Gray's Basic Anatomy Richard Drake PhD, A. Wayne Vogl PhD, Adam W. M. Mitchell MB BS FRCS FRCR

Front Cover
	IFC
BASIC ANATOMY
	NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS
BASIC ANATOMY
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Index of Clinical Apps, Imaging Apps, and Surface Anatomy Boxes
Contents
1 - The Body
	HOW CAN GROSS ANATOMY BE STUDIED?
	IMPORTANT ANATOMICAL TERMS
		The anatomical position
			Anatomical planes
			Terms to describe location
				Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, superior and inferior
				Proximal and distal, cranial and caudal, and rostral
				Superficial and deep
	Trans/Non-Binary Anatomical Terminology
	Imaging
		DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES
			Plain radiography
				Contrast agents
					Subtraction angiography
				Ultrasound
					Doppler ultrasound
				Computed tomography
				Magnetic resonance imaging
				Nuclear medicine imaging
				Positron emission tomography
		IMAGE INTERPRETATION
			Plain radiography
				Chest radiograph
				Abdominal radiograph
				Gastrointestinal contrast examinations
				Urological contrast studies
			Computed tomography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
			Nuclear medicine imaging
		SAFETY IN IMAGING
	Body systems
		SKELETAL SYSTEM
			Cartilage
			Bone
			Joints
				Synovial joints
					Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement
					Specific types of synovial joints (Fig. 1.15)
				Solid joints
		SKIN AND FASCIAS
			Skin
			Fascia
		MUSCULAR SYSTEM
		CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
		LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
			Lymphatic vessels
			Lymph nodes
			Lymphatic trunks and ducts
		NERVOUS SYSTEM
			Central nervous system
				Brain
				Spinal cord
				Meninges
			Functional subdivisions of the CNS
				Somatic part of the nervous system
				Dermatomes
				Myotomes
				Visceral part of the nervous system
				Sympathetic system
					1. Peripheral sympathetic innervation at the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber
					2. Peripheral sympathetic innervation above or below the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber
					3. Sympathetic innervation of thoracic and cervical viscera
					4. Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen and pelvic regions and the adrenals
				Parasympathetic system
					Sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
					Cranial nerve preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
				Visceral sensory innervation (visceral afferents)
					Visceral sensory fibers accompanying sympathetic fibers
					Visceral sensory fibers accompanying parasympathetic fibers
				The enteric system
				Nerve plexuses
				Somatic plexuses
				Visceral plexuses
		OTHER SYSTEMS
2 - Back
	SKELETAL FRAMEWORK
		Vertebrae
			Typical vertebra
			Cervical vertebrae
				Atlas and axis
			Thoracic vertebrae
			Lumbar vertebrae
			Sacrum
			Coccyx
		Intervertebral foramina
		Posterior spaces between vertebral arches
		Curvatures of vertebral column
	JOINTS
		Joints between vertebrae in the back
			Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs)
			Joints between vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints)
			“Uncovertebral” joints
	LIGAMENTS
		Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
		Ligamenta flava
		Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
		Interspinous ligaments
	BACK MUSCULATURE
		Superficial group of back muscles
			Trapezius
			Latissimus dorsi
			Levator scapulae
			Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major
		Intermediate group of back muscles
		Deep group of back muscles
			Spinotransversales muscles
			Erector spinae muscles
			Transversospinales muscles
			Segmental muscles
			Suboccipital muscles
		Thoracolumbar fascia
	SPINAL CORD
		Vasculature
			Arteries
			Veins
		Meninges
			Spinal dura mater
			Arachnoid mater
				Subarachnoid space
			Pia mater
		Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal
		Spinal nerves
			Nomenclature of spinal nerves
3 - Thorax
	PECTORAL REGION
		Breast
			Arterial supply
			Venous drainage
			Innervation
			Lymphatic drainage
			Breast in men
		Muscles of the pectoral region
	THORACIC WALL
		Superior thoracic aperture
		Inferior thoracic aperture
		Skeletal framework
			Thoracic vertebrae
				A typical thoracic vertebra
				Articulation with ribs
			Ribs
				Distinct features of upper and lower ribs
					Rib I
					Rib II
					Rib X
					Ribs XI and XII
			Sternum
				Manubrium of sternum
				Body of the sternum
				Xiphoid process
			Joints
				Costovertebral joints
					Joint with head of rib
					Costotransverse joints
				Sternocostal joints
				Interchondral joints
				Manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints
		Intercostal spaces
			Muscles
				Intercostal muscles
			Arterial supply
				Posterior intercostal arteries
				Anterior intercostal arteries
			Venous drainage
			Lymphatic drainage
			Innervation
				Intercostal nerves
	DIAPHRAGM
		Venous drainage
		Innervation
	MOVEMENTS OF THE THORACIC WALL AND DIAPHRAGM DURING BREATHING
	PLEURAL CAVITIES
		Pleura
			Parietal pleura
				Peripheral reflections
			Visceral pleura
				Costomediastinal recesses
				Costodiaphragmatic recesses
		Lungs
			Root and hilum
			Right lung
			Left lung
			Bronchial tree
			Bronchopulmonary segments
			Pulmonary arteries
				Right pulmonary artery
				Left pulmonary artery
			Pulmonary veins
			Bronchial arteries and veins
			Innervation
			Lymphatic drainage
	MEDIASTINUM
		Anterior mediastinum
		Middle mediastinum
			Pericardium
				Fibrous pericardium
				Serous pericardium
				Vessels and nerves
			Heart
				Cardiac orientation
					Base (posterior surface) and apex
					Surfaces of the heart
					Margins and borders
					External sulci
				Cardiac chambers
					Right atrium
					Right ventricle
					Tricuspid valve
					Pulmonary valve
					Left atrium
					Left ventricle
					Mitral valve
					Aortic valve
				Cardiac skeleton
				Coronary vasculature
					Coronary arteries
						Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries. Several major variations in the basic distribution patterns of the...
