Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
PART 1 READING AND DISCOVERING ARGUMENTS
	1 Making an Effective Argument
		What Exactly Is an Argument?
		Writing Arguments in College
		What Does Inquiry Have to Do with Argument?
		Finding Good Reasons
			How can you argue responsibly?
			How can you argue respectfully?
		Arguments as Turns in a Conversation
		A Case Study: The Microcredit Debate
		Build Your Credibility
	2 Reading Arguments
		Explore Controversies
			Find controversies
		Read Critically
			Before you begin reading, ask these questions:
			Read the argument once without making notes to gain a sense of the content
		Finding Good Reasons
			Read the argument a second and third time, asking more questions and making notes
			Annotate what you read
			Map a controversy
		Recognize Fallacies
			Fallacies of logic
		It’s on the Internet
			Fallacies of emotion and lan-guage
			Note fallacies while you read
		Map and Summarize Arguments
			Draw a map
			Write a summary
	3 Finding Arguments
		Find Arguments in Everyday Conversations
			Distinguish arguments from other kinds of persuasion
		The Basics of Arguments
		Find a Topic
			Read your assignment carefully
		What Is Not Arguable
		Finding Good Reasons
			Think about what interests you
			List and analyze issues
			Narrow your list
		Explore Your Topic
		Read About Your Topic
			The skeptic: Disagreeing with a source
			The contributor: Agreeing with a source with an additional point
			The analyst: Agreeing and disagreeing simultaneously with a source
		Use Inquiry to Find Good Reasons
			Can you argue by definition?
			Can you argue from value?
			Can you argue from consequence?
			Can you counter objections to your position?
		Find Evidence to Support Good Reasons
	4 Drafting Arguments
		Think About Your Purpose
		State and Evaluate Your Thesis
			Focus your thesis
			Evaluate your thesis
		Think About Your Readers
			Understand what your readers know—and do not know
		Finding Good Reasons
			Understand your readers’ attitudes toward you
			Understand your readers’ attitudes toward your subject
		Organize Your Argument
		Write an Engaging Title and Introduction
		Write a Strong Conclusion
	5 Revising and Editing Arguments
		Evaluate Your Draft
		Checklist for Evaluating Your Draft
		Respond to the Writing of Others
			First reading
		Finding Good Reasons
			Second reading
			Third reading
		Revise Your Draft
		Edit and Proofread Carefully
			Edit for style
			Proofread carefully
PART 2 ANALYZING ARGUMENTS
	6 Analyzing Written Arguments
		What Is Rhetorical Analysis?
			Build a rhetorical analysis
		Analyze the Rhetorical Features: Textual Analysis
		Barbara Jordan, Statement on the Articles of Impeachment
			Jordan’s purpose and argument
			Logos
			Pathos
			Ethos
			Jordan’s arrangement
			Jordan’s style
		Analyze the Rhetorical Context
			Communication as conversation
			Jordan’s life and works
			The context of the speech
			The larger conversation
		Write a Rhetorical Analysis
		STEPS TO WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
		Sample Student Rhetorical Analysis
		T. Jonathan Jackson, An Argument of Reason and Passion: Barbara Jordan’s “Statement on the Articles of Impeachment”
		Projects
	7 Analyzing Visual and Multimedia Arguments
		What Is a Visual Argument?
			Can there be an argument without words?
			Visuals contain implicit arguments
			What is a multimedia argument?
		Analyze Visuals Used as Evidence
			Evaluate photographs and videos as evidence
			Visual fallacies
		Ask these questions when you are analyzing charts and graphs
			Evaluate informational graphics
		Build a Visual Analysis
			Analyze context
			Analyze visual and textual elements
			Reach an interpretation
		Write a Visual Analysis
		Sample Student Visual Analysis
		Chris Gonzalez, Russell Lee’s Pie Town Photographs
		Projects
PART 3 WRITING ARGUMENTS
	8 Definition Arguments
		Understand How Definition Arguments Work
		Recognize Kinds of Definitions
			Formal definitions
			Operational definitions
			Definitions from example
		Build a Definition Argument
		King’s Extended Definition Argument
		STEPS TO WRITING A DEFINITION ARGUMENT
		Michael Pollan, Eat Food: Food Defined
		Sample Student Definition Argument
		Patrice Conley, Flagrant Foul: The NCAA’s Definition of Student Athletes as Amateurs
		Projects
	9 Causal Arguments
		Understand How Causal Arguments Work
			Why causal arguments?
