key features
			Long vertebral column and short spinal cord
			Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves
			Innervation of the back
	Regional anatomy
		Skeletal framework
			Vertebrae
				Typical vertebra
				Cervical vertebrae
					Atlas and axis
				Thoracic vertebrae
				Lumbar vertebrae
				Sacrum
				Coccyx
			Intervertebral foramina
			Posterior spaces between vertebral arches
		Joints
			Joints between vertebrae in the back
				Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs)
				Joints between vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints)
				“Uncovertebral” joints
		Ligaments
			Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
			Ligamenta flava
			Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
			Interspinous ligaments
		Back musculature
			Superficial group of back muscles
				Trapezius
				Latissimus dorsi
				Levator scapulae
				Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major
			Intermediate group of back muscles
			Deep group of back muscles
				Thoracolumbar fascia
				Spinotransversales muscles
				Erector spinae muscles
				Transversospinales muscles
				Segmental muscles
			Suboccipital muscles
		Spinal cord
			Vasculature
				Arteries
				Veins
			Meninges
				Spinal dura mater
				Arachnoid mater
				Subarachnoid space
				Pia mater
			Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal
			Spinal nerves
				Nomenclature of spinal nerves
	Surface anatomy
		Back surface anatomy
		Absence of lateral curvatures
		Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane
		Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks
		How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes
		Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
		Identifying major muscles
	Clinical cases
3 Thorax
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 3, Thorax, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General description
		Functions
			Breathing
			Protection of vital organs
			Conduit
		Component parts
			Thoracic wall
			Superior thoracic aperture
			Inferior thoracic aperture
			Diaphragm
			Mediastinum
			Pleural cavities
		Relationship to other regions
			Neck
			Upper limb
			Abdomen
			Breast
		Key features
			Vertebral level TIV/V
			Venous shunts from left to right
			Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall
			Sympathetic system
			Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture
			Innervation of the diaphragm
	Regional anatomy
		Pectoral region
			Breast
				Arterial supply
				Venous drainage
				Innervation
				Lymphatic drainage
				Breast in men
			Muscles of the pectoral region
				Pectoralis major
				Subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles
		Thoracic wall
			Skeletal framework
				Thoracic vertebrae
					Typical thoracic vertebra
					Articulation with ribs
				Ribs
					Distinct features of upper and lower ribs
						Rib I
						Rib II
						Rib X
						Ribs XI and XII
				Sternum
					Manubrium of the sternum
					Body of the sternum
					Xiphoid process
				Joints
					Costovertebral joints
						Joint with head of rib
						Costotransverse joints
					Sternocostal joints
					Interchondral joints
					Manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints
			Intercostal spaces
				Muscles
					Intercostal muscles
						External intercostal muscles
						Internal intercostal muscles
						Innermost intercostal muscles
						Subcostales
					Transversus thoracis muscles
				Arterial supply
					Posterior intercostal arteries
					Anterior intercostal arteries
				Venous drainage
				Lymphatic drainage
				Innervation
					Intercostal nerves
		Diaphragm
			Arterial supply
			Venous drainage
			Innervation
		Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing
		Pleural cavities
			Pleura
				Parietal pleura
					Peripheral reflections
				Visceral pleura
				Pleural recesses
					Costomediastinal recesses
					Costodiaphragmatic recesses
			Lungs
				Root and hilum
				Right lung
				Left lung
				Bronchial tree
				Bronchopulmonary segments
				Pulmonary arteries
					Right pulmonary artery
					Left pulmonary artery
				Pulmonary veins
				Bronchial arteries and veins
				Innervation
				Lymphatic drainage
		Mediastinum
			Anterior mediastinum
			Middle mediastinum
				Pericardium
					Fibrous pericardium
					Serous pericardium
					Vessels and nerves
				Heart
					Cardiac orientation
						Base (posterior surface) and apex
						Surfaces of the heart
						Margins and borders
						External sulci
					Cardiac chambers
						Right atrium
						Right ventricle
						Tricuspid valve
						Pulmonary valve
						Left atrium
						Left ventricle
						Mitral valve
						Aortic valve
					Cardiac skeleton
					Coronary vasculature
						Coronary arteries
							Right coronary artery.
							Left coronary artery.
							Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries.
						Cardiac veins
							Great cardiac vein.
							Middle cardiac vein.
							Small cardiac vein.
							Posterior cardiac vein.
							Other cardiac veins.
