Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications

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Front Matter


Contributors
Contents
Chapter 1 - Plasmonic noble metal (Ag and Au) nanoparticles: From basics to colorimetric sensing applications
	1.1 Plasmonics: A basic background
		1.1.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) versus localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
		1.1.2 Dielectric functions of metals: Drude model
		1.1.3 Extinction and scattering cross-sections of plasmonic NPs
			1.1.3.1 Mie theory for spherical NPs
			1.1.3.2 Generalized Mie theory for spheroidal NPs (Gans theory)
		1.1.4 Experimental factors controlling LSPR
			1.1.4.1 Effect of the surrounding medium
			1.1.4.2 Effect of crystal composition
			1.1.4.3 Effect of crystal size
			1.1.4.4 Effect of crystal shape
			1.1.4.5 Effect of structural configuration
			1.1.4.6 Effect of interparticle coupling
	1.2 Surface functionalization of Au and Ag NPs
		1.2.1 Noncovalent interactions
		1.2.2 Covalent interactions
			1.2.2.1 Determination of NP core/surface ligand stoichiometries
		1.2.3 Polymer-functionalized nanoparticles
		1.2.4 Silica-coated metal nanoparticles
	1.3 Design principles of nanoplasmonic colorimetric assays
		1.3.1 Interparticle plasmon coupling colorimetric assays
			1.3.1.1 Aggregation
			1.3.1.2 Antiaggregation
		1.3.2 Morphology/size-dependent colorimetric assays
			1.3.2.1 Noble metal nanoparticle etch-based colorimetric sensors
			1.3.2.2 Noble metal nanoparticle growth-based colorimetric sensors
			1.3.2.3 In situ formation of NPs/seed-free colorimetric assay
			1.3.2.4 Metallization of NPs/seed-mediated colorimetric assay
		1.3.3 Ambient refractive index variations
	1.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2 - Gold and silver nanoparticles: Properties and toxicity
	2.1 Gold and silver nanoparticle properties
		2.1.1 Gold and silver nanoparticle size
		2.1.2 Gold and silver nanoparticle classification
		2.1.3 Magnetic properties of gold nanoparticles
		2.1.4 Optical properties of gold nanoparticles
		2.1.5 Melting temperature of gold and silver nanoparticles
	2.2 Release of silver nanoparticles from consumer products
	2.3 Toxicity of silver and gold nanoparticles
		2.3.1 Biodistribution of gold and silver nanoparticles
		2.3.2 Cellular uptake of silver and gold nanoparticles
		2.3.3 Gold nanoparticles toxicity
		2.3.4 Silver nanoparticle toxicity
		2.3.5 Comparative toxicity of Ag nanoparticles
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 - Implementation of gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and bioengineering
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Synthesis of nanoparticles of gold and silver
	3.3 Noble metal NPs as sensing platform
		3.3.1 Cation sensing
		3.3.2 Anion sensing
		3.3.3 Biosensing
	3.4 Conclusion and future trends
	References
Chapter 4 - Glucose biosensing with gold and silver nanoparticles for real-time applications
	4.1 Introduction to glucose sensing
		4.1.1 Importance of glucose sensing
	4.2 Fundamentals and working of biosensor
		4.2.1 Transducers
		4.2.2 Parameters of a biosensor
	4.3 Electrochemical glucose sensors
		4.3.1 Third generation glucose sensor
		4.3.2 Nonenzymatic glucose sensor
	4.4 Colorimetric glucose sensors
	4.5 The role of gold and silver nanoparticles in real-time application
		4.5.1 Recent advancements on Au- and Ag-based electrochemical glucose sensors
		4.5.2 Recent advancements on Au- and Ag-based colorimetric glucose sensors
	4.6 Conclusion and scope
	References
Chapter 5 - Atomically precise gold and silver nanoclusters: Synthesis and applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Synthesis of Au and Ag NCs
		5.2.1 “From atoms to nanoclusters” or bottom-up approach
		5.2.2 “Nanoparticles to nanoclusters” by a top-down approach
		5.2.3 Postfunctionalization of nanoclusters
	5.3 Characterization of Au and Ag NCs
	5.4 Applications of Au and Ag NCs
		5.4.1 Detection of metal ions and anions
		5.4.2 Detection of small molecules
