Graphic Anaesthesia, second edition: Essential diagrams, equations and tables for anaesthesia

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the authors
Abbreviations
Section 1: Physiology
	1.1 Cardiac
		1.1.1 Cardiac action potential – contractile cells
		1.1.2 Cardiac action potential – pacemaker cells
		1.1.3 Cardiac action potential – variation in pacemaker potential
		1.1.4 Cardiac cycle
		1.1.5 Cardiac output equation
		1.1.6 Central venous pressure waveform
		1.1.7 Central venous pressure waveform – abnormalities
		1.1.8 Einthoven triangle
		1.1.9 Ejection fraction equation
		1.1.10 Electrocardiogram
		1.1.11 Electrocardiogram – cardiac axis and QTc
		1.1.12 Fick method for cardiac output studies
		1.1.13 Frank–Starling curve
		1.1.14 Oxygen flux
		1.1.15 Pacemaker nomenclature – antibradycardia
		1.1.16 Pacemaker nomenclature – antitachycardia  (implantable cardioverter-defibrillators)
		1.1.17 Preload, contractility and afterload
		1.1.18 Pulmonary artery catheter trace
		1.1.19 Systemic and pulmonary pressures
		1.1.20 Valsalva manoeuvre
		1.1.21 Valsalva manoeuvre – clinical applications and physiological abnormalities
		1.1.22 Vaughan–Williams classification
		1.1.23 Ventricular pressure–volume loop – left ventricle
		1.1.24 Ventricular pressure–volume loop – right ventricle
	1.2 Circulation
		1.2.1 Blood flow and oxygen consumption of organs
		1.2.2 Blood vessel structure
		1.2.3 Hagen–Poiseuille equation
		1.2.4 Laminar and turbulent flow
		1.2.5 Laplace’s law
		1.2.6 Ohm’s law
		1.2.7 Starling forces in capillaries
		1.2.8 Starling forces in capillaries – pathology
		1.2.9 Systemic vascular resistance
	1.3 Respiratory
		1.3.1 Alveolar gas equation
		1.3.2 Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen and blood flow
		1.3.3 Bohr equation
		1.3.4 Carbon dioxide dissociation curve and Haldane effect
		1.3.5 Closing capacity
		1.3.6 Dead space and Fowler’s method
		1.3.7 Diffusion
		1.3.8 Dynamic compression of airways
		1.3.9 Fick principle and blood flow
		1.3.10 Forced expiration curves
		1.3.11 Functional residual capacity of the lungs
		1.3.12 Lung and chest wall compliance
		1.3.13 Lung pressure–volume loop
		1.3.14 Lung volumes and capacities
		1.3.15 Oxygen cascade
		1.3.16 Oxygen dissociation curve and Bohr effect
		1.3.17 Pulmonary vascular resistance
		1.3.18 Pulmonary vascular resistance and lung volumes
		1.3.19 Respiratory flow–volume loops
		1.3.20 Shunt
		1.3.21 Ventilation–perfusion ratio
		1.3.22 Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide
		1.3.23 Ventilatory response to oxygen
		1.3.24 West lung zones
		1.3.25 Work of breathing
	1.4 Neurology
		1.4.1 Action potential
		1.4.2 Cerebral blood flow and blood pressure
		1.4.3 Cerebral blood flow variation with ventilation
		1.4.4 Cerebrospinal fluid
		1.4.5 Electroencephalogram waveforms
		1.4.6 Gate control theory of pain
		1.4.7 Glasgow Coma Scale
		1.4.8 Intracranial pressure–volume relationship
		1.4.9 Intracranial pressure waveform
		1.4.10 Neuron
		1.4.11 Neurotransmitters – action
		1.4.12 Neurotransmitters – classification
		1.4.13 Reflex arc
		1.4.14 Synaptic transmission
		1.4.15 Types of nerve
		1.4.16 Visual pathway
	1.5 Renal