						Coronary lymphatics
					Cardiac conduction system
						Sinu-atrial node
						Atrioventricular node
						Atrioventricular bundle
					Cardiac innervation
						Parasympathetic innervation
						Sympathetic innervation
						Visceral afferents
				Pulmonary trunk
				Ascending aorta
				Other vasculature
			Superior mediastinum
				Thymus
				Right and left brachiocephalic veins
				Left superior intercostal vein
				Superior vena cava
				Arch of aorta and its branches
					The first branch
					The second branch
					The third branch
				Ligamentum arteriosum
				Trachea and esophagus
				Nerves of the superior mediastinum
					Vagus nerves
						Right vagus nerve
						Left vagus nerve
					Phrenic nerves
						Right phrenic nerve
						Left phrenic nerve
				Thoracic duct in the superior mediastinum
			Posterior mediastinum
				Esophagus
					Relationships to important structures in the posterior mediastinum
					Arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage
					Innervation
					Esophageal plexus
				Thoracic aorta
				Azygos system of veins
					Azygos vein
					Hemiazygos vein
					Accessory hemiazygos vein
				Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum
				Sympathetic trunks
					Branches from the ganglia
	Surface anatomy
		Thorax surface anatomy
		How to count ribs
		Surface anatomy of the breast in women
		Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level
		Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum
		Visualizing the margins of the heart
		Where to listen for heart sounds
		Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures
		Where to listen for lung sounds
	Clinical cases
4 Abdomen
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 4, Abdomen, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General description
		Functions
			Houses and protects major viscera
			Breathing
			Changes in intraabdominal pressure
		Component parts
			Wall
			Abdominal cavity
			Inferior thoracic aperture
			Diaphragm
			Pelvic inlet
		Relationship to other regions
			Thorax
			Pelvis
			Lower limb
		Key features
			Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult
				Development of the foregut
				Development of the midgut
				Development of the hindgut
			Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves
			The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall
			Vertebral level LI
			The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries
			Venous shunts from left to right
			All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver
				Portacaval anastomoses
				Blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver
			Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus
	Regional anatomy
		Surface topography
			Four-quadrant pattern
			Nine-region pattern
		Abdominal wall
			Superficial fascia
				Superficial layer
				Deeper layer
			Anterolateral muscles
				Flat muscles
					External oblique
						Associated ligaments
					Internal oblique
					Transversus abdominis
				Transversalis fascia
				Vertical muscles
					Rectus abdominis
					Pyramidalis
					Rectus sheath
			Extraperitoneal fascia
			Peritoneum
			Innervation
			Arterial supply and venous drainage
			Lymphatic drainage
		Groin
			Inguinal canal
				Deep inguinal ring
				Superficial inguinal ring
				Anterior wall
				Posterior wall
				Roof
				Floor
				Contents
				Spermatic cord
				Round ligament of the uterus
			Inguinal hernias
				Indirect inguinal hernias
				Direct inguinal hernias
		Abdominal viscera
			Peritoneum
				Innervation of the peritoneum
			Peritoneal cavity
				Omenta, mesenteries, and ligaments
					Omenta
						Greater omentum
						Lesser omentum
					Mesenteries
						Mesentery
						Transverse mesocolon
						Sigmoid mesocolon
					Ligaments
			Organs
				Abdominal esophagus
				Stomach
				Small intestine
					Duodenum
					Jejunum
					Ileum
				Large intestine
					Cecum and appendix
					Colon
					Rectum and anal canal
				Liver
					Diaphragmatic surface
					Visceral surface
					Associated ligaments
					Lobes
				Gallbladder
				Pancreas
				Duct system for bile
				Spleen
			Arterial supply
				Anterior branches of the abdominal aorta
					Celiac trunk
						Left gastric artery
						Splenic artery
						Common hepatic artery
					Superior mesenteric artery
						Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
						Jejunal and ileal arteries
						Middle colic artery
						Right colic artery
						Ileocolic artery
					Inferior mesenteric artery
						Left colic artery
						Sigmoid arteries
						Superior rectal artery
			Venous drainage
				Portal vein
					Splenic vein
					Superior mesenteric vein
					Inferior mesenteric vein
			Lymphatics
			Innervation
				Sympathetic trunks
					Splanchnic nerves
					Thoracic splanchnic nerves
					Lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
					Pelvic splanchnic nerves
				Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia
				Parasympathetic innervation
					Vagus nerves
					Pelvic splanchnic nerves
				Enteric system
				Sympathetic innervation of the stomach
		Posterior abdominal region
			Posterior abdominal wall
				Bones
					Lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum
					Pelvic bones
					Ribs
					Muscles
					Psoas major and minor
					Quadratus lumborum
					Iliacus
					Diaphragm
						Structures passing through or around the diaphragm
						Domes
						Blood supply
						Innervation
			Viscera
				Kidneys
					Relationships to other structures
					Renal fat and fascia
					Kidney structure
					Renal vasculature and lymphatics
				Ureters
					Ureteric vasculature and lymphatics
					Ureteric innervation
				Suprarenal glands
					Suprarenal vasculature
					Suprarenal innervation
			Vasculature
				Abdominal aorta
					Visceral branches
					Posterior branches
					Inferior phrenic arteries
					Lumbar arteries
					Median sacral artery
				Inferior vena cava
			Lymphatic system
				Pre-aortic and lateral aortic or lumbar nodes (para-aortic nodes)
			Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region
			Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves
				Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia
				Lumbar plexus
					Iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal nerves (L1)
						Iliohypogastric nerve
						Ilio-inguinal nerve
					Genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2)
					Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2 and L3)
					Obturator nerve (L2 to L4)
					Femoral nerve (L2 to L4)
	Surface anatomy
		Abdomen surface anatomy
		Defining the surface projection of the abdomen
		How to find the superficial inguinal ring
		How to determine lumbar vertebral levels
		Visualizing structures at the LI vertebral level
		Visualizing the position of major blood vessels
		Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera
		Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred
		Where to find the kidneys
		Where to find the spleen
	Clinical cases
5 Pelvis and Perineum
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 5, Pelvis and Perineum, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General description
		Functions
			Contains and supports the bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts
			Anchors the roots of the external genitalia
		Component parts
			Pelvic inlet
			Pelvic walls
			Pelvic outlet
			Pelvic floor
			Pelvic cavity
			Perineum
		Relationship to other regions
			Abdomen
			Lower limb
		Key features
			The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly
			Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity
			The prostate in men and the uterus in women are anterior to the rectum
			The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments
			Nerves are related to bone
			Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection
			Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body
			The course of the urethra is different in men and women
	Regional anatomy
		Pelvis
			Bones
				Pelvic bone
					Components of the pelvic bone
						Ilium
						Pubis
						Ischium
				Sacrum
				Coccyx
			Joints
				Lumbosacral joints
				Sacro-iliac joints
				Pubic symphysis joint
			Orientation
			Differences between men and women
			True pelvis
				Pelvic inlet
				Pelvic wall
					Ligaments of the pelvic wall
					Muscles of the pelvic wall
						Obturator internus
						Piriformis
					Apertures in the pelvic wall
						Obturator canal
						Greater sciatic foramen
						Lesser sciatic foramen
				Pelvic outlet
				Pelvic floor
					The pelvic diaphragm
						Levator ani
						Coccygeus
					The perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch
				Perineal body
			Viscera
				Gastrointestinal system
					Rectum
					Anal canal
				Urinary system
					Ureters
					Bladder
						Neck of bladder
					Urethra
						In women
						In men
							Preprostatic part.