					Cardiac veins
						Other cardiac veins. Two additional groups of cardiac veins are also involved in the venous drainage of the heart
					Coronary lymphatics
				Cardiac conduction system
	Sinu-atrial node
					Atrioventricular node
					Atrioventricular bundle
				Cardiac innervation
					Parasympathetic innervation
					Sympathetic innervation
					Visceral afferents
			Pulmonary trunk
			Ascending aorta
			Other vasculature
		Superior mediastinum
			Thymus
			Right and left brachiocephalic veins
			Left superior intercostal vein
			Superior vena cava
			Arch of aorta and its branches
				The first branch
				The second branch
				The third branch
			Ligamentum arteriosum
			Trachea and esophagus
			Nerves of the superior mediastinum
				Vagus nerves
					Right vagus nerve
					Left vagus nerve
				Phrenic nerves
					Right phrenic nerve
					Left phrenic nerve
			Thoracic duct in the superior mediastinum
		Posterior mediastinum
			Esophagus
				Relationships to important structures in the posterior mediastinum
				Arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage
				Innervation
				Esophageal plexus
			Thoracic aorta
			Azygos system of veins
				Azygos vein
				Hemiazygos vein
				Accessory hemiazygos vein
			Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum
			Sympathetic trunks
				Branches from the ganglia
4 - Abdomen
	SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY
	Four-quadrant pattern
	Nine-region pattern
	ABDOMINAL WALL
		Superficial fascia
			Superficial layer
			Deeper layer
		Anterolateral muscles
			Flat muscles
				External oblique
					Associated ligaments
				Internal oblique
				Transversus abdominis
			Transversalis fascia
			Vertical muscles
				Rectus abdominis
				Pyramidalis
				Rectus sheath
		Extraperitoneal fascia
		Peritoneum
		Innervation
		Arterial supply and venous drainage
		Lymphatic drainage
	GROIN
		Inguinal canal
			Deep inguinal ring
			Superficial inguinal ring
			Anterior wall
			Posterior wall
			Roof
			Floor
			Contents
			Spermatic cord
	Continued
		Round ligament of the uterus
		ABDOMINAL VISCERA
			Peritoneum
			Peritoneal cavity
				Omenta, mesenteries, and ligaments
					Omenta
						Greater omentum
						Lesser omentum
					Mesenteries
						Mesentery
						Transverse mesocolon
						Sigmoid mesocolon
					Ligaments
			Organs
				Abdominal esophagus
				Stomach
				Small intestine
					Duodenum
					Jejunum
					Ileum
				Large intestine
					Cecum and appendix
	Colon
		Rectum and anal canal
			Liver
				Diaphragmatic surface
				Visceral surface
				Associated ligaments
				Lobes
			Gallbladder
			Pancreas
			Duct system for bile
			Spleen
		Arterial supply to the gastrointestinal tract
			Anterior branches of the abdominal aorta
				Celiac trunk
					Left gastric artery
					Splenic artery
					Common hepatic artery
				Superior mesenteric artery
					Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
					Jejunal and ileal arteries
					Middle colic artery
					Right colic artery
					Ileocolic artery
				Inferior mesenteric artery
					Left colic artery
					Sigmoid arteries
					Superior rectal artery
		Venous drainage
			Portal vein
				Splenic vein
				Superior mesenteric vein
				Inferior mesenteric vein
		Lymphatics
		Innervation
			Sympathetic trunks
				Splanchnic nerves
				Thoracic splanchnic nerves
				Lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
				Pelvic splanchnic nerves
			Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia
			Parasympathetic innervation
				Vagus nerves
				Pelvic splanchnic nerves
			Enteric system
			Example—sympathetic innervation of stomach
	POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL REGION
		Posterior abdominal wall
			Lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum
				Pelvic bones
				Ribs
				Muscles
				Psoas major and minor
				Quadratus lumborum
				Iliacus
				Diaphragm
					Structures passing through or around the diaphragm
					Domes
					Blood supply
					Innervation
		Viscera
			Kidneys
				Relationships to other structures
				Renal fat and fascia
				Kidney structure
				Renal vasculature and lymphatics
			Ureters
				Ureteric vasculature and lymphatics
				Ureteric innervation
			Suprarenal glands
				Suprarenal vasculature
				Suprarenal Innervation
		Vasculature
			Abdominal aorta
				Visceral branches
				Posterior branches
			Inferior vena cava
		Lymphatic system
	Pre-aortic and lateral aortic or lumbar nodes (para-aortic nodes)
		Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region
		Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves
			Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia
			Lumbar plexus
	Iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal nerves (L1)
					Iliohypogastric nerve
	Ilio-inguinal nerve
				Genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2)
				Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2 and L3)
				Obturator nerve (L2 to L4)
				Femoral nerve (L2 to L4)
5 - Pelvis and Perineum
	PELVIS
		Bones
			Pelvic bone
				Components of the pelvic bone
					Ilium
					Pubis
					Ischium
			Sacrum
			Coccyx
		Joints
			Lumbosacral joints
	Sacro-iliac joints
			Pubic symphysis joint
		Orientation
		Differences between men and women
		True pelvis
			Pelvic inlet
			Pelvic wall
				Ligaments of the pelvic wall
				Muscles of the pelvic wall
				Apertures in the pelvic wall
					Obturator canal
					Greater sciatic foramen
					Lesser sciatic foramen
			Pelvic outlet
			Pelvic floor
				The pelvic diaphragm
					Levator ani
				The perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch
			Perineal body
		Viscera
			Gastrointestinal system
				Rectum
				Anal canal
			Urinary system
				Ureters
				Bladder
					Neck of bladder
				Urethra
					In women
					In men
						Preprostatic part. The preprostatic part of the urethra is about 1 cm long, extends from the base of the bladder to the prostate...
						Prostatic part. The prostatic part of the urethra (Fig. 5.24C) is 3 to 4 cm long and is surrounded by the prostate. In this regi...
						Membranous part. The membranous part of the urethra is narrow and passes through the deep perineal pouch (Fig. 5.24B). During it...
						Spongy urethra. The spongy urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue (the corpus spongiosum) of the penis. It is enlarged to form...
			Reproductive system
				In men
					Testes
					Epididymis
					Ductus deferens
					Seminal vesicle
					Prostate
					Bulbourethral glands
				In women
					Ovaries
					Uterus
					Uterine tubes
					Cervix
					Vagina
		Fascia
			In women
			In men
		Peritoneum
			In women
				Broad ligament
			In men
		Nerves
			Sacral and coccygeal plexuses
				Sacral plexus
					Sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the body and carries contributions from L4 to S3 (Table 5.4, Figs. 5.35...
						Pudendal nerve. The pudendal nerve forms anteriorly to the lower part of piriformis muscle from ventral divisions of S2 to S4 (T...
