Graphene Quantum Dots: The Emerging Luminescent Nanolights

Cover
Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials Series
Graphene Quantum Dots: The Emerging Luminescent Nanolights
Copyright
Preface
	Outline
	Usefulness of the Book to the Readers
	Important Features of the Book
Contents
About the Authors
1. History and Development of Carbon Materials
	1.1 Overview
	1.2 Introduction
	1.3 Evolution of Carbon
	1.4 Structure of Carbon Materials
		1.4.1 Structures of One-Dimension (1D) Carbon
		1.4.2 Structures of Two-Dimension (2D) Carbon
		1.4.3 Structure of Three-Dimension (3D) Carbon
		1.4.4 Crystal Structure of Graphite
	1.5 Fullerenes
	1.6 Diamond
	1.7 Structure of Activated Carbon
	1.8 Applications of Carbon-Based Materials
	References
2. Roadmap: From Carbon to Graphene Quantum Dots
	2.1 Achievements of Carbon-Based Materials
	2.2 Graphite
	2.3 Graphene
	2.4 Graphite Oxide (GO)
		2.4.1 Graphite Oxide to Graphene Oxide
		2.4.2 Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO)
	2.5 Graphene Oxide to Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
	2.6 Properties and Application of GO and rGO
	2.7 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
		2.7.1 Formation of GQDs
	References
3. Introduction to Graphene Quantum Dots
	3.1 Overview of Carbon and Its Related Materials
	3.2 Outline of Graphene
		3.2.1 Graphene Derivatives and Their Properties
	3.3 Fundamentals of Quantum Dots (QDs)
	3.4 Uniqueness of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
		3.4.1 Synthesis of GQDs
		3.4.2 Properties of GQDs
		3.4.3 Applications of GQDs
	References
4. Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Composites
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Synthesis of GQD Through Various Techniques
		4.2.1 Electrochemical Exfoliation Process
		4.2.2 Homemade Hydrothermal Process
		4.2.3 Pyrolysis Method
		4.2.4 Hydrothermal Method
		4.2.5 Exfoliation Method
		4.2.6 Oxidation Method
		4.2.7 Green Synthesis Method
		4.2.8 Electrochemical Approach for GQD Synthesis
		4.2.9 Microwave Technique
		4.2.10 Ball-Milling Technique
	4.3 Preparation of GQD Composites
	References
5. Biomass-Based Graphene Quantum Dots
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Preparation of GQDs
	5.3 Preparation of GQDs from Biomass Waste
	5.4 Importance and Uses of Biomass Energy Resources
	5.5 Significance of Biomass-Based GQD Synthesis
	5.6 Formation of GQDs from Different Biomass Wastes
	References
6. Characterization Techniques for Graphene Quantum Dots
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
	6.3 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
	6.4 UV–Visible Spectroscopy
	6.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
	6.6 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
	6.7 Raman Spectroscopy
	6.8 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
	6.9 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
	6.10 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Spectroscopy
	6.11 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS)
	References
7. Photophysics of Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Composites
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Challenges
	7.3 Formation Mechanism of GQDs
	7.4 HRTEM Analysis of GQDs
	7.5 Optical Properties of GQDs
	7.6 Preparation of Zn-Graphene Nanostructures
	7.7 Electron Microscopy Analysis
	7.8 Crystal Twins in the Composite-Type Graphene Sheets
	7.9 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
	7.10 Structural Analysis by XPS and XRD
	7.11 Optical Properties of GQDs and GQD Solid Sheets
	7.12 Filtration Process
	7.13 Morphology and Optical Properties of Filtered Samples
	7.14 pH-Dependent Photoluminescence (PL) Measurements
	References
8. Physicochemical Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Size and Structural Effects of GQDs
	8.3 Oxidation Process
	8.4 Heteroatom Doping
	8.5 Electronic Properties
	8.6 Optical Properties (Absorption and Photoluminescence)
	8.7 Optoelectronic Properties
	8.8 Magnetic Properties
	8.9 Electrochemical Luminescence (ECL) Properties
	8.10 Thermal Properties
	8.11 Electrochemical Properties
	References
9. Modeling and Simulation of Graphene Quantum Dots
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Analysis of Enhancement of GQDs Properties Using DFT
	9.3 DFT Calculation of GQDs upon Surface Functionalization
	9.4 Simulation and Modeling of GQDs for Biological Claims
	References
10. Graphene Quantum Dots in Nanoelectronics Application
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Functioning of GQD-Based Nanoelectronic Devices
	References
11. Influence of Graphene Quantum Dots as Nano- and Bionano-Sensors
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Role of GQD in Nanosensors
	11.3 Contribution of GQD in Bionanosensors
	References
12. Graphene Quantum Dots in Energy Sectors
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Supercapacitors Based on GQDs
	12.3 Photovoltaic Cells Based on GQDs
	12.4 Hydrogen Production and Storage Based on GQDs
	12.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells Based on GQDs
	References
13. Impact of Graphene Quantum Dots as Catalyst
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Electrocatalysis Applications of GQDs
	13.3 Photocatalysis Applications of GQDs
	13.4 GQDs as a Catalyst for Various Synthesis
	References
14. Industrial Application of Graphene Quantum Dots
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Market Strategy of GQDs (2023–2028)
	14.3 Various Industrial Applications of GQDs
	References
15. Tailor-Made Graphene Quantum Dots for Textile Applications
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Flexible Fabrications Using GQDs
	References
16. Healthcare and Biological Application of Graphene Quantum Dots
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Detection of Cancer Cells
	16.3 Bioimaging and Antibacterial Efficacy
	16.4 GQD-Based HIV Inhibitors and Gene Delivery Platforms
	16.5 Wound Healing Applications
	References
17. Application of Graphene Quantum Dots in the Environmental Field
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Photocatalytic Application
	17.3 Heterojunction Photocatalytic Oxidation and Reduction System
	17.4 Heterogeneous Photocatalytic System
	17.5 Z-Scheme Photocatalytic System
	References
18. Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Graphene Quantum Dots
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Biocompatibility
		18.1.2 Toxicity
	18.2 Mitigation Strategies
		18.2.1 Application of GQDs as an Inhibitor
	References
19. Future Research on Graphene Quantum Dots
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Futuristic Perspectives of GQDs-Based Materials
	References