Gradual Creolization: Studies celebrating Jacques Arends (Creole Language Library)

Gradual Creolization......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
LCC data......Page 5
Picture of Jacques Arends......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 8
Maps......Page 10
1. Introduction......Page 14
1.1 This volume......Page 16
2. Contents......Page 17
3. Dialogues and points of view......Page 18
4. Theory and the gradual approach: Concluding remarks......Page 22
References......Page 23
1. Introduction......Page 24
2.1 The debate prior to Jacques Arends' work......Page 25
3.1 A model of gradual creolization......Page 28
3.2 Research methodology......Page 29
3.3 Theoretical implications......Page 31
References......Page 32
Linguistic analysis......Page 36
1. Bimorphemic interrogatives......Page 38
2. Other bimorphemic structures......Page 46
3. The concept of gradual creolization......Page 53
4. Summary and conclusions......Page 61
References......Page 62
1. Introduction......Page 66
2. Gradualist vs. abrupt creolization and Emergent Grammar......Page 68
3. Data Collection and results......Page 72
3.1 Coordinative sö nãw......Page 73
3.2 Locative dö......Page 77
4. Concluding remarks......Page 82
References......Page 83
Appendix......Page 84
1. Introduction......Page 88
2. The position of Ecuadorian Quechua in the Quechua language family......Page 90
3.1 The spread of Quechua to Ecuador......Page 93
3.2 Creolization or radical koineization?......Page 95
4.1 Anonymous manuscript of Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz......Page 96
4.2 Luis Francisco Romero......Page 99
4.3 Nieto Polo......Page 102
4.4 Velasco......Page 104
4.5 Cordero......Page 105
5. Conclusion......Page 107
References......Page 109
List of abbreviations in glosses......Page 111
1. Introduction......Page 112
2. Availability of the double-object construction......Page 113
3. The range of double-object verbs in Haitian and West African source languages......Page 116
3. Lexical diffusion......Page 118
4. The gradual creolisation issue......Page 120
References......Page 121
Change in the possessive system of French Caribbean Creole Languages*......Page 124
1. Towards a definition of the creole languages......Page 125
2. The example of the possessive......Page 128
3. Conclusion......Page 137
References......Page 138
The origin and development of possibility in the creoles of Suriname*......Page 140
1. Introduction......Page 141
2.1 Dynamic possibility in the creoles of Suriname......Page 142
2.2 Root possibility in the creoles of Suriname......Page 144
2.3 Deontic possibility in the creoles of Suriname......Page 145
2.4 Epistemic possibility in the creoles of Suriname......Page 146
2.5 Summary of the findings......Page 148
3.1 Possibility in the early Sranan Tongo texts......Page 149
3.2 Possibility in the early Saamaka documents......Page 151
4. Dutch influence on possibility in Sranan......Page 152
5. Sa in the early texts......Page 153
6. Dutch influence on sa in Sranan......Page 157
7.1 Gbe influence on sa......Page 159
7.2 Gbe influence on other aspects of possibility.......Page 161
8. Conclusion......Page 162
References......Page 163
1. Preamble......Page 166
2. Introduction......Page 167
3. Method......Page 168
4. The Portuguese and English corpora......Page 170
5. The etymological sources of the verbs......Page 171
6. The least frequent Portuguese verbs......Page 172
7. The most frequent verbs.......Page 174
8. Doublets......Page 177
9. The origin of the Portuguese elements......Page 178
10. Conclusions......Page 179
References......Page 181
1. Introduction......Page 184
2. Bantu lexical influence on Suriname creoles......Page 186
3.1 Gbe......Page 191
3.2 Akan......Page 192
4.1 Gur......Page 193
4.2 Delto-Benuic......Page 194
4.3 Upper Guinea......Page 195
5. Conclusion......Page 196
References......Page 197
1. Introduction......Page 200
2.1 Default leftward high tone spread rules......Page 202
2.2 Rightward high tone spread on non-universal quantifiers......Page 205
3. Serial verb constructions in Saramaccan and its primary substrate language Fongbe......Page 206
3.1 Rightward H spread in serial verb constructions in Saramaccan......Page 207
3.2 Rightward high tone spread in serial verb constructions in Fongbe......Page 211
4.1 Non-universal quantifiers in Saramaccan......Page 212
4.2 Non-universal quantifers in serial verb constructions in Saramaccan......Page 213
