GMOs and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences

Front Cover
GMOs and Political Stance
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 GMOs: History, Economic Status, Risks, and Socio-Economic Regulatory Frameworks
	1.1 A brief history of genetically modified organisms
		1.1.1 Defining genetically modified organisms
		1.1.2 Major events in the early development of genetically modified organisms
	1.2 Global economic status of genetically modified organisms
	1.3 Genetically modified organisms in the light of science, law, and politics
	1.4 Risks associated with genetically modified organisms
		1.4.1 Human health
		1.4.2 Disturbances in ecosystem and biodiversity
	1.5 Politicization of risks
	1.6 Socioeconomic regulatory frameworks
	1.7 Cartagena protocol, UN Rio declaration, and genetically modified organisms
	References
2 The need of regulations for GM crops and products thereof
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Need for the regulation of genetically modified organisms
	2.3 Public concerns about genetically modified organisms
	2.4 Global scenario
	2.5 Consumers’ attitude toward genetically modified foods
	2.6 Ethical and environmental concerns
	2.7 Health issues
	2.8 Emergence of resistant pathogens
	2.9 Harmonization of regulatory procedures
	2.10 Product-based and process-based regulation of genetically modified organisms
	2.11 The US approach: focus on the product
	2.12 The EU approach: focus on the process
	2.13 Impact of genetically modified organisms regulations on the economy
	2.14 The debate between two lobbies: pro-GMO and Greenpeace
	2.15 Conclusions and the way forward
	References
3 GMO Regulations in Bangladesh
	3.1 Summary
	3.2 Adoption of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
		3.2.1 An introduction of the Bangladesh’s status on genetically modified organisms
		3.2.2 Role of biotech sector in economics of the Bangladesh
		3.2.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
	3.3 Public perception and acceptability
		3.3.1 General consumer attitude toward genetically modified food
		3.3.2 Factors shaping public perception
			3.3.2.1 Agriculture biotechnology support project II (ABSPII)
			3.3.2.2 South Asia biosafety program
			3.3.2.3 Bangladesh Biotechnology Information Center
			3.3.2.4 Other government organizations and institutes
		3.3.3 Source of information available to public on genetically modified foods (media, government, NGOs, and biotech companies)
			3.3.3.1 Public access to information on genetically modified organisms
			3.3.3.2 Risk communication
			3.3.3.3 Media and biotechnology
			3.3.3.4 Print media (Newspaper)
			3.3.3.5 TV channel
			3.3.3.6 Betar
			3.3.3.7 Government and NGOs
		3.3.4 Public perception and attitude toward genetically modified policies (global and local)
			3.3.4.1 Bt-brinjal
			3.3.4.2 Golden rice
	3.4 Role of NGOs in genetically modified organisms perception
	3.5 Legislation
		3.5.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms
			3.5.1.1 Laws and regulations relevant to biosafety
	3.6 Agency regulations
		3.6.1 Biosafety certification
			3.6.1.1 Procedures and guidelines for obtaining permission in favor of working with genetically modified organisms
			3.6.1.2 Laboratory
			3.6.1.3 Field-release
			3.6.1.4 Release into the market
			3.6.1.5 Application procedure for permission to import, introduce, field trial, or release genetically modified organisms/l...