						Other branches of the sacral plexus (see Table 5.4). Other branches of the sacral plexus include
					Coccygeal plexus
			Visceral plexuses
				Paravertebral sympathetic chain
				Pelvic extensions of the prevertebral plexus
					Sympathetic fibers
					Parasympathetic fibers
					Visceral afferent fibers
		Blood vessels
			Arteries
				Internal iliac artery
					Posterior trunk
					Anterior trunk
				Ovarian arteries
				Median sacral artery
			Veins
		Lymphatics
	PERINEUM
		Borders and ceiling
			Perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch
	Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses
		Anal triangle
		Urogenital triangle
			Structures in the superficial perineal pouch
				Erectile tissues
					Clitoris
					Penis
				Erection
				Greater vestibular glands
				Muscles
			Superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle
		Somatic nerves
			Pudendal nerve
			Other somatic nerves
		Visceral nerves
		Blood vessels
			Arteries
				Internal pudendal artery
					Inferior rectal arteries
					Perineal artery
					Terminal part of the internal pudendal artery
				External pudendal arteries
				Testicular and cremasteric arteries
		Veins
		Lymphatics
6 - Lower Limb
	THE HIP
		Bony pelvis
			Ilium
			Ischial tuberosity
			Ischiopubic ramus and pubic bone
			Acetabulum
		Proximal femur
			Greater and lesser trochanters
				Intertrochanteric line
				Intertrochanteric crest
				Shaft of the femur
		Hip joint
			Ligaments
			Blood supply and innervation
		Gateways to the lower limb
		Nerves
		Arteries
			Femoral artery
			Superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the obturator artery
		Veins
		Lymphatics
			Superficial inguinal nodes
			Deep inguinal nodes
			Popliteal nodes
		Deep fascia and the saphenous opening
			Fascia lata
			Iliotibial tract
			Saphenous opening
		Femoral triangle
			Femoral sheath
	GLUTEAL REGION
		Muscles
		Nerves
			Superior gluteal nerve
			Sciatic nerve
			Nerve to quadratus femoris
			Nerve to obturator internus
			Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
			Pudendal nerve
			Inferior gluteal nerve
			Perforating cutaneous nerve
		Arteries
			Inferior gluteal artery
			Superior gluteal artery
		Veins
		Lymphatics
	THIGH
		Bones
			Shaft and distal end of femur
			Patella
			Proximal end of tibia
				Tibial condyles and intercondylar areas
				Tibial tuberosity
				Shaft of tibia
			Proximal end of fibula
		Muscles
			Anterior compartment (Table 6.3, Fig. 6.40)
				Patellar ligament
			Medial compartment (Table 6.4, Fig. 6.42)
			Posterior compartment (Table 6.5, Fig. 6.44)
		Arteries
			Femoral artery
				Deep artery of thigh
					Lateral circumflex femoral artery
					Medial circumflex femoral artery
					Perforating arteries
			Obturator artery
		Veins
			Great saphenous vein
		Nerves
			Femoral nerve
			Obturator nerve
			Sciatic nerve
		Knee joint
			Articular surfaces
			Menisci
			Synovial membrane
			Fibrous membrane
			Ligaments
				Patellar ligament
				Collateral ligaments
				Cruciate ligaments
				Locking mechanism
			Vascular supply and innervation
		Tibiofibular joint
		Popliteal fossa
			Contents
			Roof of popliteal fossa
	LEG
		Bones
			Shaft and distal end of tibia
			Shaft and distal end of fibula
		Joints
			Interosseous membrane of leg
		Posterior compartment of leg
			Muscles
				Superficial group
				Deep group
			Arteries
				Popliteal artery
					Anterior tibial artery
					Posterior tibial artery
			Veins
			Nerves
				Tibial nerve
					Sural nerve
					Medial calcaneal nerve
		Lateral compartment of leg
			Muscles
			Arteries
			Veins
			Nerves
				Superficial fibular nerve
		Anterior compartment of leg
			Muscles
			Arteries
			Veins
			Nerves
				Deep fibular nerve
	FOOT
		Bones
			Tarsal bones
				Proximal group
					Talus
					Calcaneus
				Intermediate tarsal bone
				Distal group
			Metatarsals
			Phalanges
		Joints
			Ankle joint
				Medial ligament (deltoid ligament)
				Lateral ligament
			Intertarsal joints
				Subtalar joint
				Talocalcaneonavicular joint
					Ligaments
				Calcaneocuboid joint
					Ligaments
			Tarsometatarsal joints
			Metatarsophalangeal joints
			Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
			Interphalangeal joints
		Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle
			Flexor retinaculum
			Extensor retinacula
			Fibular retinacula
		Arches of the foot
			Longitudinal arch
			Transverse arch
		Plantar aponeurosis
		Fibrous sheaths of toes
		Extensor hoods
		Intrinsic muscles
			First layer
			Second layer
			Third layer
			Fourth layer