4.2.1 Non-universal quantifiers and SVCs with determiners of nationality......Page 214
4.3 Non-universal quantifiers in Kikongo......Page 215
4.4 Universal quantifiers in serial verb constructions in Saramaccan......Page 216
4.5 Universal quantifiers in Kikongo......Page 217
5. Transfer of serial verb constructions and quantifiers......Page 218
5.1 Default head-leftward H spread rule......Page 219
5.2 Rightward H spread on serial verb constructions......Page 220
5.3 Blocking of rightward H spread rules on SVCs by quantifiers......Page 222
6. Conclusion......Page 226
References......Page 227
1. Introduction......Page 230
2. CDP and modern Khoekhoe Afrikaans......Page 231
3. Baron van Reede's complaint: "Haer uijtspraek valt swaer"......Page 233
4.2 A first set of data......Page 235
4.3 Further sets of data......Page 238
4.4 An addendum from Nienaber (1963)......Page 241
5. What can be found in the usual pidgin data?......Page 242
6. A paragogic schwa?......Page 246
7. Continuity and a comparison with Khoekhoe Afrikaans......Page 248
8. Concluding remarks......Page 249
A Literature......Page 250
B Sources......Page 251
Sociohistorical reconstruction......Page 254
1. Introduction......Page 256
2. The nature and extent of multilingualism in Solomon Islands and Honiara......Page 257
3. Creolization as social change......Page 261
4. Analysis......Page 263
5. Conclusion......Page 265
References......Page 266
1. Introduction......Page 268
3. The nature of Afro-Portuguese contact on the Gold Coast......Page 270
4. Early restructured Portuguese in West Africa......Page 273
5. Evidence from early travel accounts: the Lingua Franca connection?......Page 274
6. Creolized LF/Pidgin Portuguese in Mulatto communities?......Page 279
7. The use of restructured Portuguese after the period of Portuguese dominance......Page 280
8. Gradual structural elaboration in trade Pidgins?......Page 284
9. Conclusion......Page 286
References......Page 287
1. Introduction......Page 290
2.1 Cape Verde......Page 291
2.2 Guinea-Bissau......Page 294
3.1 São Tomé......Page 295
3.3 Annobon......Page 298
3.4 Angolar......Page 299
4.1 India......Page 300
4.2 Sri Lanka......Page 302
4.4 Java......Page 303
4.5 Macao......Page 304
5. Conclusions......Page 305
References......Page 308
Texts and Descriptions (pre-1900)......Page 311
References for Appendix......Page 313
1. Introduction......Page 316
1.1 Gradual and abrupt creolization......Page 317
1.2 Demographic and (other) sociohistorical data......Page 318
1.3 Linguistic evidence and sociohistorical evidence......Page 319
1.4 Creole, creolization – what do we mean by these terms?......Page 320
1.5 Creolization as imperfect L2-learning?......Page 321
1.6 Linguistic motivations......Page 322
2. English as a slave language in Surinam......Page 323
3.1 Dju-Tongo......Page 327
3.2 Saramaccan – what does demography tell us?......Page 329
4. The Very Rapid Creolization Hypothesis......Page 330
4.1 The Restricted Motivation Hypothesis......Page 331
4.3 Idiolect levelling......Page 332
5. Conclusion......Page 334
References......Page 335
1. Introduction......Page 338
2.1 Background......Page 339
2.2 Population size and development......Page 341
3.1 The trans-Atlantic slave trade......Page 344
3.2 The intra-Caribbean transshipment trade......Page 345
3.3 Intra-Caribbean migration as a source of slaves......Page 347
3.4 Plunder as a source of slaves......Page 348
3.5 Constructing the big picture, 1655–1675......Page 349
3.6 Constructing the big picture, 1676–1700......Page 351
4.1 The context of creolization......Page 353
4.2 Against gradualism......Page 355
References......Page 357
1. Introduction......Page 360
2. The Founder Principle......Page 362
2.1 Diachronic Distribution and Prestige......Page 363
2.2 Social Ecologies and the Interaction Factor......Page 365
3. A Diversity of Founders......Page 366
3.1 Europeans in the Seventeenth Century......Page 367
3.2 Africans in the Seventeenth Century......Page 372
4. Sociohistorical Extrapolation......Page 377
References......Page 380
1. Introduction......Page 384
2. Early social history of French Guiana......Page 385
3. Early censuses in French Guiana......Page 386
4. Life on a sugar plantation......Page 388
5. The children of French Guiana......Page 391
6. African languages and the slave population......Page 393
7. Conclusion......Page 395
References......Page 397
Index......Page 400
The series Creole Language Library......Page 404