			3.6.1.6 Issue of permit
	3.7 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection and quarantine, import and export, and transit
	3.8 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms in Bangladesh
		3.8.1 General precautions
		3.8.2 General principles of safety assessment
	References
4 Agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) regulation in China
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Genetically modified organisms legislation
		4.2.1 Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs
		4.2.2 General administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine
	4.3 Genetically modified organism regulation in China
	4.4 Genetically modified organism approval and certification
	4.5 Genetically modified organisms labeling policy
	4.6 Consumer preferences and political stance
	4.7 Approved agricultural genetically modified organisms of China
	4.8 Genetically modified organism liability regime
	4.9 Genetically modified organisms import legislation
		4.9.1 Unauthorized genetically modified organism regulation
		4.9.2 Plant variety rights legislation
		4.9.3 Plant breeder’s right
		4.9.4 Food safety law
		4.9.5 Seed law
		4.9.6 Restrictions on genetically modified organisms in China
	4.10 Socioeconomic impacts of genetically modified organisms
	4.11 Conclusion
	References
5 GMO Regulations in India
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Recent scenario of genetically modified organisms in India
		5.2.1 Guideline of genetically modified organisms in India
	5.3 Endorsements and preclusions
	5.4 Patterns in area, production, and productivity of genetically modified crops in India
	5.5 Monetary, social and environmental impact of genetically modified crops in India
	5.6 Biosafety concerns
		5.6.1 Transgenic animals for economic advancements
	5.7 Benefits of mouse
	5.8 Uses of genetically modified animals
	5.9 Agricultural applications
	References
6 Adaptation of genetically modified crops in Pakistan
	6.1 Current status of genetically modified organisms in Pakistan
	6.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Pakistan
	6.3 Status of research on genetically modified organisms in Pakistan
	6.4 Status of commercialization of genetically modified organisms
	6.5 Genetically modified crops in Pakistan
	6.6 Legislation
		6.6.1 National laws specific to genetically modified organisms
		6.6.2 National Biosafety Committee
	6.7 Technical Advisory Committee
	6.8 Institutional Biosafety Committee
		6.8.1 Relationship of IBC, TAC and NBC
		6.8.2 Regulatory authority
			6.8.2.1 Biosafety certificate
			6.8.2.2 Production and marketing license
			6.8.2.3 Labeling of GMOs
			6.8.2.4 Regulations of emerging gene editing technologies
		6.8.3 General administration of quality supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine
	6.9 Types of import and export
	6.10 Regulatory laws for monitoring and testing
	References
	Further reading
7 Genetically modified organisms in Korea: state of affairs, policy, and regulation
	7.1 Summary
	7.2 Genetically modified organisms in Korea
		7.2.1 Definition of and criteria for genetically modified organisms in Korea
		7.2.2 Genetically modified organism cultivation and imports in Korea
		7.2.3 Genetically modified organism consumption and awareness in Korea
		7.2.4 Genetically modified organism research in Korea
	7.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Korea
		7.3.1 Management of genetically modified organism safety in Korea
		7.3.2 Genetically modified organism damage relief
		7.3.3 Biosafety information center
	7.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Korea
		7.4.1 Genetically modified organism labeling in Korea
		7.4.2 Criteria for mixing of genetically modified organisms
		7.4.3 Process for genetically modified organism R&D in Korea
		7.4.4 Import, product, and processing of genetically modified organisms
	References
8 Genetically modified organism status, regulation, approval, labeling, and consumer perception in ASEAN
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Genetically modified organism commercialization and economic importance
	8.3 Status of regulation on genetically modified organism biosafety
	8.4 Approval genetically modified organism status
	8.5 Genetically modified organism R&D status
	8.6 Labeling of genetically modified organisms
	8.7 Public perception, awareness, and acceptance of genetically modified organism products
	8.8 Conclusions
	References
9 Current and future perspectives of genetically modified organisms in North America
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Regulation of genetically modified organisms
		9.2.1 Canada
		9.2.2 Mexico
		9.2.3 The United States
			9.2.3.1 FDA
			9.2.3.2 EPA
			9.2.3.3 USDA
	9.3 Principles and roles of genetically modified organism labeling
	9.4 Labeling policies of genetically modified organisms
	9.5 Consumer interest in information and consequence for food security
	9.6 Consumers attitude and preference for genetically modified organisms
	9.7 Guidance for safety assessment of genetically modified organisms
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10 Genetically modified organisms in Europe: state of affairs, birth, research, and the regulatory process(es)
	10.1 State of genetically modified organism affairs in Europe
	10.2 Birth and growth of genetically modified organism research in the Europe
	10.3 Highlights of the EC-sponsored research on genetically modified organisms (and their safety)
	10.4 Politics and regulation of genetically modified organisms in the Europe
		10.4.1 Background
		10.4.2 Legal framework
		10.4.3 European Food Safety Authority
		10.4.4 Genetically modified organism labeling
			10.4.4.1 Voluntary labeling
			10.4.4.2 Mandatory labeling
				4.4.2.1 Panlabeling
				4.4.2.2 Labeling for designated products only