		Arteries
			Posterior tibial artery and plantar arch
				Lateral plantar artery
				Medial plantar artery
			Dorsalis pedis artery
		Veins
		Nerves
			Tibial nerve
				Medial plantar nerve
				Lateral plantar nerve
			Deep fibular nerve
			Superficial fibular nerve
			Sural nerve
			Saphenous nerve
7 - Upper Limb
	SHOULDER
		Bones
			Clavicle
			Scapula
			Proximal humerus
				Greater and lesser tubercles
				Surgical neck
		Joints
			Sternoclavicular joint
			Acromioclavicular joint
			Glenohumeral joint
	POSTERIOR SCAPULAR REGION
		Gateways to the posterior scapular region
			Suprascapular foramen
			Quadrangular space (from posterior)
			Triangular space
			Triangular interval
		Nerves
			Suprascapular nerve
			Axillary nerve
		Arteries and veins
			Suprascapular artery
			Posterior circumflex humeral artery
			Circumflex scapular artery
			Veins
	AXILLA
		Axillary inlet
		Anterior wall
			Clavipectoral fascia
		Medial wall
		Lateral wall
		Posterior wall
		Gateways in the posterior wall
			Quadrangular space
			Triangular space
			Triangular interval
		Floor
		Contents of the axilla
			Axillary artery
				Superior thoracic artery
				Thoracoacromial artery
				Lateral thoracic artery
				Subscapular artery
				Anterior circumflex humeral artery
				Posterior circumflex humeral artery
			Axillary vein
			Brachial plexus
				Roots
				Trunks
				Divisions
				Cords
				Branches (Table 7.7)
					Branches of the roots
					Branches of the trunks
					Branches of the lateral cord
					Branches of the medial cord
					Branches of the posterior cord
			Lymphatics
			Axillary process of the mammary gland
	ARM
		Bones
			Shaft and distal end of the humerus
				The condyle
				The two epicondyles
				The three fossae
			Proximal end of the radius
			Proximal end of the ulna
		Muscles
		Nerves
			Musculocutaneous nerve
			Median nerve
			Ulnar nerve
			Radial nerve
		Arteries and veins
			Brachial artery
			Profunda brachii artery
			Veins
	ELBOW JOINT
	CUBITAL FOSSA
	FOREARM
		Bones
			Shaft and distal end of radius
			Shaft and distal end of ulna
		Joints
			Distal radioulnar joint
				Interosseous membrane
				Pronation and supination
					Abduction of the ulna during pronation
	ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM
		Muscles
			Superficial layer
			Intermediate layer
			Deep layer
		Arteries and veins
			Radial artery
			Ulnar artery
			Veins
		Nerves
			Median nerve
			Ulnar nerve
			Radial nerve
	POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM
		Muscles
			Superficial layer
			Deep layer
		Arteries and veins
			Posterior interosseous artery
			Anterior interosseous artery
			Radial artery
			Veins
		Nerves
			Radial nerve
	HAND
		Bones
			Carpal bones
				Proximal row
				Distal row
				Articular surfaces
				Carpal arch
			Metacarpals
			Phalanges
		Joints
			Wrist joint
			Carpal joints
			Carpometacarpal joints
			Metacarpophalangeal joints
				Deep transverse metacarpal ligaments
			Interphalangeal joints of hand
		Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist
		Palmar aponeurosis
		Anatomical snuffbox
		Fibrous digital sheaths
		Extensor hoods
		Muscles
			Interossei
			Thenar muscles
			Hypothenar muscles
			Lumbrical muscles
		Arteries and veins
			Ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch
			Radial artery and deep palmar arch
			Veins
		Nerves
			Ulnar nerve
			Median nerve
			Superficial branch of the radial nerve
8 - Head and Neck
	HEAD
	NECK
	SKULL
		Anterior view
			Frontal bone
			Zygomatic and nasal bones
			Maxillae
			Mandible
		Lateral view
			Lateral portion of the calvaria
				Temporal bone
			Visible part of the facial skeleton
			Mandible
		Posterior view
			Occipital bone
			Temporal bones
		Superior view
		Inferior view
			Anterior part
			Middle part
				Anterior half
					Vomer
					Sphenoid
					Body
					Pterygoid processes
					Greater wing
				Posterior half of middle part
					Occipital bone
					Temporal bone
			Posterior part
				Occipital bone
				Temporal bone
	CRANIAL CAVITY
		Roof
		Floor
			Anterior cranial fossa
			Lesser wings of the sphenoid
			Middle cranial fossa
				Sphenoid
				Sella turcica
				Fissures and foramina
				Temporal bone
			Posterior cranial fossa
				Boundaries
				Foramen magnum
				Grooves and foramina
				Squamous part of the occipital bone
	MENINGES
		Cranial dura mater
			Dural partitions
				Falx cerebri
				Tentorium cerebelli
				Falx cerebelli
				Diaphragma sellae
			Arterial supply
			Innervation
		Arachnoid mater
		Pia mater
		Meningeal spaces
			Extradural space
			Subdural space