							Prostatic part.
							Membranous part.
							Spongy urethra.
				Reproductive system
					In men
						Testes
						Epididymis
						Ductus deferens
						Seminal vesicle
						Prostate
						Bulbo-urethral glands
					In women
						Ovaries
						Uterus
						Uterine tubes
						Cervix
						Vagina
			Fascia
				In women
				In men
			Peritoneum
				In women
					Broad ligament
				In men
			Nerves
				Somatic plexuses
					Sacral and coccygeal plexuses
						Sacral plexus
							Sciatic nerve.
							Pudendal nerve.
							Other branches of the sacral plexus.
						Coccygeal plexus
				Visceral plexuses
					Paravertebral sympathetic chain
					Pelvic extensions of the prevertebral plexus
						Sympathetic fibers
						Parasympathetic fibers
						Visceral afferent fibers
			Blood vessels
				Arteries
					Internal iliac artery
						Posterior trunk
						Anterior trunk
					Ovarian arteries
					Median sacral artery
				Veins
			Lymphatics
		Perineum
			Borders and ceiling
				Perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch
			Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses
			Anal triangle
			Urogenital triangle
				Structures in the superficial perineal pouch
					Erectile tissues
						Clitoris
						Penis
						Erection
					Greater vestibular glands
					Muscles
						Ischiocavernosus
						Bulbospongiosus
						Superficial transverse perineal muscles
				Superficial features of the external genitalia
					In women
					In men
				Superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle
			Somatic nerves
				Pudendal nerve
				Other somatic nerves
			Visceral nerves
			Blood vessels
				Arteries
					Internal pudendal artery
						Inferior rectal arteries
						Perineal artery
						Terminal part of the internal pudendal artery
					External pudendal arteries
					Testicular and cremasteric arteries
			Veins
			Lymphatics
	Surface anatomy
		Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum
		Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position
		How to define the margins of the perineum
		Identification of structures in the anal triangle
		Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women
		Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men
	Clinical cases
6 Lower Limb
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 6, Lower Limb, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General introduction
		Function
			Support the body weight
			Locomotion
		Component parts
			Bones and joints
			Muscles
		Relationship to other regions
			Abdomen
			Pelvis
			Perineum
		Key points
			Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
			Nerves related to bone
			Superficial veins
	Regional anatomy
		Bony pelvis
			Ilium
			Ischial tuberosity
			Ischiopubic ramus and pubic bone
			Acetabulum
		Proximal femur
			Greater and lesser trochanters
				Intertrochanteric line
				Intertrochanteric crest
				Shaft of the femur
		Hip joint
			Ligaments
		Gateways to the lower limb
			Obturator canal
			Greater sciatic foramen
			Lesser sciatic foramen
			Gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
		Nerves
			Femoral nerve
			Obturator nerve
			Sciatic nerve
			Gluteal nerves
			Ilio-inguinal and genitofemoral nerves
			Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
			Nerve to quadratus femoris and nerve to obturator internus
			Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
			Perforating cutaneous nerve
		Arteries
			Femoral artery
			Superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the obturator artery
		Veins
		Lymphatics
			Superficial inguinal nodes
			Deep inguinal nodes
			Popliteal nodes
		Deep fascia and the saphenous opening
			Fascia lata
			Iliotibial tract
			Saphenous opening
		Femoral triangle
			Femoral sheath
		Gluteal region
			Muscles
				Deep group
					Piriformis
					Obturator internus
					Gemellus superior and inferior
					Quadratus femoris
				Superficial group
					Gluteus minimus and medius
					Gluteus maximus
					Tensor fasciae latae
			Nerves
				Superior gluteal nerve
				Sciatic nerve
				Nerve to quadratus femoris
				Nerve to obturator internus
				Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
				Pudendal nerve
				Inferior gluteal nerve
				Perforating cutaneous nerve
			Arteries
				Inferior gluteal artery
				Superior gluteal artery
			Veins
			Lymphatics
		Thigh
			Bones
				Shaft and distal end of femur
				Patella
				Proximal end of tibia
					Tibial condyles and intercondylar areas
					Tibial tuberosity
					Shaft of tibia
				Proximal end of fibula
			Muscles
				Anterior compartment
					Iliopsoas—psoas major and iliacus
					Quadriceps femoris—vastus medialis, intermedius, and lateralis and rectus femoris
						Vastus muscles
						Rectus femoris
						Patellar ligament
					Sartorius
				Medial compartment
					Gracilis
					Pectineus
					Adductor longus
					Adductor brevis
					Adductor magnus
					Obturator externus
				Posterior compartment
					Biceps femoris
					Semitendinosus
					Semimembranosus
			Arteries
				Femoral artery
					Deep artery of thigh
						Lateral circumflex femoral artery
						Medial circumflex femoral artery
						Perforating arteries
				Obturator artery
		Veins
			Great saphenous vein
		Nerves
			Femoral nerve
			Obturator nerve
			Sciatic nerve
				Tibial nerve
				Common fibular nerve
		Knee joint
			Articular surfaces
			Menisci
			Synovial membrane
			Fibrous membrane