		1.5.1 Autoregulation of renal blood flow
		1.5.2 Clearance
		1.5.3 Glomerular filtration rate
		1.5.4 Loop of Henle
		1.5.5 Nephron
		1.5.6 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
	1.6 Gut
		1.6.1 Bile
		1.6.2 Mediators of gut motility
	1.7 Acid–base
		1.7.1 Acid–base disturbances
		1.7.2 Anion gap
		1.7.3 Buffer solution
		1.7.4 Dissociation constant and pKa
		1.7.5 Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
		1.7.6 Lactic acidosis
		1.7.7 pH
		1.7.8 Strong ion difference
	1.8 Metabolic
		1.8.1 Krebs cycle
		1.8.2 Liver lobule
		1.8.3 Nutrition and energy
		1.8.4 Vitamins – sources and function
		1.8.5 Vitamins – toxicity and deficiency
	1.9 Endocrine
		1.9.1 Adrenal gland
		1.9.2 Adrenergic receptor actions
		1.9.3 Catecholamine synthesis
		1.9.4 Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – anatomy
		1.9.5 Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – hormones
		1.9.6 Vitamin D synthesis
	1.10 Body fluids
		1.10.1 Body fluid composition
		1.10.2 Fluid compartments
		1.10.3 Intravenous fluid composition
	1.11 Haematology
		1.11.1 Blood groups
		1.11.2 Coagulation – cascade (classic) model
		1.11.3 Coagulation – cell-based model
		1.11.4 Complement cascade
		1.11.5 Haemoglobin
		1.11.6 Prostanoid synthesis
	1.12 Cellular
		1.12.1 Cell
		1.12.2 Cell membrane
		1.12.3 G-proteins
		1.12.4 Ion channels
		1.12.5 Sodium/potassium–ATPase pump
	1.13 Immunity
		1.13.1 Antibody
		1.13.2 Hypersensitivity
		1.13.3 Innate and adaptive immunity
	1.14 Muscle
		1.14.1 Actin–myosin cycle
		1.14.2 Golgi tendon organ
		1.14.3 Muscle spindle
		1.14.4 Muscle types
		1.14.5 Neuromuscular junction
		1.14.6 Sarcomere
		1.14.7 Skeletal muscle structure
	1.15 Pregnancy and paediatrics
		1.15.1 Fetal circulation
		1.15.2 Paediatric differences I
		1.15.3 Paediatric differences II
		1.15.4 Physiological changes in pregnancy I
		1.15.5 Physiological changes in pregnancy II
Section 2: Anatomy
	2.1 Functional anatomy
		2.1.1 Abdominal wall
		2.1.2 Antecubital fossa
		2.1.3 Autonomic nervous system
		2.1.4 Base of skull
		2.1.5 Brachial plexus
		2.1.6 Bronchial tree
		2.1.7 Cardiac vessels – cardiac veins
		2.1.8 Cardiac vessels – coronary arteries
		2.1.9 Circle of Willis
		2.1.10 Cranial nerves
		2.1.11 Cross-section of neck at C6
		2.1.12 Cross-section of spinal cord
		2.1.13 Dermatomes
		2.1.14 Diaphragm
		2.1.15 Epidural space
		2.1.16 Femoral triangle
		2.1.17 Intercostal space
		2.1.18 Internal jugular vein
		2.1.19 Laryngeal innervation
		2.1.20 Larynx
		2.1.21 Limb muscle innervation (myotomes)
		2.1.22 Lumbar plexus
		2.1.23 Nose
		2.1.24 Orbit
		2.1.25 Rib
		2.1.26 Sacral plexus
		2.1.27 Sacrum
		2.1.28 Spinal nerve
		2.1.29 Thoracic inlet and first rib
		2.1.30 Vertebra
	2.2 Anatomy for regional anaesthesia
		2.2.1 Axillary
		2.2.2 Femoral
		2.2.3 Interscalene
		2.2.4 Popliteal
		2.2.5 Sciatic
		2.2.6 Supraclavicular
Section 3: Pharmacodynamics and Kinetics
	3.1 Clearance
	3.2 Compartment model – one and two compartments
	3.3 Compartment model – three compartments
	3.4 Dose–response curves
	3.5 Elimination
	3.6 Elimination kinetics
	3.7 Half-lives and time constants
	3.8 Meyer–Overton hypothesis
	3.9 Target-controlled infusions
	3.10 Volume of distribution