			Subarachnoid space
	BRAIN AND ITS BLOOD SUPPLY
		Brain
		Blood supply
			Vertebral arteries
			Internal carotid arteries
			Cerebral arterial circle
		Venous drainage
			Dural venous sinuses
				Superior sagittal sinus
				Inferior sagittal and straight sinuses
				Confluence of sinuses, transverse and sigmoid sinuses
				Cavernous sinuses
				Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
	CRANIAL NERVES
		Olfactory nerve [I]
		Optic nerve [II]
		Oculomotor nerve [III]
		Trochlear nerve [IV]
		Trigeminal nerve [V]
		Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
		Maxillary nerve [V2]
		Mandibular nerve [V3]
		Abducent nerve [VI]
		Facial nerve [VII]
		Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]
		Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
			Tympanic nerve
		Vagus nerve [X]
		Accessory nerve [XI]
			Cranial root of the accessory nerve
	FACE
		Muscles
			Orbital group
			Nasal group
			Oral group
				Lower group of oral muscles
				Upper group of oral muscles
			Other muscles or muscle groups
		Parotid gland
			Important relationships
				Facial nerve
				External carotid artery and its branches
				Retromandibular vein and its tributaries
			Arterial supply
			Innervation
		Innervation
			Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
			Maxillary nerve [V2]
			Mandibular nerve [V3]
				Motor innervation
		Vessels
			Arteries
				Facial artery
				Transverse facial artery
				Branches of the maxillary artery
				Branches of the ophthalmic artery
			Veins
				Facial vein
				Transverse facial vein
				Intracranial venous connections
			Lymphatic drainage
	SCALP
		Layers
			Skin
			Connective tissue (dense)
			Aponeurotic layer
			Loose connective tissue
			Pericranium
		Innervation
			Anterior to the ears and the vertex
			Posterior to the ears and the vertex
		Vessels
			Arteries
				Branches from the ophthalmic artery
				Branches from the external carotid artery
			Veins
		Lymphatic drainage
	ORBIT
		Bony orbit
			Roof
			Medial wall
			Floor
			Lateral wall
		Eyelids
			Skin and subcutaneous tissue
			Orbicularis oculi
			Orbital septum
			Tarsus and levator palpebrae superioris
			Conjunctiva
			Glands
			Vessels
			Innervation
		Lacrimal apparatus
			Innervation
		Sensory innervation
			Secretomotor (parasympathetic) innervation
				Sympathetic innervation
			Vessels
		Fissures and foramina
			Optic canal
				Superior orbital fissure
				Inferior orbital fissure
	Infra-orbital foramen
				Other openings
		Fascial specializations
			Periorbita
			Fascial sheath of the eyeball
			Check ligaments of the medial and lateral rectus muscles
		Muscles
			Extrinsic muscles
				Extrinsic muscles and eyeball movements
		Vessels
			Arteries
			Veins
		Innervation
			Optic nerve
			Oculomotor nerve
			Trochlear nerve
			Abducent nerve
			Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
			Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
				Lacrimal nerve
				Frontal nerve
				Nasociliary nerve
			Ciliary ganglion
				Parasympathetic root
				Sensory root
				Sympathetic root
		Eyeball
			Anterior and posterior chambers
			Lens and vitreous humor
			Walls of the eyeball
			Vessels
				Arterial supply
				Venous drainage
			Fibrous layer of the eyeball
				Sclera
				Cornea
			Vascular layer of the eyeball
				Choroid
				Ciliary body
				Iris
			Inner layer of the eyeball
				Optic part of the retina
	EAR
		External ear
			Auricle
				Muscles
				Innervation
				Vessels
			External acoustic meatus
				Innervation
			Tympanic membrane
				Innervation
		Middle ear
			Boundaries
				Roof (tegmental wall)
				Floor (jugular wall)
				Lateral wall (membranous wall)
				Posterior wall (mastoid wall)
				Anterior wall
				Medial wall (labyrinthine wall)
			Mastoid area
			Pharyngotympanic tube
				Vessels
				Innervation
			Auditory ossicles
				Malleus
				Incus
				Stapes
				Muscles associated with the ossicles
			Vessels
			Innervation
		Internal ear
			Bony labyrinth
				Semicircular canals
				Cochlea
			Membranous labyrinth
				Organs of balance
					Utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic duct
					Sensory receptors
				Organ of hearing
					Cochlear duct
			Vessels
			Innervation
				Facial nerve [VII] in the temporal bone
					Branches
						Greater petrosal nerve. At the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve [VII] gives off the greater petrosal nerve (Fig. 8.115A). T...
						Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani. Near the beginning of its vertical descent, the facial nerve [VII] gives off a small bran...