			Ligaments
				Patellar ligament
				Collateral ligaments
				Cruciate ligaments
			Locking mechanism
			Vascular supply and innervation
		Tibiofibular joint
		Popliteal fossa
			Contents
				Tibial and common fibular nerves
				Popliteal artery and vein
			Roof of popliteal fossa
		Leg
			Bones
				Shaft and distal end of tibia
				Shaft and distal end of fibula
			Joints
				Interosseous membrane of leg
			Posterior compartment of leg
				Muscles
					Superficial group
						Gastrocnemius
						Plantaris
						Soleus
					Deep group
						Popliteus
						Flexor hallucis longus
						Flexor digitorum longus
						Tibialis posterior
				Arteries
					Popliteal artery
						Anterior tibial artery
						Posterior tibial artery
				Veins
				Nerves
					Tibial nerve
						Sural nerve
						Medial calcaneal nerve
			Lateral compartment of leg
				Muscles
					Fibularis longus
					Fibularis brevis
				Arteries
				Veins
				Nerves
					Superficial fibular nerve
			Anterior compartment of leg
				Muscles
					Tibialis anterior
					Extensor hallucis longus
					Extensor digitorum longus
					Fibularis tertius
				Arteries
					Anterior tibial artery
				Veins
				Nerves
					Deep fibular nerve
		Foot
			Bones
				Tarsal bones
					Proximal group
						Talus
						Calcaneus
				Intermediate tarsal bone
					Distal group
				Metatarsals
				Phalanges
			Joints
				Ankle joint
					Medial ligament (deltoid ligament)
					Lateral ligament
				Intertarsal joints
		Subtalar joint
		Talocalcaneonavicular joint
			Ligaments
		Calcaneocuboid joint
			Ligaments
		Tarsometatarsal joints
		Metatarsophalangeal joints
		Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
		Interphalangeal joints
		Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle
			Flexor retinaculum
			Extensor retinacula
			Fibular retinacula
		Arches of the foot
			Longitudinal arch
			Transverse arch
			Ligament and muscle support
		Plantar aponeurosis
		Fibrous sheaths of toes
		Extensor hoods
		Intrinsic muscles
			On the dorsal aspect
				Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
			In the sole
				First layer
					Abductor hallucis
					Flexor digitorum brevis
					Abductor digiti minimi
				Second layer
					Quadratus plantae
					Lumbricals
				Third layer
					Flexor hallucis brevis
					Adductor hallucis
					Flexor digiti minimi brevis
				Fourth layer
					Dorsal interossei
					Plantar interossei
		Arteries
			Posterior tibial artery and plantar arch
				Lateral plantar artery
				Medial plantar artery
			Dorsalis pedis artery
		Veins
		Nerves
			Tibial nerve
				Medial plantar nerve
				Lateral plantar nerve
			Deep fibular nerve
			Superficial fibular nerve
			Sural nerve
			Saphenous nerve
	Surface anatomy
		Lower limb surface anatomy
		Avoiding the sciatic nerve
		Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle
		Identifying structures around the knee
		Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa
		Finding the tarsal tunnel—the gateway to the foot
		Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot
		Finding the dorsalis pedis artery
		Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch
		Major superficial veins
		Pulse points
	Clinical cases
7 Upper Limb
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 7, Upper Limb, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General description
		Functions
			Positioning the hand
			The hand as a mechanical tool
			The hand as a sensory tool
		Component parts
			Bones and joints
			Muscles
		Relationship to other regions
			Neck
			Back and thoracic wall
		Key points
			Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves
			Nerves related to bone
			Superficial veins
			Orientation of the thumb
	Regional anatomy
		Shoulder
			Bones
				Clavicle
				Scapula
				Proximal humerus
					Greater and lesser tubercles
					Surgical neck
			Joints
				Sternoclavicular joint
				Acromioclavicular joint
				Glenohumeral joint
			Muscles
				Trapezius
				Deltoid
				Levator scapulae
				Rhomboid minor and major
		Posterior scapular region
			Muscles
				Supraspinatus and infraspinatus
				Teres minor and teres major
				Long head of triceps brachii
			Gateways to the posterior scapular region
				Suprascapular foramen
				Quadrangular space (from posterior)
				Triangular space
				Triangular interval
			Nerves
				Suprascapular nerve
				Axillary nerve
			Arteries and veins
				Suprascapular artery
				Posterior circumflex humeral artery
				Circumflex scapular artery
				Veins
		Axilla
			Axillary inlet
			Anterior wall
				Pectoralis major
				Subclavius
				Pectoralis minor
				Clavipectoral fascia
			Medial wall
				Serratus anterior
				Intercostobrachial nerve
			Lateral wall
			Posterior wall
				Subscapularis
				Teres major and latissimus dorsi
				Long head of the triceps brachii
			Gateways in the posterior wall
				Quadrangular space
				Triangular space
				Triangular interval
			Floor
			Contents of the axilla
				Biceps brachii
				Coracobrachialis
				Axillary artery
					Superior thoracic artery
					Thoraco-acromial artery
					Lateral thoracic artery
					Subscapular artery
					Anterior circumflex humeral artery
					Posterior circumflex humeral artery
				Axillary vein
		Brachial plexus
			Roots
			Trunks
			Divisions
			Cords
			Branches (Table 7.7)
				Branches of the roots
				Branches of the trunks
				Branches of the lateral cord
				Branches of the medial cord
	Median nerve.