		5.4.3 Detection of enzymatic activity
		5.4.4 Detection of pesticides and explosives
	5.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Chapter 6 - Array-based sensing using gold and silver nanoparticles
	6.1 Array sensing
		6.1.1 Design
		6.1.2 Signal readout
		6.1.3 Signal analysis
			6.1.3.1 Data visualization
				6.1.3.1.1 Bar Plots
				6.1.3.1.2 Heat maps
				6.1.3.1.3 Cluster heat maps
				6.1.3.1.4 Radar plots
				6.1.3.1.5 Color difference maps
			6.1.3.2 Pattern recognition methods
		6.1.4 Application area
	6.2 Colorimetric array sensing
		6.2.1 Gold nanoparticles
		6.2.2 Silver nanoparticles
		6.2.3 Combination of gold and silver nanoparticles
		6.2.4 Core-shell nanoparticles
	6.3 Luminescent array sensing
		6.3.1 Fluorescence array sensing
		6.3.2 Chemiluminescence array sensing
	6.4 Multichannel array sensing
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 - Synthesis, characterization, and applications of Ag and Au nanoparticles in obtaining electrochemical bio/sensors
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Synthetic approaches for nanoparticles
		7.2.1 Bottom-up or chemical methods
		7.2.2 Top-down or physical methods
		7.2.3 Biogenic synthesis
			7.2.3.1 Plants
			7.2.3.2 Algae (phycosynthesis)
			7.2.3.3 Bacteria
			7.2.3.4 Fungi
	7.3 Characterization techniques
		7.3.1 SEM-EDS
		7.3.2 TEM
		7.3.3 XRD
		7.3.4 UV-Vis spectroscopy
	7.4 Electrochemical bio/sensing applications
		7.4.1 Sensors
		7.4.2 Biosensors
	7.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Chapter 8 - Silver and gold nanoparticles: Potential cancer theranostic applications, recent development, challenges, and  ...
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Historical and medicinal background of silver and gold compounds
	8.2 Nanoparticles and its various synthetic approaches of silver and gold nanoparticles (brief overview)
		8.2.1 Physical method
		8.2.2 Chemical method
		8.2.3 Biological method
	8.3 Background of cancers
		8.3.1 Global statistics and market for cancer
		8.3.2 Various treatment strategies for cancers and their limitations
	8.4 Role of metal nanoparticles in cancer therapy
	8.5 Therapeutic applications of silver and gold nanoparticles for cancer theranostics (detailed discussion)
		8.5.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
			8.5.1.1 Biosynthesized AgNPs
			8.5.1.2 Polymeric AgNPs
			8.5.1.3 Silver nanocomplexes
			8.5.1.4 Chemically synthesized AgNPs
		8.5.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			8.5.2.1 Biosynthesized AuNPs
	8.6 Other applications of gold and silver nanoparticles
		8.6.1 Biomedical applications
			8.6.1.1 Antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral)
				8.6.1.1.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
					8.6.1.1.1.1 Biosynthesized AgNPs
					8.6.1.1.1.2 Polymeric AgNPs
				8.6.1.1.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
					8.6.1.1.2.1 Biosynthesized AuNPs
					8.6.1.1.2.2 Chemically synthesized AuNPs
			8.6.1.2 Drug and gene delivery
				8.6.1.2.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.1.2.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
					8.6.1.2.2.1 Biosynthesized AuNPs
					8.6.1.2.2.2 AuNPs with polymer
			8.6.1.3 Wound healing
				8.6.1.3.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
					8.6.1.3.1.1 Polymeric AgNPs
					8.6.1.3.1.2 Silver nanocomplexes
				8.6.1.3.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
					8.6.1.3.2.1 Polymeric AuNPs
					8.6.1.3.2.2 Biosynthesized AuNPs
			8.6.1.4 Biosensor and bioimaging
				8.6.1.4.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.1.4.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
		8.6.2 Other industrial applications
			8.6.2.1 Electronics
				8.6.2.1.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.2.1.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			8.6.2.2 Catalysis
				8.6.2.2.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.2.2.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			8.6.2.3 Environmental (wastewater treatment/water disinfection etc.)