			Transmission of sound
	TEMPORAL AND INFRATEMPORAL FOSSAE
		Bony framework
			Temporal bone
			Sphenoid bone
			Maxilla
			Zygomatic bone
			Ramus of mandible
		Temporomandibular joints
			Joint capsule
			Extracapsular ligaments
			Movements of the mandible
		Masseter muscle
		Temporal fossa
			Contents
				Temporalis muscle
				Deep temporal nerves
				Zygomaticotemporal nerve
				Deep temporal arteries
				Middle temporal artery
		Infratemporal fossa
			Contents
				Sphenomandibular ligament
				Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
				Mandibular nerve [V3]
				Branches
					Meningeal branch
					Nerve to medial pterygoid
					Buccal nerve
					Masseteric nerve
					Deep temporal nerves
					Nerve to lateral pterygoid
					Auriculotemporal nerve
					Lingual nerve
					Inferior alveolar nerve
				Chorda tympani and the lesser petrosal nerve
					Chorda tympani
					Lesser petrosal nerve
				Maxillary artery
					Branches
					Middle meningeal artery
					Inferior alveolar artery
					Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, and accessory meningeal arteries
					Branches from the second part
				Pterygoid plexus
	PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
		Skeletal framework
			Sphenoid bone
				Pterygoid canal
		Gateways
		Contents
			Maxillary nerve [V2]
				Branches of maxillary nerve [V2] or pterygopalatine ganglion
					Orbital branches. The orbital branches are small and pass through the inferior orbital fissure to contribute to the supply of th...
						Greater and lesser palatine nerves. The greater and lesser palatine nerves (Fig. 8.138) pass inferiorly from the pterygopalatine...
						Nasal nerves. The nasal nerves (Fig. 8.138), approximately seven in number, pass medially through the sphenopalatine foramen to ...
						Pharyngeal nerve. The pharyngeal nerve passes posteriorly from the pterygopalatine ganglion and leaves the fossa through the pal...
						Zygomatic nerve. The zygomatic nerve (Fig. 8.138) originates directly from the maxillary nerve [V2] in the pterygopalatine fossa...
						Posterior superior alveolar nerve. The posterior superior alveolar nerve (Fig. 8.138) originates from the maxillary nerve [V2] i...
						Infra-
				Nerve of the pterygoid canal and the pterygopalatine ganglion
					Greater petrosal nerve
					Deep petrosal nerve
					Pterygopalatine ganglion
					Innervation of the lacrimal gland
				Maxillary artery
					Branches
						Posterior superior alveolar artery. The posterior superior alveolar artery originates from the maxillary artery as it passes thr...
	Infra-orbital artery. The infra-orbital artery passes forward with the infra-orbital nerve and leaves the pterygopalatine fos...
						Greater palatine artery. The greater palatine artery passes inferiorly with the palatine nerves into the palatine canal (Fig. 8....
						Pharyngeal branch. The pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery travels posteriorly and leaves the pterygopalatine fossa throug...
						Sphenopalatine artery. The sphenopalatine artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery (Fig. 8.140). It leaves the pter...
						Artery of pterygoid canal. The artery of pterygoid canal passes posteriorly into the pterygoid canal (Fig. 8.140). It supplies s...
						Veins. Veins that drain areas supplied by branches of the terminal part of the maxillary artery generally travel with these bran...
	NECK
		Fascia
			Investing layer
			Prevertebral layer
			Pretracheal layer
			Carotid sheath
			Fascial compartments
		Superficial venous drainage
			External jugular veins
			Anterior jugular veins
		Anterior triangle of the neck
			Muscles
				Suprahyoid muscles
				Infrahyoid muscles
			Vessels
				Carotid system
					Common carotid arteries
					Internal carotid arteries
					External carotid arteries
				Veins
			Nerves
				Facial nerve [VII]
				Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
				Vagus nerve [X]
				Accessory nerve [XI]
				Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
				Transverse cervical nerve
				Ansa cervicalis
			Elements of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems
				Esophagus
				Trachea
				Pharynx and Larynx
			Thyroid and parathyroid glands
				Thyroid gland
					Arterial supply
						Superior thyroid artery. The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of the external carotid artery (Fig. 8.161). It descend...
						Inferior thyroid artery. The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, which arises from the first part of...
					Venous and lymphatic drainage
					Recurrent laryngeal nerves
				Parathyroid glands
			Location of structures in subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck
		Posterior triangle of the neck
			Muscles
			Vessels
				External jugular vein
				Subclavian artery and its branches
				Transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries
				Veins
			Nerves
				Accessory nerve
				Cervical plexus
					Muscular branches
					Cutaneous branches
				Brachial plexus
		Root of the neck
			Vessels
				Subclavian arteries
					Vertebral artery
					Thyrocervical trunk
						Inferior thyroid artery. The inferior thyroid artery (Fig. 8.172) is the superior continuation of the thyrocervical trunk. It as...