		Branches of the posterior cord
		Lymphatics
		Axillary process of the mammary gland
		Arm
			Bones
				Shaft and distal end of the humerus
					The condyle
					The two epicondyles
					The three fossae
				Proximal end of the radius
				Proximal end of the ulna
			Muscles
				Coracobrachialis
				Biceps brachii
				Brachialis
				Posterior compartment
			Arteries and veins
				Brachial artery
				Profunda brachii artery
				Veins
			Nerves
				Musculocutaneous nerve
				Median nerve
				Ulnar nerve
				Radial nerve
		Elbow joint
		Cubital fossa
		Forearm
			Bones
				Shaft and distal end of radius
				Shaft and distal end of ulna
			Joints
				Distal radio-ulnar joint
					Interosseous membrane
					Pronation and supination
						Muscles involved in pronation and supination
							Biceps brachii.
							Supinator.
							Pronator teres and pronator quadratus.
							Anconeus.
		Anterior compartment of the forearm
			Muscles
				Superficial layer
					Flexor carpi ulnaris
					Palmaris longus
					Flexor carpi radialis
					Pronator teres
				Intermediate layer
					Flexor digitorum superficialis
				Deep layer
					Flexor digitorum profundus
					Flexor pollicis longus
					Pronator quadratus
			Arteries and veins
				Radial artery
				Ulnar artery
				Veins
			Nerves
				Median nerve
				Ulnar nerve
				Radial nerve
		Posterior compartment of the forearm
			Muscles
				Superficial layer
					Brachioradialis
					Extensor carpi radialis longus
					Extensor carpi radialis brevis
					Extensor digitorum
					Extensor digiti minimi
					Extensor carpi ulnaris
					Anconeus
				Deep layer
					Supinator
					Abductor pollicis longus
					Extensor pollicis brevis
					Extensor pollicis longus
					Extensor indicis
			Arteries and veins
				Posterior interosseous artery
				Anterior interosseous artery
				Radial artery
				Veins
			Nerves
				Radial nerve
		Hand
			Bones
				Carpal bones
					Proximal row
					Distal row
					Articular surfaces
					Carpal arch
				Metacarpals
				Phalanges
			Joints
				Wrist joint
				Carpal joints
				Carpometacarpal joints
				Metacarpophalangeal joints
					Deep transverse metacarpal ligaments
				Interphalangeal joints of hand
			Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist
			Palmar aponeurosis
			Palmaris brevis
			Anatomical snuffbox
			Fibrous digital sheaths
			Extensor hoods
			Muscles
				Dorsal interossei
				Palmar interossei
				Adductor pollicis
				Thenar muscles
					Opponens pollicis
					Abductor pollicis brevis
					Flexor pollicis brevis
				Hypothenar muscles
					Opponens digiti minimi
					Abductor digiti minimi
					Flexor digiti minimi brevis
				Lumbrical muscles
			Arteries and veins
				Ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch
				Radial artery and deep palmar arch
				Veins
			Nerves
				Ulnar nerve
				Median nerve
				Superficial branch of the radial nerve
	Surface anatomy
		Upper limb surface anatomy
		Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region
		Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures
		Locating the brachial artery in the arm
		The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve
		Cubital fossa (anterior view)
		Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm
		Normal appearance of the hand
		Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve
		Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand
		Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches
		Pulse points
	Clinical cases
8 Head and Neck
	ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 8, Head and Neck, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com):
	Conceptual overview
		General description
			Head
				Major compartments
				Other anatomically defined regions
			Neck
				Compartments
				Larynx and pharynx
		Functions
			Protection
			Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts
			Communication
			Positioning the head
			Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts
		Component parts
			Skull
			Cervical vertebrae
			Hyoid bone
			Soft palate
			Muscles
				In the head
				In the neck
		Relationship to other regions
			Thorax
			Upper limbs
		Key features
			Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI
			Airway in the neck
			Cranial nerves
			Cervical nerves
			Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages
			Triangles of the neck
	Regional anatomy
		Skull
			Anterior view
				Frontal bone
				Zygomatic and nasal bones
				Maxillae
				Mandible
			Lateral view
				Lateral portion of the calvaria
					Temporal bone
				Visible part of the facial skeleton
				Mandible
			Posterior view
				Occipital bone
				Temporal bones
			Superior view
			Inferior view
				Anterior part
				Middle part
					Anterior half
						Vomer
						Sphenoid
						Body
						Pterygoid processes
						Greater wing
					Posterior half
						Occipital bone
						Temporal bone
				Posterior part
					Occipital bone
					Temporal bone
		Cranial cavity
			Roof
			Floor
				Anterior cranial fossa
					Lesser wings of the sphenoid
				Middle cranial fossa
					Sphenoid
						Sella turcica
						Fissures and foramina
					Temporal bone
				Posterior cranial fossa
					Boundaries
					Foramen magnum
					Grooves and foramina