	3.11 Wash-in curves for volatile agents
Section 4: Drugs
	4.1 Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists
	4.2 Anaesthetic agents – etomidate
	4.3 Anaesthetic agents – ketamine
	4.4 Anaesthetic agents – propofol
	4.5 Anaesthetic agents – thiopentone
	4.6 Anticoagulants
	4.7 Antiemetics
	4.8 Antiplatelets
	4.9 Benzodiazepines
	4.10 Blood products
	4.11 Direct-acting oral anticoagulants
	4.12 Intralipid
	4.13 Local anaesthetics – mode of action
	4.14 Local anaesthetics – properties
	4.15 Neuromuscular blockers – mode of action
	4.16 Neuromuscular blocking agents – depolarizing
	4.17 Neuromuscular blocking agents – non-depolarizing
	4.18 Opioids – mode of action
	4.19 Opioids – properties
	4.20 Paracetamol and NSAIDs
	4.21 Reversal agents
	4.22 Tranexamic acid
	4.23 Volatile anaesthetic agents – mode of action
	4.24 Volatile anaesthetic agents – physiological effects
	4.25 Volatile anaesthetic agents – properties
Section 5: Physics
	5.1 Avogadro’s law
	5.2 Beer–Lambert law
	5.3 Critical temperatures and pressure
	5.4 Diathermy
	5.5 Doppler effect
	5.6 Electrical safety
	5.7 Electricity
	5.8 Exponential function
	5.9 Fick’s law of diffusion
	5.10 Gas laws – Boyle’s law
	5.11 Gas laws – Charles’ law
	5.12 Gas laws – Gay-Lussac’s (Third Perfect) law
	5.13 Gas laws – ideal gas law and Dalton’s law
	5.14 Graham’s law
	5.15 Heat
	5.16 Henry’s law
	5.17 Humidity
	5.18 Laser
	5.19 Metric prefixes
	5.20 Power
	5.21 Pressure
	5.22 Raman effect
	5.23 Reflection and refraction
	5.24 SI units
	5.25 Triple point of water and phase diagram
	5.26 Types of flow
	5.27 Wave characteristics
	5.28 Wheatstone bridge
	5.29 Work
Section 6: Clinical Measurement
	6.1 Bourdon gauge
	6.2 Clark electrode
	6.3 Damping
	6.4 Depth of anaesthesia monitoring
	6.5 Fuel cell
	6.6 Monitoring of neuromuscular blockade
	6.7 Oximetry – paramagnetic analyser
	6.8 pH measuring system
	6.9 Pulse oximeter
	6.10 Severinghaus carbon dioxide electrode
	6.11 Temperature measurement
	6.12 Thermocouple and Seebeck effect
Section 7: Equipment
	7.1 Bag valve mask resuscitator
	7.2 Breathing circuits – circle system
	7.3 Breathing circuits – Mapleson’s classification
	7.4 Bronchoscope
	7.5 Cleaning and decontamination
	7.6 Continuous renal replacement therapy – extracorporeal circuit
	7.7 Continuous renal replacement therapy – modes
	7.8 Gas cylinders
	7.9 Glucometer
	7.10 Humidifier
	7.11 Intra-aortic balloon pump
	7.12 Laryngoscopes
	7.13 Oxygen delivery systems – Bernoulli principle and Venturi effect
	7.14 Piped gases
	7.15 Scavenging
	7.16 Ultrasound
	7.17 Vacuum-insulated evaporator
	7.18 Vaporizer
	7.19 Ventilation – pressure-controlled
	7.20 Ventilation – volume-controlled
	7.21 Viscoelastic tests of clotting
Section 8: Statistics
	8.1 Mean, median and mode
	8.2 Normal distribution
	8.3 Number needed to treat
	8.4 Odds ratio
	8.5 Predictive values
	8.6 Sensitivity and specificity
	8.7 Significance tests
	8.8 Statistical variability
	8.9 Type I and type II errors
Section 9: Clinical Prediction
	9.1 ASA classification
	9.2 Clinical frailty scale
	9.3 Cormack and Lehane classification
	9.4 Mallampati classification
	9.5 Scoring systems
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