						Transverse cervical artery. The middle branch of the thyrocervical trunk is the transverse cervical artery (see Fig. 8.172). Thi...
						Suprascapular artery. The lowest branch of the thyrocervical trunk is the suprascapular artery (see Fig. 8.172). This branch pas...
					Internal thoracic artery
					Costocervical trunk
				Veins
			Nerves
				Phrenic nerves
				Vagus nerves [X]
				Recurrent laryngeal nerves
				Sympathetic nervous system
					Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
					Ganglia
						Superior cervical ganglion. A very large superior cervical ganglion in the area of cervical vertebrae CI and CII marks the super...
						Middle cervical ganglion. A second ganglion inferior to the superior cervical ganglion along the course of the sympathetic trunk...
						Inferior cervical ganglion. At the lower end of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is another ganglion (the inferior cer...
			Lymphatics
				Thoracic duct
			Lymphatics of the neck
				Superficial lymph nodes
				Superficial cervical lymph nodes
				Deep cervical lymph nodes
	PHARYNX
		Skeletal framework
			Anterior vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls
				First part
				Second part
				Third part
		Pharyngeal wall
			Muscles
				Constrictor muscles
				Longitudinal muscles
		Fascia
		Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them
		Nasopharynx
		Oropharynx
		Laryngopharynx
		Tonsils
		Vessels
			Arteries
			Veins
			Lymphatics
		Nerves
			Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
	LARYNX
		Laryngeal cartilages
			Cricoid cartilage
			Thyroid cartilage
			Epiglottis
			Arytenoid cartilages
			Corniculate
			Cuneiform
		Extrinsic ligaments
			Thyrohyoid membrane
	Hyo-epiglottic ligament
			Cricotracheal ligament
		Intrinsic ligaments
	Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx
				Conus elasticus (cricovocal membrane)
				Quadrangular membrane
		Laryngeal joints
			Cricothyroid joints
			Crico-
		Cavity of the larynx
			Division into three major regions
			Laryngeal ventricles and saccules
			Rima vestibuli and rima glottidis
		Intrinsic muscles
		Function of the larynx
			Respiration
			Phonation
			Effort closure
			Swallowing
		Vessels
			Arteries
			Veins
			Lymphatics
		Nerves
			Superior laryngeal nerves
			Recurrent laryngeal nerves
	NASAL CAVITIES
		Lateral wall
		Regions
		Skeletal framework
			Ethmoid bone
		External nose
		Paranasal sinuses
			Frontal sinuses
			Ethmoidal cells
			Maxillary sinuses
			Sphenoidal sinuses
		Walls, floor, and roof
			Medial wall
			Floor
			Roof
			Lateral wall
		Nares
		Choanae
		Gateways
			Cribriform plate
			Sphenopalatine foramen
			Incisive canal
			Small foramina in the lateral wall
		Vessels
			Arteries
				Sphenopalatine artery
				Greater palatine artery
				Superior labial and lateral nasal arteries
				Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
			Veins
		Innervation
			Olfactory nerve [I]
			Branches from the ophthalmic nerve [V1]
				Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
			Branches from the maxillary nerve [V2]
			Parasympathetic innervation
			Sympathetic innervation
			Lymphatics
	ORAL CAVITY
		Skeletal framework
			Maxillae
			Palatine bones
			Sphenoid bone
			Temporal bone
			Cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube
			Mandible
			Hyoid bone
		Walls: the cheeks
		Floor
			Tongue
				Papillae
				Inferior surface of tongue
				Pharyngeal surface
				Muscles
				Vessels
				Arteries
				Veins
				Innervation
				Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
				Lingual nerve
				Facial nerve [VII]
				Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
			Lymphatics
		Salivary glands
			Parotid gland
			Submandibular glands
			Sublingual glands
			Vessels
			Innervation
				Parasympathetic
					Greater petrosal nerve
					Chorda tympani
					Sympathetic
		Roof—palate
			Hard palate
			Soft palate
				Muscles of the soft palate
			Vessels
				Arteries
					Ascending palatine artery and palatine branch
					Greater palatine artery
				Veins
				Lymphatics
			Innervation
				Greater and lesser palatine nerves
				Nasopalatine nerve
		Oral fissure and lips
		Oropharyngeal isthmus
		Teeth and gingivae
			Vessels
				Arteries
					Inferior alveolar artery
					Anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries
					Gingival supply
						Anchor 6016
				Veins
				Lymphatics
			Innervation
				Inferior alveolar nerve
				Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves
				Innervation of gingivae
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
IBC