					Squamous part of the occipital bone
					Foramina and fissures through which major structures enter and leave the cranial cavity
		Meninges
			Cranial dura mater
				Dural partitions
					Falx cerebri
					Tentorium cerebelli
					Falx cerebelli
					Diaphragma sellae
				Arterial supply
				Innervation
			Arachnoid mater
			Pia mater
			Arrangement of meninges and spaces
				Extradural space
				Subdural space
				Subarachnoid space
		Brain and its blood supply
			Brain
			Blood supply
				Vertebral arteries
				Internal carotid arteries
				Cerebral arterial circle
			Venous drainage
				Dural venous sinuses
					Superior sagittal sinus
					Inferior sagittal and straight sinuses
					Confluence of sinuses, transverse and sigmoid sinuses
					Cavernous sinuses
					Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
		Cranial nerves
			Olfactory nerve [I]
			Optic nerve [II]
			Oculomotor nerve [III]
			Trochlear nerve [IV]
			Trigeminal nerve [V]
			Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
			Maxillary nerve [V2]
			Mandibular nerve [V3]
			Abducent nerve [VI]
			Facial nerve [VII]
			Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]
			Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
				Tympanic nerve
			Vagus nerve [X]
			Accessory nerve [XI]
				Cranial root of the accessory nerve
			Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
		Face
			Muscles
				Orbital group
					Orbicularis oculi
					Corrugator supercilii
				Nasal group
				Nasalis
					Procerus
					Depressor septi nasi
				Oral group
					Orbicularis oris
					Buccinator
					Lower group of oral muscles
					Upper group of oral muscles
				Other muscles or muscle groups
					Platysma
					Auricular muscles
					Occipitofrontalis
			Parotid gland
				Important relationships
					Facial nerve
					External carotid artery and its branches
					Retromandibular vein and its tributaries
				Arterial supply
				Innervation
		Innervation
			Sensory innervation
			Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
			Maxillary nerve [V2]
			Mandibular nerve [V3]
				Motor innervation
		Vessels
			Arteries
				Facial artery
				Transverse facial artery
				Branches of the maxillary artery
				Branches of the ophthalmic artery
			Veins
				Facial vein
				Transverse facial vein
				Intracranial venous connections
			Lymphatic drainage
		Scalp
			Layers
				Skin
				Connective tissue (dense)
				Aponeurotic layer
				Loose connective tissue
				Pericranium
			Innervation
				Anterior to the ears and the vertex
				Posterior to the ears and the vertex
			Vessels
				Arteries
					Branches from the ophthalmic artery
					Branches from the external carotid artery
				Veins
			Lymphatic drainage
		Orbit
			Bony orbit
				Roof
				Medial wall
				Floor
				Lateral wall
				Eyelids
					Skin and subcutaneous tissue
					Orbicularis oculi
					Orbital septum
					Tarsus and levator palpebrae superioris
					Conjunctiva
					Glands
					Vessels
					Innervation
		Lacrimal apparatus
			Innervation
				Sensory innervation
				Secretomotor (parasympathetic) innervation
				Sympathetic innervation
			Vessels
		Fissures and foramina
			Optic canal
			Superior orbital fissure
			Inferior orbital fissure
			Infra-orbital foramen
			Other openings
		Fascial specializations
			Periorbita
			Fascial sheath of the eyeball
			Check ligaments of the medial and lateral rectus muscles
		Muscles
			Extrinsic muscles
				Levator palpebrae superioris
				Rectus muscles
					Superior and inferior rectus muscles
					Medial and lateral rectus muscles
				Oblique muscles
					Superior oblique
					Inferior oblique
				Extrinsic muscles and eyeball movements
		Vessels
			Arteries
			Veins
		Innervation
			Optic nerve
			Oculomotor nerve
			Trochlear nerve
			Abducent nerve
			Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
			Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
				Lacrimal nerve
				Frontal nerve
				Nasociliary nerve
			Ciliary ganglion
				Parasympathetic root
				Sensory root
				Sympathetic root
		Eyeball
			Anterior and posterior chambers
			Lens and vitreous humor
			Walls of the eyeball
			Vessels
				Arterial supply
				Venous drainage
			Fibrous layer of the eyeball
				Sclera
				Cornea
			Vascular layer of the eyeball
				Choroid
				Ciliary body
				Iris
			Inner layer of the eyeball
				Optic part of the retina
		Ear
			External ear
				Auricle
					Muscles
					Innervation
					Vessels
				External acoustic meatus
					Innervation
				Tympanic membrane
					Innervation
		Middle ear
			Boundaries
				Tegmental wall
				Jugular wall
				Membranous wall
				Mastoid wall
				Anterior wall
				Labyrinthine wall
			Mastoid area
			Pharyngotympanic tube
				Vessels
				Innervation
			Auditory ossicles
				Malleus
				Incus
				Stapes
				Muscles associated with the ossicles
					Tensor tympani
					Stapedius
			Vessels
			Innervation
		Internal ear
			Bony labyrinth
				Semicircular canals
				Cochlea
			Membranous labyrinth
				Organs of balance
					Utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic duct
					Sensory receptors
				Organ of hearing
					Cochlear duct
			Vessels
			Innervation
				Facial nerve [VII] in the temporal bone
					Branches
						Greater petrosal nerve.
						Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani.
			Transmission of sound
		Temporal and infratemporal fossae
			Bony framework
				Temporal bone
				Sphenoid bone
				Maxilla
				Zygomatic bone
				Ramus of mandible
			Temporomandibular joints
				Joint capsule
				Extracapsular ligaments
				Movements of the mandible
			Masseter muscle
			Temporal fossa
				Contents
					Temporalis muscle
					Deep temporal nerves
					Zygomaticotemporal nerve
					Deep temporal arteries
					Middle temporal artery
			Infratemporal fossa
				Contents
					Sphenomandibular ligament
					Medial pterygoid
					Lateral pterygoid
					Mandibular nerve [V3]
						Branches
						Meningeal branch
						Nerve to medial pterygoid
						Buccal nerve
						Masseteric nerve
						Deep temporal nerves
						Nerve to lateral pterygoid
						Auriculotemporal nerve
						Lingual nerve
						Inferior alveolar nerve
					Chorda tympani and the lesser petrosal nerve
						Chorda tympani
						Lesser petrosal nerve
					Maxillary artery
						Branches
						Middle meningeal artery
						Inferior alveolar artery
						Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, and accessory meningeal arteries
						Branches from the second part
					Pterygoid plexus
		Pterygopalatine fossa
			Skeletal framework
				Sphenoid bone
					Pterygoid canal
			Gateways
			Contents
				Maxillary nerve [V2]
					Branches
						Orbital branches.
						Greater and lesser palatine nerves.
						Nasal nerves.
						Pharyngeal nerve.
						Zygomatic nerve.
						Posterior superior alveolar nerve.
						Infra-orbital nerve.
				Nerve of the pterygoid canal and the pterygopalatine ganglion
					Greater petrosal nerve
					Deep petrosal nerve
					Pterygopalatine ganglion
					Innervation of the lacrimal gland
				Maxillary artery
					Branches
						Posterior superior alveolar artery.
						Infra-orbital artery.
						Greater palatine artery.
						Pharyngeal branch.
						Sphenopalatine artery.
						Artery of pterygoid canal.
				Veins
		Neck
			Fascia
				Investing layer
				Prevertebral layer
				Pretracheal layer
				Carotid sheath
				Fascial compartments
				Fascial spaces
			Superficial venous drainage
				External jugular veins
				Anterior jugular veins
			Anterior triangle of the neck
				Muscles
					Suprahyoid muscles
						Stylohyoid
						Digastric
						Mylohyoid
						Geniohyoid
					Infrahyoid muscles
						Sternohyoid
						Omohyoid
						Thyrohyoid
						Sternothyroid
				Vessels
					Carotid system
						Common carotid arteries
						Internal carotid arteries
						External carotid arteries
					Veins
				Nerves
					Facial nerve [VII]
					Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
					Vagus nerve [X]
					Accessory nerve [XI]
					Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
					Transverse cervical nerve
					Ansa cervicalis
					Elements of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems
						Esophagus
						Trachea
						Pharynx and larynx
				Thyroid and parathyroid glands
					Thyroid gland
						Arterial supply
							Superior thyroid artery.
							Inferior thyroid artery.
						Venous and lymphatic drainage
						Recurrent laryngeal nerves
					Parathyroid glands
				Location of structures in different regions of the anterior triangle of the neck
			Posterior triangle of the neck
				Muscles
				Vessels
					External jugular vein
					Subclavian artery and its branches
					Transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries
					Veins
				Nerves
					Accessory nerve
					Cervical plexus
						Muscular branches
						Cutaneous branches
					Brachial plexus
			Root of the neck
				Vessels
					Subclavian arteries
						Vertebral artery
						Thyrocervical trunk
							Inferior thyroid artery.
							Transverse cervical artery.
							Suprascapular artery.
						Internal thoracic artery
						Costocervical trunk
					Veins
				Nerves
				Phrenic nerves
					Vagus nerves [X]
					Recurrent laryngeal nerves
					Sympathetic nervous system
						Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
						Ganglia
							Superior cervical ganglion.
							Middle cervical ganglion.
							Inferior cervical ganglion.