			Three forms for causal argument claims
		Find Causes
		Build a Causal Argument
		STEPS TO WRITING A CAUSAL ARGUMENT
		Emily Raine, Why Should I Be Nice to You? Coffee Shops and the Politics of Good Service
		Sample Student Causal Argument
		Armadi Tansal, Modern Warfare: Video Games’ Link to Real-World Violence
		Projects
	10 Evaluation Arguments
		Understand How Evaluation Arguments Work
		Recognize Kinds of Evaluations
		Build an Evaluation Argument
		STEPS TO WRITING AN EVALUATION ARGUMENT
		Meghan O’Rourke, The Copycat Syndrome
		Sample Student Evaluation Argument
		Jenna Picchi, Organic Foods Should Come Clean
		Projects
	11 Narrative Arguments
		Understand How Narrative Arguments Work
		Recognize Kinds of Narrative Arguments
		Build a Narrative Argument
		STEPS TO WRITING A NARRATIVE ARGUMENT
		Jennifer de Leon, Wise Latinas
		Projects
	12 Rebuttal Arguments
		Understand How Rebuttal Arguments Work
		Recognize Kinds of Rebuttal Arguments
			Refutation
			Counterargument
		Build a Rebuttal Argument
		STEPS TO WRITING A REBUTTAL ARGUMENT
		Jeffrey Friedman, The Real Cause of Obesity
		Sample Student Rebuttal Argument
		Marta Ramos, Oversimplifying the Locavore Ethic
		Projects
	13 Proposal Arguments
		Understand How Proposal Arguments Work
		Recognize Components of Proposal Arguments
		Build a Proposal Argument
		STEPS TO WRITING A PROPOSAL ARGUMENT
		Scott LaBand, The American Dream Remains within Reach—in Switzerland
		Sample Student Proposal Argument
		Kim Lee, Let’s Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All
		Projects
PART 4 DESIGNING AND PRESENTING ARGUMENTS
	14 Designing Multimedia Arguments
		Know When to Use Visual Evidence
			Think about what an image or graphic communicates
		Think About the Argument an Image Makes
			Think about the argument a chart or graph makes
			Think about the argument a video makes
		Know When to Use Audio Evidence
			Think about what sound communicates
			Think about the argument an audio interview makes
			Think about the argument that sounds make
		Think About Your Good Reasons and the Best Media for Delivering Them
		Design Multimedia Arguments
			Creating multimedia projects
		Design Arguments for Print
	15 Presenting Arguments
		Plan a Presentation
			Start with your goals in mind
			It’s all about your audience
			Get organized
			Build content
		Design Visuals for a Presentation
			Keep it simple
			Use audio and video clips strategically
		Deliver an Effective Presentation
			It’s all about you
			Prepare in advance
			Be professional
		Convert a Written Text into a Presentation
PART 5 RESEARCHING ARGUMENTS
	16 Planning Research
		Analyze the Research Task
			Look for keywords
			Identify your potential readers
			Assess the project’s length, scope, and requirements
			Set a schedule
		Find a Subject
		Ask a Research Question
		Gather Information About the Subject
			Conducting field research
		Draft a Working Thesis
	17 Finding Sources
		Develop Strategies for Finding Sources
			Determine where to start looking
			Learn the art of effective keyword searches
		Find Sources in Databases
			Locate databases
			Use databases
			Common Databases
		Find Sources on the Web
			Use search engines wisely
			Find online government sources
			Find online reference sources
			Search interactive media
		Know the limitations of Wikipedia
		Find Multimedia Sources
			Find images
			Find videos
			Find podcasts
			Find charts, graphs, and maps
			Respect copyright
		Find Print Sources
			Find books
			Find journal articles
	18 Evaluating and Recording Sources
		Read Sources Critically
		Determine the Relevance of Sources
		Determine the Quality of Sources
			Distinguish individual and anonymous sources from edited sources
			Distinguish popular sources from scholarly sources