				8.6.2.3.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.2.3.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			8.6.2.4 Textile industry
				8.6.2.4.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.2.4.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			8.6.2.5 Agriculture and food
				8.6.2.5.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
				8.6.2.5.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
	8.7 Toxicological issues of silver and gold nanoparticles
	8.8 Challenges and future perspectives
	8.9 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 9 - Recent progress in gold and silver nanoparticle mediated drug delivery to breast cancers
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Pathological whereabouts of breast cancer
	9.3 Fundamental aspects of gold and silver nanoparticles: Overview of formation methods
	9.4 Drug delivery mechanisms of nanoparticles
		9.4.1 Active targeting
		9.4.2 Passive targeting
	9.5 Recent attempts of gold and silver nanoparticles treated breast cancers
		9.5.1 Gold nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment
		9.5.2 Silver nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment
	9.6 Conclusions and future prospects
	References
Chapter 10 - Silver and gold nanoparticles: Promising candidates as antimicrobial nanomedicines
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Antimicrobial potential of nanoparticles fabricated through physicochemical route
	10.3 Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles synthesized through biological route
	10.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 11 - Covalent organic framework-functionalized Au and Ag nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs): Synthesis methods
		11.2.1 Chemical methods
		11.2.2 Physical methods
		11.2.3 Biological methods
	11.3 COFs: Synthesis, characterization, and applications
		11.3.1 Synthesis methods
			11.3.1.1 Solvothermal synthesis
			11.3.1.2 Ionothermal synthesis
			11.3.1.3 Microwave synthesis
			11.3.1.4 Mechanochemical synthesis
			11.3.1.5 Room temperature synthesis
			11.3.1.6 Interfacial synthesis
		11.3.2 Characterization of COFs
		11.3.3 Applications of COFs
			11.3.3.1 Gas storage
			11.3.3.2 Photoelectric applications
			11.3.3.3 Catalysis
	11.4 Synthesis and applications of COF@AuNPs and COF@AgNPs
	11.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 12 - Recent advancements in designing Au/Ag based plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic degradation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 General characteristics of plasmonic and metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts
		12.2.1 Plasmonic (Au/Ag) nanomaterials
		12.2.2 TiO2 photocatalysts
	12.3 Plasmonic photocatalysts
		12.3.1 Mechanism of TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts and tailoring of optical properties
		12.3.2 Synthesis of TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts
	12.4 Application of TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
		12.4.1 Ag-TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts
		12.4.2 Au-TiO2 based plasmonic photocatalysts
		12.4.3 Ag-Au TiO2−1 based plasmonic photocatalysts
	12.5 Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 13 - DNA functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Structure of DNA
		13.1.2 Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles
	13.2 Synthesis of DNA conjugated AuNPs and AgNPs
		13.2.1 Attaching DNA on AuNPs/AgNPs surface via adsorption or covalent bond
		13.2.2 Salt, pH, and surfactant-dependent conjugation
		13.2.3 Freezing and thaw method
		13.2.4 Mononucleotide-mediated conjugation
		13.2.5 Microwave-assisted heating drying method
		13.2.6 Low-density DNA conjugation on nanoparticles
	13.3 Properties of DNA conjugated AuNPs and AgNPs
		13.3.1 Sharp melting transition
		13.3.2 Tighter binding to complementary DNA (cDNA)
		13.3.3 Stability and cellular uptake of DNA conjugate AuNPs
	13.4 Applications of DNA conjugated AuNPs/AgNPs
		13.4.1 Sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids
		13.4.2 Detection of heavy metal ions
		13.4.3 Aptamer-based detection of small molecules
		13.4.4 Fluorescence-based assays
		13.4.5 DNA-AuNPs probes for therapy in living systems
		13.4.6 Nucleic acid delivery
	13.5 Summary
	References
Index