				Lymphatics
					Thoracic duct
				Lymphatics of the neck
					Superficial lymph nodes
					Superficial cervical lymph nodes
					Deep cervical lymph nodes
		Pharynx
			Skeletal framework
				Anterior vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls
					First part
					Second part
					Third part
			Pharyngeal wall
				Muscles
					Constrictor muscles
						Superior constrictors
						Middle constrictors
						Inferior constrictors
					Longitudinal muscles
						Stylopharyngeus
						Salpingopharyngeus
						Palatopharyngeus
			Fascia
			Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them
			Nasopharynx
			Oropharynx
			Laryngopharynx
			Tonsils
			Vessels
				Arteries
				Veins
				Lymphatics
			Nerves
				Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
		Larynx
			Laryngeal cartilages
				Cricoid cartilage
				Thyroid cartilage
				Epiglottis
				Arytenoid cartilages
				Corniculate
				Cuneiform
			Extrinsic ligaments
				Thyrohyoid membrane
				Hyo-epiglottic ligament
				Cricotracheal ligament
			Intrinsic ligaments
				Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx
					Conus elasticus (cricovocal membrane)
					Quadrangular membrane
			Laryngeal joints
				Cricothyroid joints
				Crico-arytenoid joints
			Cavity of the larynx
				Division into three major regions
				Laryngeal ventricles and saccules
				Rima vestibuli and rima glottidis
			Intrinsic muscles
				Cricothyroid muscles
				Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
				Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
				Transverse arytenoid muscle
				Oblique arytenoid muscles
				Vocalis
				Thyro-arytenoid muscles
			Function of the larynx
				Respiration
				Phonation
				Effort closure
				Swallowing
			Vessels
				Arteries
				Veins
				Lymphatics
			Nerves
				Superior laryngeal nerves
				Recurrent laryngeal nerves
		Nasal cavities
			Lateral wall
			Regions
			Innervation and blood supply
			Skeletal framework
				Ethmoid bone
			External nose
			Paranasal sinuses
				Frontal sinuses
				Ethmoidal cells
				Maxillary sinuses
				Sphenoidal sinuses
			Walls, floor, and roof
				Medial wall
				Floor
				Roof
				Lateral wall
			Nares
			Choanae
			Gateways
				Cribriform plate
				Sphenopalatine foramen
				Incisive canal
				Small foramina in the lateral wall
			Vessels
				Arteries
					Sphenopalatine artery
					Greater palatine artery
					Superior labial and lateral nasal arteries
					Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
				Veins
			Innervation
				Olfactory nerve [I]
				Branches from the ophthalmic nerve [V1]
					Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
				Branches from the maxillary nerve [V2]
				Parasympathetic innervation
				Sympathetic innervation
				Lymphatics
		Oral cavity
			Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity
			Skeletal framework
				Maxillae
				Palatine bones
				Sphenoid bone
				Temporal bone
				Cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube
				Mandible
				Hyoid bone
			Walls: the cheeks
				Buccinator
			Floor
				Mylohyoid muscles
				Geniohyoid muscles
				Gateway into the floor of the oral cavity
			Tongue
				Papillae
				Inferior surface of tongue
				Pharyngeal surface
				Muscles
					Intrinsic muscles
					Extrinsic muscles
						Genioglossus
						Hyoglossus
							An important landmark.
						Styloglossus
						Palatoglossus
				Vessels
					Arteries
					Veins
				Innervation
					Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
					Lingual nerve
					Facial nerve [VII]
					Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
				Lymphatics
			Salivary glands
				Parotid gland
				Submandibular glands
				Sublingual glands
				Vessels
				Innervation
					Parasympathetic
						Greater petrosal nerve
						Chorda tympani
					Sympathetic
			Roof—palate
				Hard palate
				Soft palate
					Muscles of the soft palate
						Tensor veli palatini and the palatine aponeurosis
						Levator veli palatini
						Palatopharyngeus
						Palatoglossus
						Musculus uvulae
				Vessels
					Arteries
						Ascending palatine artery and palatine branch
						Greater palatine artery
					Veins
					Lymphatics
				Innervation
					Greater and lesser palatine nerves
					Nasopalatine nerve
			Oral fissure and lips
			Oropharyngeal isthmus
			Teeth and gingivae
				Vessels
					Arteries
						Inferior alveolar artery
						Anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries
						Gingival supply
					Veins
					Lymphatics
				Innervation
					Inferior alveolar nerve
					Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves
					Innervation of gingivae
	Surface anatomy
		Head and neck surface anatomy
		Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks
		Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels
		How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck
		How to locate the cricothyroid ligament
		How to find the thyroid gland
		Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery
		Major features of the face
		The eye and lacrimal apparatus
		External ear
		Pulse points
	Clinical cases
9 Neuroanatomy
	Introduction
	Part I: Nervous system overview
		Development
		Terms of orientation
		Cellular components
		Nervous system functional organization
	Part II: Brain
		Cerebral hemispheres
		Ventricular system
		Meninges
		Cerebral vasculature
		Venous drainage
	Part III: Thalamus
	Part IV: Brainstem
		Overview
		External midbrain
		External pons
		External medulla oblongata
		Brainstem internal features
		Internal midbrain
		Internal pons
		Internal medulla oblongata
		Vascular supply to the brainstem
	Part V: Spinal cord
		Overview
		Spinal meninges
		External features
		Internal features
		Ascending tracts in the spinal cord
			Anterolateral pathways
			Posterior column–medial lemniscal pathway
		Descending tracts in the spinal cord
			Lateral motor systems
			Medial motor systems
		Vascular supply to the spinal cord
	Part VI: Basal nuclei
		Corpus striatum
		Connections of the basal nuclei
	Part VII: Cerebellum
		Structures of the cerebellum
		Afferent cerebellar pathways
		Efferent cerebellar pathways
		Vascular supply
	Part VIII: Visual System
		Central visual pathway
	Part IX: Auditory and vestibular system
		Auditory pathways
		Cochlea
		Central auditory pathways
		Vestibular pathways
			Central vestibular pathways
	Part X: Hypothalamus
		Borders of the hypothalamus
		Connections to the pituitary
		Functional divisions of the hypothalamus
			Lateral zone
			Medial zone
			Periventricular zone
		Summary of connections
	Part XI: Olfactory and limbic system
		Olfactory system
		Limbic system
			Amygdala
			Nucleus accumbens
			Septal nuclei
			Hippocampal formation
		Acknowledgments
Inside Back Cover
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index