			Distinguish primary sources from secondary sources
			Evaluate the quality of visual sources
		Evaluate Database and Print Sources
		Checklist for evaluating database and print sources
		Evaluate Online Sources
			Pay attention to domain names
			Be alert for biased web sites
		Checklist for evaluating online sources
		Keep Track of Sources
			Locate elements of a citation in database sources
			Locate elements of a citation in online sources
			Locate elements of a citation in print sources
	19 Writing the Research Project
		Review Your Goals and Plan Your Organization
			Review your assignment and thesis
			Determine your contribution
			Determine your main points
		Understand Plagiarism
			Deliberate plagiarism
			Patch plagiarism
			What you are not required to acknowledge
			What you are required to acknowledge
		Plagiarism in college writing
		Avoid Plagiarism When Taking Notes
		Avoid Plagiarism When Quoting Sources
			Quoting directly
			Attributing every quotation
			Quoting words that are quoted in your source
		Avoid Plagiarism When Summarizing and Paraphrasing
			Summarizing
			Paraphrasing
		Choose and Integrate Quotations
			Decide when to quote and when to paraphrase
			Use quotations effectively
			Use signal phrases
			Introduce block quotations
			Double-check quotations
		Write a Draft
			Write a specific title
			Write an engaging introduction
			Write a strong conclusion
			Review and Revise
	20 Documenting Sources in MLA Style
		Elements of MLA Documentation
			Citing a source in your paper
			Citing an entire work, a Web site, or other digital source
			Creating an MLA-style works-cited list
		MLA In-Text Citations
		MLA Works-Cited List: Books
			One author
			Multiple authors
			Anonymous and group authors
			E-books and reprints
			Parts of books
			Editions and translations
			Multivolume works
		MLA Works-Cited List: Periodicals
			Scholarly journal articles
			Magazine articles
			Newspapers
			Reviews, editorials, letters to the editor
		MLA Works-Cited List: Online-Only Sources
			Web publications
		MLA Works-Cited List: Other Sources
		Sample MLA Paper
		Brian Witkowski, Need a Cure for Tribe Fever? How about a Dip in the Lake?
	21 Documenting Sources in APA Style
		Elements of APA Documentation
			Citing a source in your paper
			Creating an APA-style references list
		APA In-Text Citations
		APA References List: Books
		APA References List: Periodicals
		APA References List: Library Database Sources
		APA References List: Online Sources
		APA References List: Other Sources
PART 6 CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTS
	22 Sustainability
		Environmentalism and Sustainability
		Contemporary Arguments
		Wendell E. Berry, “It All Turns on Affection”: 2012 Jefferson Lecture
		Jared Diamond, Will Big Business Save the Earth?
		How “Green” Is Your T-Shirt
		John Tierney, The Reign of Recycling
		Meera Subramanian, The Burning Garbage Heap That Choked Mumbai
		Issue in Focus: Sustainability on Campus
			William H. Mansfield III, Taking the University to Task
			National Association of Scholars, Fixing Sustainability and Sustaining Liberal Education
			Kyle Taylor, Energy Confessions of an Undergrad
			Bill McKibben, Turning Colleges’ Partners into Pariahs
			George Will, Sustainability Gone Mad on College Campuses
		Projects: From Reading to Writing
	23 City Life
		City Spaces and Public Life
		Contemporary Arguments
		Maria Konnikova, Want to be Happier and Live Longer? Protect Green Spaces
		Jeff Speck, The Walkability Dividend
		Danya Sherman, What Urban Planners Can Learn From Skaters and Itinerant Marching Bands
		Thomas Kiessling, The Rise of Smarter Cities
		Elizabeth Royte, Urban Farming is Booming, But What Does It Really Yield?