		10.4.5 Need for genetically modified organism reforms in the regulatory framework in the Europe
		10.4.6 Approaches for reforming the genetically modified organisms legislation in the Europe
			10.4.6.1 Reforming of scope legislation and genetically modified organisms definition
			10.4.6.2 Reforming of postauthorization requirements and beyond
			10.4.6.3 Reforming of risk governance
	References
11 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs, politics, and regulation
	11.1 Genetically modified organisms in Russia: state of affairs
		11.1.1 History of genetically modified organism development in Russia
		11.1.2 Role of biotech sector in the economy of Russia
		11.1.3 Status of the genetically modified organism research in Russia
		11.1.4 Status of genetically modified organism commercialization in Russia
	11.2 Genetically modified organism interest group politics in Russia
		11.2.1 General characteristics of the Russian genetically modified organism interest group politics
		11.2.2 Common public concerns about genetically modified organisms
		11.2.3 Position of the scientific community
		11.2.4 Position of antigenetically modified organism groups
		11.2.5 Position of the media
		11.2.6 Position of the religious groups
		11.2.7 Position of the environmentalist groups
		11.2.8 Position of the business groups
		11.2.9 Position of the government
	11.3 Genetically modified organism policy in Russia
		11.3.1 History of the national genetically modified organism policy formulation
		11.3.2 National genetically modified organism development programs
		11.3.3 Laws and regulations that apply to genetically modified organisms
	11.4 Genetically modified organism regulation in Russia
		11.4.1 Government agencies responsible for genetically modified organism regulation in Russia
		11.4.2 Biosafety certification of genetically modified products
		11.4.3 Registration of genetically modified organism products
		11.4.4 Labeling of genetically modified organism products
		11.4.5 Regulations of emerging gene editing technologies
	References
12 An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Türkiye
	12.1 Background
	12.2 Present genetically modified organisms status and their maintenance policies in Türkiye
	12.3 Genetically modified organisms legislation in Türkiye
	12.4 Basic principles on different aspects of current genetically modified organisms legislation in Türkiye
		12.4.1 Inspection system legislation
			12.4.1.1 Prohibitions
			12.4.1.2 Risky product and risky countries
			12.4.1.3 Biosafety board decisions
		12.4.2 Certificate of genetically modified organisms or nongenetically modified organisms
		12.4.3 Documents taken into account in genetically modified organisms controls
		12.4.4 Conformity for import
		12.4.5 Labeling
			12.4.5.1 Labeling as genetically modified organisms
			12.4.5.2 Labeling as nongenetically modified organisms
		12.4.6 Sampling
			12.4.6.1 Sample analysis and assessment
		12.4.7 Export control of genetically modified organisms and products thereof
		12.4.8 Transit pass controls of genetically modified organisms and products thereof
		12.4.9 Domestic control of genetically modified organisms
		12.4.10 Traceability
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 GMOs in Mediterranean & Balkan countries: state of affairs, research, and regulation
	13.1 Public perception and acceptability
		13.1.1 Labeling
		13.1.2 Characterization of public opposition to genetically modified crops and foods
		13.1.3 Industry responses to public attitudes
		13.1.4 Role of education and scientific knowledge
		13.1.5 Experiment in public engagement and education
		13.1.6 Consumers’ views
		13.1.7 Evidence of health risks
	13.2 Role of NGOs in public perception of genetically modified organisms in the EU
		13.2.1 Direct action against genetically modified crops
		13.2.2 Scientific evidence on genetically modified organisms represents various conclusions
		13.2.3 NGOs’ use of science
		13.2.4 Considerations beyond science
		13.2.5 Differing evaluations of risk and need for policy change
		13.2.6 NGOs’ role in the progress of genetically modified golden rice
		13.2.7 The gene editing debate
	13.3 Legislation
	13.4 Agency regulations
	13.5 General administration of quality, supervision, penalties, inspection, and quarantine. Import and export transit
	References
14 Genetically modified crops in Africa: constraints, prospects, and policies
	14.1 Constraints and prospects for African food security
	14.2 African genetic resources and their potential
	14.3 Public perception of biotechnology and African policies on genetically modifies crops
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15 Regulation of CRISPR edited food and feed: legislation and future
	15.1 Background
	15.2 Genetically modified crops and their potential benefits
		15.2.1 Regulatory perspectives of genetically modified organisms
		15.2.2 Process-based regulations for genetically modified organisms
		15.2.3 Product-based regulations for genetically modified organisms
		15.2.4 Plants with novel traits
	15.3 Existing GMOs regulations: can we apply GMOs regulation to GenEd crops?
	15.4 Modern biotechnology techniques: GenEd toolbox
	15.5 Risks associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology
	15.6 Current regulations of GenEd crops in different countries
		15.6.1 United States
		15.6.2 European Union
		15.6.3 India
		15.6.4 Australia
		15.6.5 Canada
		15.6.6 Argentina
	15.7 One solution to all regulatory problems: a scalable regulation system
	15.8 Public perception and acceptance of GenEd crops
	15.9 Ethical issue of regulation
	15.10 Social concerns about genome editing
	15.11 Cost of regulation
	15.12 Governance of GenEd crops
	15.13 Future perspective
	References
Index
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