		Issue in Focus: Designing Cities for Diverse Peoples and Experiences
			Clare Foran, How to Design a City for Women
			Ray Mark Rinaldi, Did Diversity Miss the Train in Union Station’s Architecture?
			Dean Saitta, Is America’s Civic Architecture Inherently Racist?
			Blaine Merker, Why Designers Should Care About the Mechanics of Mixing
			David Bamford, How Hosting the Paralympics Can Make Cities More Accessible
		Projects: From Reading to Writing
	24 Education
		Education in American Society
		Contemporary Arguments
		Andrew Delbanco, College at Risk
		Anthony P. Carnevale, College Is Still Worth It
		Richard Vedder, For Many, College Isn’t Worth It
		Tasneem Raja, We Can Code It: Why Computer Literacy Is Key to Winning the 21st Century
		Adam Frank, What Is the Value of an Education in the Humanities?
		Issue in Focus: How Do We Learn?
			Emily Hanford, Don’t Lecture Me: Rethinking the Way College Students Are Taught
			Paul Corrigan, To Lecture or Not to Lecture?
			Molly Werthen, Lecture Me. Really.
			Annie Murphy Paul, Are College Lectures Unfair?
		Projects: From Reading to Writing
	25 Science and Ethics
		The Ethics of Science and Technology
		Contemporary Arguments
		Jay Lehr, Mike Gemmell, and Joseph Bast, An Open Letter to the Oil and Gas Industry: The Ethical Case for Fracking
		Barbara Hurd, Fracking: A Fable
		Bill Gates, A Robot in Every Home
		Sally Satel, Organs for Sale
		Michael Sandel, It Is Time to Restore the Distinction between Good and Gold
		Carl Zimmer, Bringing Them Back to Life
		Issue in Focus: Ethics and Food Safety
			Pamela Ronald, The Truth about GMOs
			Ken Roseboro Interviews Thierry Vrain, Interview: A Former Genetic Engineer Now Speaks Out against GMO Risks
			James Freeman, You’re Eating Genetically Modified Food
			Steven Savage, Why I Don’t Buy Organic
		Projects: From Reading to Writing
	26 Regulating Substances, Regulating Bodies
		Private Bodies, Public Controls
		Contemporary Arguments
		Stuart Gitlow, Marijuana Legalization Is a Risk Not Worth Taking
		Ted Kyle, Call Obesity What It Is: A Disease
		Peggy Howell, How I Went from Fat and Healthy to Diseased—Overnight
		David Edelstein, Up in Smoke: Give Movies with Tobacco an Automatic “R”
		David Sweanor, Disruptive Technology: A Blessing and a Curse
		Dan Rockmore, The Case for Banning Laptops in the Classroom
		Rebecca Schuman, In Defense of Laptops in the College Classroom
		Issue in Focus: Drinking on College Campuses
			Beth McMurtrie, Why Colleges Haven’t Stopped Students from Binge Drinking
			Toben F. Nelson, Traci L. Toomey, and Co-Authors, The Drinking Age of 21 Saves Lives
			R. J. Lehman, Lowering the Drinking Age Will Have Bad Effects; We Should Do It Anyway
		Projects: From Reading to Writing
	27 Brave New Gadgets
		New Technologies vs. Personal Privacy
		Contemporary Arguments
		Erwin Chemerinsky, Is It Time to Go High-Tech on the Fourth Amendment?
		Hanna Rosin, Why Kids Sext
		Anna Bernasek and D. T. Morgan, Google’s Privacy Whitewash
		John Sanbonmatsu, The Drone Invasion
		Roger Berkowitz, What Is a Drone?
		Malcolm Gladwell, Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted
		Issue in Focus: Is There a Downside to the Internet?
			Clay Shirky, Does the Internet Make You Smarter?
			John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace
			Nicholas Carr, Does the Internet Make You Dumber?
			Neil Richards, The Perils of Social Reading
		Projects: From Reading to Writing
Glossary
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Credits
Index
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